HomeMy WebLinkAboutSS3 - Integrated Pest Management - HandoutslbPest identification.
0 Monitoring and assessing pest
numbers and damage.
Guidelines for when management
action is needed.
Preventing pest problems.
Using a combination of biological,
�3 cultural, physical/mechanical and
chemical management tools.
After action is taken, assessing the
effect of pest management.
WHAT IS
PMS
INTEGRATED PEST jo
MANAGEMENT
,
It is the policy of the University of California (UC) and the UC Division of Agriculture & Natural Resources not
to engage in discrimination against or harassment of any person in any of its programs or activities (Complete
nondiscrimination policy statement can be found at http://ucanr.edu/sites/anrstaff/files/215244.pdf ). University of California 11jEi•r�t���`�LH
L i i`y
uC 'pM
Inquiries regarding ANR's nondiscrimination policies maybe directed to John I. Sims, Affirmative Action C r��� T���Ll�
Compliance Officer/Title IX Officer, University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, Agriculture and Natural Resources ► J
2801 Second Street, Davis, CA 95618, (530) 750-1397.
WHAT IS MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
INTEGRATEDPEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)? Management strategies are best used in combination
IPM is a process used to solve pest problems while in order to increase their effectiveness. Strategies are grouped
minimizing risks to people and the environment. into the following four categories:
Long-term pest prevention is accomplished through
a combination of techniques such as biological
control, habitat manipulation, modification of
cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties. Pesticides are used -- BIOLOGICAL CONTROL:
only after monitoring indicates they are needed.;
The use of natural enemies—predators, parasites,
pathogens, and competitors—to control pests and
their damage.
WHAT IS A PEST? CULTURAL CONTROL:
Pests are organisms that cause damage to structures or desirable Practices that reduce pest establishment, reproduction,
plants or animals. Pests also include organisms that impact dispersal, and survival. For example, changing
human or ecosystem health. Pests may transmit a disease to irrigation practices can reduce pest problems, since
humans or other animals or may be just a nuisance., too much water can increase root disease and weeds.
There are many kinds of pests but the ones that cause the most MECHANICAL &PHYSICAL CONTROL:
problems include weeds, animals, insects, nematodes, or
disease -causing agents such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi. a Kill a pest directly, block pests out, or make the
environment unsuitable for it. Examples include rodent
��� traps for mechanical control, and physical controls
HOWDOES IPM WORK? include row covers for excluding insects.
The best strategy for long term prevention is to stop a problem
before it starts, by creating environmental conditions that arei�"�
unfavorable for the pest. "
Begin by monitoring your field or building to determine if the pest
is still present and what kind of damage was caused.
Correctly identifying the pest and its life stages is key to knowing
whether it will become a problem, and determining the most
effective and least envirojimentally-harmful management strategy.
r
CHEMICAL CONTROL:
In IPM, pesticides are used only when needed
and in combination with other approaches for
more effective, long-term control. Pesticides
are selected and applied in a way thr*
their possible harm to people, non -1
organisms, and the environment.
Learn more about IPM at:
\_LW' ipm.ucanr.edu
0 Identification de plagas.
0 Monitoreo y evaluation del tamano
de la plaga y dano causado.
Instructions cuando es necesario tomar
una accion para el manejo de plagas.
Prevention del problema de plagas.
@Uso de una combination de
herramientas biologicas, culturales,
fisicas/mecanicas y quimicas.
Evaluar el efecto del manejo de
plagas despues de haberse llevado
a cabo una accion.
La Division de Agricultura y Recursos Naturales (ANR) de Universidad de California prohibe la discrimhiacion
o el hostigamiento de cualquier persona en cualquiera de sus programas o actividades. (Se puede leer la version
completa de la declaration de politica antidiscriminatoria en http://ucaiir.edu/sites/anrstaft*/files/215246.pdf)
Las preguntas sobre la politica antidiscriminatoria de ANR pueden dirigirse a: John I. Sims, Affirmative Action
Compliance Officer/Title IX Officer, University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, 2801 Second
Street, Davis, CA 95618, (530) 750- 1397.
AV
IQUE ES
Universidad de California UCIPM
Agricultura y Recursos Naturales
EN QUE CONSISTE
EL MANEJO INTEGRADO DE PLAGAS (IPM)?
El IPM es un proceso que se usa para resolver problemas
de plagas a la vez que se minimizan los riesgos contra
las personas y el medioa mbiente. La prevenci6n de
plagas a largo plazo se logra a traves de una
combinacion de tecnicas como el control biol6gico,
manipulaci6n del habitat, modificaci6n de las
practicas culturales y el use de variedades resistentes. Los pesticidas
son usados solo despues de que el monitoreo indica que es necesario.
1QUE ES UNA PLAGA?
Las plagas son organismos que causan dano a estructuras, plantas
o animales deseados. Las plagas tambien son organismos que
impactan la salud humana y al ecosistema. Las plagas pueden
transmitir una enfermedad a los Beres humanos u otros animales
o ser solo una molestia.
Existen muchos tipos de plagas, pero los que causan mayores
problemas, son las malezas, animales, insectos, nematodos y
agentes causantes de enfermedades como las bacterias,
virus y bongos.
XOMO FUNCIONA EL IPM?
La mejor estrategia para la prevenci6n a largo plazo, es detener el
problema desde sus inicios, creando condiciones ambientales
desfavorables para las plagas.
Comienze monitoreando su terreno o edificio para determinar si
la plaga sigue presente y que tipo de dano ha causado.
Identificar correctamente el tipo de plaga y sus fases de vida es la
clave para saber si se convertira en un problema y determinar si la
estrategia de manejosera eficaz y menos perjudicial para el medio
ambiente.
ESTRATEGIAS DE MANEJO
Las mejores estrategias para el manejo de plagas seran si se usan
en combinaci6n con el fin de incrementar su efectividad. Las
estrategias se agrupan en las siguientes cuatro categorias:
CONTROL BIOLOGICO:
El use de enemigos naturales-depredadores, parasitos,
pat6genos y competidores - para controlar plagas y el
dano que causan.
CONTROL CULTURAL:
Mata la plaga directamente, bloquea o hace que el
ambiente sea inadecuado para esta. Entre los ejemplos se
incluyen trampas para roedores para un control mecanico,
mientras que el control fisico incluye el recubrimiento de
j± = hileras para excluir insectos.
CONTROL MECANICO Y FISICO:
Mata a la plaga directamente, la bloquea o hace que el
medioambiente sea inadecuado para esta. Entre los
ejemplos se incluyen trampas para roedores para un
control mecanico, mientras que el control fisico incluye
el recubrimiento de hileras para excluir a los insectos.
CONTROL QUIMICO:
En el IPM, los pesticidal solo se usan cuando se les
necesita y en combinacion con otros enfoques
para un control mas efectivo y a largo plazo.
Los pesticidas son seleccionados y aplicados de
tal forma que minimizan su posible rlafin a lac I
personas, organismos a los que no
dirigidos y al medio ambiente.
Conozca mks sobre el IPM en:
ipm.ucanr.edu
(vC))AhlO<rRTPrlMM' MIM. W, 0fl- f10'jAAH Li AM)\,yr—AM IWN!,Rc
Arlt c �>Y' f]h sir NF1 imt�l3�lhttp://ucanr.edu/sites/anrstaff/files/215244.pdf )
P):IiVATIP aARilIqRl1xilrz ROM MA.1q,MIR ajohn1.Sim s, TVjA* U -FI /MAfI
h[l)+UcTVRJU n gni ii 7: 2801 Second Street, Davis, CA 95618, (530) 750- 1397
M�fln
XE
:amu
r
UC -V IPM
J� q 1---j
If�,�
�-2 j 2 a s'pis (IPM) ?
IPM�IJ�p��1a
VOK, vmm
'fl,ax
If'GME SIZE?
ra)Ai it °
iPrn 9921lprf*3l
I0
MRMM3`'WTMt5 Mil:
fA1jRjW Q
7ILOMINIZI'I,J/Q
'pp��I{{-��a'I�������FAIRN—
/yp,�pp,n7���If, cl�ia�N'W)AjflM,MflPHN
t*Imis:
M, iAf I RM' Lk M)CW1tMJ, ,kJ�` 4r H
m' IPM�hT�iT-,I � Oi 1p7:
li�R ipm.ucanr.edu
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) POLICY &
IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES
FOR THE
City Of Newport beach
*GENERAL IPM POLICY:
For the last 55 years, the trend in pest management has increasing relied on synthetic
chemical pesticides. The result has been not only a tremendous increase in the use of.
many dangerous chemicals, but also an increase in the number of pests that are
resistant to the pesticides or new organisms becoming pests. Additionally, some
pesticides used for terrestrial pest management have been found in waterways causing
problems in the aquatic environment.
Pest control managers are now moving away from their reliance on pesticides alone
toward an integrated approach that combines limited pesticide use with more
environmentally friendly pest control techniques.' This system is known as integrated
pest management (IPM), a strategy that focuses on the long-term prevention of pests or
their damage through a combination of techniques, including preventative, cultural,
mechanical, environmental, biological, and chemical control_ tactics (Figure 1). The
techniques are utilized simultaneously to control pest populations in the most effective
manner possible.
n-ev-eloping a comprehensiPlie Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Program and
approach allows us to focus on our primary efforts of pollution prevention. By
monitoring and preventing pests as well as minimizing heavy pest infestations we can
reduce the need for chemicals and/or multiple applications.
IPPA programs utilize monitoring techniques and injury and economic thresholds to
determine when to implement control strategies. Treatments are used only used
according to established guidelines after monitoring indicates that such treatment is
appropriate. Pest control materials are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes
risks to human health, beneficial and non -target organisms and the environment.
The use of pesticides is often a measure of last resort. Because of this, the
management guidelines for pesticide use are presented in a separate section
immediately following the IPM guidelines.
Or ifll: la!1�Ja a ii COntain�d in Oran e County Uralna�2 Area i�ana�ei7len Pian, Sent ) 5.5
nteorated Pest Mani—nient adopted in 2003.
Pi`;' VOL IC`rLV.N F) IMP1_Ei`t1C'NTATI0iJ GUIDELINES
(including non -target organisms), and have the best likelihood of long-term
effectiveness.
Table 1. Advantages and Disadvantages of a Pesticide -Based Program versus an
IPM -Based Pest Control Program
Pesticide Based Pest Control
IPM Based Pest Control
Advantages
Disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
Quick suppression of
Not long-term
Long-term control
It may take longer to see
pests
results
Pest control is
Can be proactive
Must establish thresholds
reactive
in pest control
actions
Loss of natural
Reduces
controls.
disruption of
natural enemies
Often get
outbreaks of other
pests
Pesticides can be
Must have knowledge of
used (only used
pesticides and their effects
as last resort).
on other organisms.
Labor is only for
Extra work in
Staff becomes
Labor is required for
spraying
cleanup
more
monitoring and regular
knowledgeable of
scouting
pests and injury
symptoms
Training is required to
identify pests and natural
enemies.
Not much preparation
Need a PCA
Pest management
Must maintain a record -
or follow-up needed
recommendation
is more organized
keeping system.
IPIINiI POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES
Pesticide safety
issues for
applicators,
public, animals
More pesticides in
environment
Contamination of
water bodies from
runoff
WIM POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES
Less exposure to
pesticides
Safer to the
environment
Reduces
contamination
from runoff
Pesticides should not be applied until pests are approaching damaging levels. Because
this requires early detection of the pests, monitoring on a regular basis is extremely
important and should also be used to determine if natural enemies are present and
adequately controlling the pest. If possible, a person should be trained and assigned to
scout the sites on a regular basis.
Components of an IPM Program
An IPM program is a long-term, multi -faceted system to manage pests (Figure 1). Use
of pesticides is a short-term solution to pest problems and should be used only when
the other components fail to maintain the pests or their damage below an acceptable
level. Successful IPM practitioners are knowledgeable about the biology of the plants
and pests and successful IPM programs primarily use combinations of cultural practices
as well as a combination of physical, mechanical and biological controls.
Pest Identification
It is important to learn to identify all stages of common pests at each site. For example,
If you can identify weed seedlings, you can control them before they become larger and
more difficult to control and before they flower, disseminating seeds throughout the site.
It is also important to be sure that a pest is actually causing the problem. Often damage
such as wilting is attributed to root disease but may actually be caused by under
watering or wind damage.
Prevention
Good pest prevention practices are critical to any IPM program, and can be very
effective in reducing pest incidence. Numerous practices can be used to prevent pest
incidence and reduce pest population buildup such as the use of resistant varieties,
good sanitary practices and proper plant culture. Examples of prevention include
choosing an appropriate location for planting, making sure the root system is able to
grow adequately and selecting plants that are compatible with the site's environment.
Monitoring
The basis of IPM is the development and use of a regular monitoring or scouting
program. Monitoring involves examining plants and surrounding areas for pests,
examining tools such as sticky traps for insect pests and quantitatively or qualitatively
measuring the pest population size or injury. This information can be used to determine
if pest populations are increasing, decreasing, or staying the same and to determine
when to use a control tactic. Weather and other environmental conditions may also play
a factor in whether a pest outbreak may occur so it is important to monitor temperature
and soil moisture as well.
sl,
IPM POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES
It is important to use a systematic approach when monitoring, for example you should
examine leaves of a similar age each time you check for pests, rather than looking at
the older leaves on some plants and younger ones on others. Randomly looking at a
plant and its leaves does not allow you to track changes in pest population or damage
over time.
It is important to establish and maintain a record-keeping system to evaluate and
improve your IPM program. Records should include information such as date of
examination, pests found, size and extent of the infestation, location of the infestation,
control options utilized, effectiveness of the control options, labor and material costs.
Injury Levels and Action Thresholds
In order to have a way to determine when a control measure should be taken, injury
levels and action thresholds must be set for each pest. An injury level is the level of
unacceptable damage. For example, the injury level for a leaf -feeding beetle may be set
at 30% of the leaves being damaged. Action thresholds are the set of conditions
required to trigger a control action. An example of this would be finding an average of 5
or more beetles on 10 shrubs in a location. Action thresholds are set from previous
experience or published recommendations and based on expected injury levels. Injury
levels are often set by the public's comments.
Pest Control Tactics
Integrated pest management programs use a variety of pest control tactics in a
compatible manner that minimizes adverse effects to the environment. A combination of
several control tactics is usually more effective in minimizing pest damage than any
single control method. The type of control that an agency selects will likely vary on a
case-by-case basis due to the varying site conditions.
The primary pest control tactics to choose from include:
• Cultural
• Mechanical/Physical
• Biological
• Pesticide
IPM POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES
Cultural Controls
Cultural controls are modifications of normal plant care activities that reduce or prevent
pests. In addition to those methods used in the pest preventions, other cultural control
methods include adjusting the frequency and amount of irrigation, fertilization, and
mowing height. For example, spider mite infestations are worse on water -stressed
plants, over -fertilization may cause succulent growth which then encourages aphids, too
low of a mowing height may thin turf and allow weeds to become established.
Mechanical/Physical Controls
Mechanical control tactics involve the use of manual labor and machinery to reduce or
eliminate pest problems using methods such as handpicking, physical barriers, or
machinery to reduce pest abundance indirectly. Examples include hand -pulling or
hoeing and applying mulch to control weeds, using trap boards for snails and slugs, and
use of traps for gophers.
The use of physical manipulations that indirectly control or prevent pests by altering
temperature, light, and humidity can be effective in controlling pests. Although in
outdoor situations these tactics are difficult to use for most pests, they can be effective
in controlling birds and mammals if their habitat can be modified such that they do not
choose to live or roost in the area. Examples include removing garbage in a timely
manner and using netting or wire to prevent bird from roosting.
Biological Controls
Biological control practices use living organisms to reduce pest populations. These
organisms are often also referred to as beneficials, natural enemies or biocontrols.
They act to keep pest populations low enough to prevent significant economic damage.
Biocontrols include pathogens, parasites, predators, competitive species, and
antagonistic organisms. Beneficial organisms can occur naturally or can be purchased
and released.
The most common organisms used for biological control in landscapes are predators,
parasites, pathogens and herbivores.
• Predators are organisms that eat their prey (e.g. Ladybugs).
71 ;
IPM POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES
• Parasites spend part or all of their life cycle associated with their host.
Common parasites lay their eggs in or on their host and then the eggs hatch,
the larvae feed on the host, killing it (e.g. Tiny stingless wasps for aphids and
whiteflies).
• Pathogens are microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi that
cause diseases in pest insects, mites, nematodes, or weeds (e.g. Bacillcrs
thuringiensis or BT).
• Herbivores are insects or animals that feed on plants. These are effective for
weed control. Biocontrols for weeds eat seeds, leaves, or tunnel into plant
stems (e.g. goats and some seed and stem borers).
In order to conserve naturally occurring beneficials, broad-spectrum pesticides should
not be used since the use of these types of pesticides may result in secondary pest
outbreak due to the mortality of natural enemies that may be keeping other pests Linder
control (Figure 2).
Figure 2
Example of Secondary Pest Outbreak
Caused By Use of a Broad Spectrum Insecticide
A. Aphids and mites controlled by predators
B. After a broad spectrum spray for
aphids, predators for mites and aphids
are also killed, resulting in an outbreak
Aphid of mites
predator
Mite
predator
Aphid
Mite
WM POLICY AND IMPLENIENTATION GUIDELINES
0.
`A
rt
I��i
i- H
i
B. After a broad spectrum spray for
aphids, predators for mites and aphids
are also killed, resulting in an outbreak
Aphid of mites
predator
Mite
predator
Aphid
Mite
WM POLICY AND IMPLENIENTATION GUIDELINES
81�
`A
81�
Pesticide Controls
Any substance used for defoliating plants, regulating plant growth or preventing,
destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest, is a pesticide. Insecticides, miticides,
herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides and molluscides are all pesticides. Anything with an
EPA or DPR registration number on the label is a non-exempt pesticide.
Pesticides should only be used when other methods fail to provide adequate control of
pests and just before pest populations cause unacceptable damage. The overuse of
pesticides can cause beneficial organisms to be killed and pest resistance to develop.
When pesticides must be used, considerations should be made for how to use them
most successfully. Avoid pesticides that are broad-spectrum and relatively persistent
since these are the ones that can cause the most environmental damage and increase
the likelihood of pesticide resistance. Always choose the most specific but least toxic to
non -target organisms method.
In addition, considerations should be given to the proximity to water bodies, irrigation
schedules, weather (rain or wind), etc. that are secondary factors that may result in the
pesticide being moved off-site into the environment. Consideration should be made of
the temporary loss of use of an area (application in a park may result in the area being
sectioned off)
91 ; .
IPM POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES
IMPLEMENTION GUIDELINES:
Enter Designated IPM Coordinator or IPM Contact Information in Box Below:
Dan Sereno -Superintendent
City of Newport Beach
949-644-3055
Personnel responsible for the care and maintenance of facilities under the above-
mentioned jurisdiction agree to implement a suite of basic integrated pest management
procedures selected from the following five main components of an IPM program -
1) Prevention
ll) Pest and Symptom Identification
III) Monitoring for Pests and Problems
IV) Action Thresholds and Guidelines
V) Selection of Appropriate Management Methods (Control Tactics)
The procedures seek to increase the long-term prevention and suppression of pest
problems (insects, weeds, diseases, and vertebrates) with the minimum impact on
human health, the environment, and non -target organisms. Emphasis is placed on
improving cultural practices to prevent problems and utilizing alternative control
measures instead of broad spectrum pesticides.
Information on the latest IPM information including management of new pests in the
landscape is obtained from local UC Cooperative Extension Advisors, UC IPM Regional
Advisor, or the Statewide UC IPM Web Site at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu.
io I
IPM POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES
I. PREVENTION
A. Landscape Design Procedures (a minimum of three must be selected)
X Drainage, soil characteristics, water quality and availability are considered during
plant selection.
X Sun exposure, heat, and high temperature conditions are considered during plant
selection.
X Adequate space is allowed for root growth, especially trees.
X Nursery stock is inspected and rejected if not healthy (injuries, diseased, circling
roots/potbound, poor staking and/or pruning).
X Pest resistant species and cultivars are selected.
X Plants with similar growth characteristics and irrigation requirements are grouped
together.
X Landscape design matches available irrigation technology to avoid excess water
use and to minimize surface runoff.
B. Site Preparation and Planting Procedures (a minimum of three must be selected)
X Assess soil drainage properties and improve compacted soils prior to planting.
X Conduct a soil analysis to determine chemical and physical properties of the
existing soil and then add appropriate amendments such as organic matter.
X Ensure irrigation is installed as designed in order to avoid poor uniformity once
plants are in place.
X Follow proper planting procedures for particular plant species to avoid planting
too deeply or too shallow.
❑ Nursery tree stakes are removed at planting and replaced with staking that
allows trunk to flex; removing these stakes after 1 to 1.5 years.
Utilize a soil probe or other soil moisture measurement device to monitor soil
moisture levels in existing root ball and surrounding soil during establishment
period.
C. Water Management (a minimum of three must be selectee!)
IPIVi POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES
X Plants are examined weekly for symptoms of water stress and to assist in
determining irrigation scheduling.
❑ Monitor soil moisture with a soil probe or soil moisture sensors to assist in
scheduling irrigation.
X Utilize evapotranspiration (ET) data or `smart' clock technology to schedule
irrigation.
X Cyclic irrigation (short -multiple run times) is employed to minimize surface runoff.
X Utilize low precipitation sprinklers or low-volume systems to reduce surface
runoff.
X Systems are inspected monthly to check for leaks, broken pipes, and clogged or
broken sprinkler heads.
X Adjust sprinklers to avoid application of water directly to the trunk of trees (can
promote disease) or on to concrete surfaces where it can enter storm drains.
Establish a hotline or email or other dedicated method where citizens can report
leaks and broken sprinkler heads
D. Fertilizing Procedures (a minimum of three mcrst be selected)
X Fertilize only when plants are actively growing to avoid nutrient losses below the
root zone.
X Fertilizer is not applied within 48 hours of a rain event to avoid losses below the
root zone and in surface runoff.
X Soil analyses are conducted in order to determine existing nutrient levels in the
soil prior to fertilizing.
X Turf grass fertilizer maintenance schedules are based on UC recommendations
found online at UC Guide for Healthy Lawns.
htt W n,V-4V.iom.ucciavis.edLI/TOOLS/TURF/f,,IAINTAIN/fertilize.html
X Sports turf grass fertilizer maintenance guidelines are based on UC
recommendations found in Establishing and Maintaining the Natural Turf
Athletic Field (UCR ANR Publication Number: 21617).
12
IPI`i' POLICY AND INIPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES
X Overfertilization, especially of trees and shrubs, is avoided to ensure plant growth
is not excessively succulent making it more susceptible to pest infestations.
X Off -target fertilizer applications or spills are cleaned up immediately by sweeping
up and applying to landscape or turf or replacing in spreader or bag to ensure
material does not enter storm drains.
E. Pruning Procedures (a minimum of three must be selected)
X Damaged or diseased wood is regularly pruned from landscape plants.
X Trees are pruned according to standards set forth by a professional tree care
organization such as the International Society of Arboriculture.
Replace plants too large for a space instead of pruning them severely.
X Unnecessary pruning is avoided as wounds are entry sites for decay and disease
organisms.
I The age and species of the plant is taken into account when determining the time
of year to prune. For example, eucalyptus should be pruned in December and
January when long -horned beetles are not active.
Tree height reduction is discouraged. When deemed necessary by a licensed
arborist, the crown reduction method approved by a professional tree care
organization is utilized. Topping is never done to reduce tree size. NO TOPPING
OR 'HAT RACKING' IS PERMITTED.
II. PEST AND SYMPTOM IDENTIFICATION
A. Insects, Mites, and Snails and Slugs (a minimum of three must be selected)
X Field personnel are trained to recognize basic pests found in the landscape in the
following groups: insects, mites, and mollusks.
X A licensed Pest Control Adviser is on staff or hired to properly identify a pest and
the symptoms caused by the pest.
_] Field personnel are trained to utilize disease life cycles to apply treatments when
the organism can be controlled most effectively.
X Field personnel are trained to distinguish between beneficial insects and actual
pests found in the landscape (e.g. parasitizing wasps).
13
WPM POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES
Unknown samples are submitted to the Orange County Agricultural
Commissioner for identification by the county entomologist or plant pathologist.
X Abiotic or nonliving factors (wind, sunburn, air pollution, etc...) are considered as
possible causes of observed symptoms as well as biotic (living) factors.
B. Weeds (a minimum of one must be selected)
X Field personnel are trained to identify common weeds in the landscape.
❑ Field personnel are trained to utilize weed life cycles to properly control weeds
such as controlling crabgrass utilizing a pre -emergent herbicide applied in mid-
January.
X A licensed Pest Control Adviser is on staff or contracted to properly identify the
pest.
C. Diseases (a minimum of one must be selected)
Field personnel are trained to recognize common diseases or their
signs/symptoms in the landscape.
Field personnel are trained to utilize disease life cycles to apply treatments when
the organism can be controlled most effectively.
I Field personnel are trained to recognize the difference between biotic and abiotic
problems.
Field personnel are trained to understand how common diseases are spread
throughout the landscape.
Disease signs and symptoms are sampled and submitted to the Orange County
Agricultural Commissioner for identification by the county plant pathologist.
X A licensed Pest Control Adviser is on staff or contracted to properly identify the
pest.
X Photographs of disease signs and symptoms are taken and compared to
reference guides such as UC IPM's Pests of Landscape Trees and Shrubs.
D. Vertebrates (a minimum of one must be selected)
X Field personnel are trained to recognize vertebrate pests and the damage they
cause in the landscape.
IPM POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES
❑ Field personnel are trained to utilize vertebrate behavior to properly control the
pest most effectively.
❑ At least one field staff member is trained in vertebrate baiting and trapping.
X A licensed Pest Control Adviser is on staff or contracted to properly identify
vertebrate pest.
III. MONITORING FOR PESTS AND PROBLEMS
A. Insect/Mollusk Monitoring Procedures (a minimum of three must be selected)
❑ Visually inspect plants for insects, mites, snail and slug damage at least monthly;
recording results utilizing a method conducive to tracking changes and easy
recall of data.
❑ Yellow sticky traps are utilized to assess populations of insects.
X Insects are dislodged from plants by shaking over a collection surface usually
consisting of a clipboard with a white sheet of paper.
❑ If available for a particular insect, phermone-baited traps are utilized.
X Soil -dwelling turf insects are brought to the surface for monitoring by flushing a
specific area of soil (i.e. 2' x 2' grid) with plain water or a soapy water mixture.
X The amount of honeydew (aphids) and frass (caterpillars) present is utilized as
an indicator of population levels.
B. Weed Monitoring Procedures (a minimum of two must be selected)
X Landscapes are inspected at least 4 times a year (early winter, early spring,
summer and early fall) for weeds in order to determine if and when a weed
problem exists.
X Utilize site surveys to record the location, date, and severity of weed problem;
recording results utilizing a method conducive to tracking changes and easy
recall of data.
❑ Count and record the number of weeds encountered at periodic intervals (e.g.
every 1 to 2 feet) along a straight line transecting a landscapes area or within a
selected area, for example 4 sq. ft. samples done in random places in a bed or
turf area.
15I'
IPM POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES
C. Disease Monitoring Procedures (a minimum of two must be selected)
X Landscapes are regularly checked for conditions, such as overwatering and
injuries, which promote disease.
X Landscapes are checked monthly, at a minimum, for disease symptoms and
signs. Disease prone plants are checked more frequently.
Records are kept utilizing a method conducive to tracking changes and easy
recall of data of each landscape inspection noting, date when disease signs and
symptoms were first noticed and the current environmental conditions and soil
moisture levels.
D. Vertebrate Monitoring Procedures (a minimum of two must be selected)
X Landscapes are regularly inspected for vertebrate presence either by damage
caused by animal, actual animal sightings, and/or droppings.
X Records are kept of the absence or presence of actual vertebrates, the damage
caused, and/or the presence or absence of droppings.
Maps are created and updated at least twice a year, recording area of high
vertebrate damage or signs (such as gopher mounds).
r€'HOLDS AND GUIDELINES
IV. ACTION Ty
A. Insect/Mollusk Thresholds and Guidelines (a minimum of one must be selected)
X Insect tolerance levels are established based on the public's acceptance of
damage to the landscape or a certain level of nuisance pests (i.e. ants), the
actual plant species in the landscape, and long-term monitoring and knowledge
of pests causing the damage.
Thresholds are based on levels were reasonable control of the pest can be
achieved with minimum impact on the environment.
El Insect monitoring records are utilized to establish threshold levels for the
implementation of control strategies. For example, the threshold for the presence
of aphids on a rose garden at City Hall is low, while in a native shrub border it
might be considerably higher.
B. Weed Thresholds and Guidelines (a minimum of one must be selected)
16 .
W/1 POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES
X Weed tolerance levels are established based on public safety or the public's
acceptance and the resources available to manage the landscape at that level.
17 Weed monitoring records are utilized to rank the percentage of the landscape
area infested (none, light, moderate, heavy, or very heavy) with weeds.
Public areas are ranked according to high, medium, or low level of weed control
and management conducted according to levels set for each rank (see Appendix
A)
C. Disease Thresholds and Guidelines (a minimum of one must be selected)
X Disease tolerance levels are established based on the public's acceptance and
the resources available to manage the landscape at the level required.
u Disease monitoring records are utilized to establish threshold levels for the
implementation of control strategies. For example, the threshold for the presence
of powdery mildew on roses at City Hall is much lower than the threshold for its
presence on Euonymus in a parking lot at a city sports park.
D. Vertebrate Thresholds and Guidelines (a minimum of one must be selected)
X Vertebrate tolerance levels are established based on public safety, the public's
acceptance and the resources available to manage the landscape at the level
required.
Vertebrate monitoring records are utilized to establish threshold levels for the
implementation of control strategies. For example, the threshold for the presence
of gopher mounds in a sport field is zero, while in a native shrub border it might
be two before a trapping strategy is implemented.
V. SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE MANAGEMENT METHODS
A. Insect/Mollusk Management Methods
Cultural/Mechanical/Physical Control Methods (a minimum of three methods must
be selected)
Sticky barriers are applied to trunks of trees and large shrubs to prevent ants and
other wingless invertebrates from plant canopies.
X Small insect infestations are removed by pruning infested plant parts.
171;. -.
IPM POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES
Copper bands are installed around base of trees or planting areas where snail
and slug infestations are prevalent.
Plant canopies are thinned to increase light penetration to exposure certain soft -
bodied insects (soft -scale) as well as snails and slugs to heat.
X Strong streams of water are used to dislodge insects such as aphids and
whiteflies, from leaves.
X Avoid use of plants that snails and slugs use for shelter.
17 Avoid irrigating between 5pm and 5am when moisture remains on plant material
for several hours.
Biological Control Methods (a minimum of one method must be selected)
X Persistent broad-spectrum pesticides are avoided, especially if biological control
of an insect has been established by UC researchers. Examples include
parasitoid wasps controlling Eugenia Psyllids, Giant Whitefly, and Ash Whitefly.
J Natural predators (beneficial insects) are augmented with purchases of additional
predators from commercially available resources.
Pesticide Control Methods (a minimum of five methods from must be selected)
X The most selective, rather than broad-spectrum, pesticide is used
If available for controlling a particular insect, biological and botanical pesticides
are selected
Insecticidal soaps are utilized to control infestations of soft -bodied insects such
as aphids, thrips, and immature scales.
X Horticultural oils (neem oil and narrow -range refined oils) are utilized to control
infestations of soft -bodied immature and adult insects such as aphids, scales,
and whiteflies.
Pesticides are only utilized when the potential for impacts to the environment,
especially water quality, are minimized.
X Equipment is calibrated prior to the application of the insecticide to avoid excess
material being applied to the landscape environment.
18 I r'
IPM POLICY AND IMIPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES
X Applicators are trained to not apply pesticides to hard surfaces and to not allow
any pesticide to enter the storm drain system
X Spot treatments are utilized rather than broadcast methods
X Insecticide/fertilizer combinations are only used if appropriate timing for BOTH
the insecticide application and the fertilizer application.
B. Weed Management Methods
Cultural, Mechanical, and Physical Control Methods (a minimum of three methods
must be selected)
❑ Timers are set to avoid overwatering as weeds establish in areas where soil
moisture is excessive.
X Drainage is managed to avoid wet areas.
X Weeds are removed from a site prior to planting.
X Mower height is adjusted to turf species and time of year.
❑ Mower is washed after mowing a weedy site.
Hand -pulling, mowing, trim mers/brushcutters, flaming, hoeing, and rototilling
around landscape plants are the main methods utilized to control annual weeds
and young perennial weeds.
❑ Soil solarization is utilized to control some annual and perennial weed species.
`' ❑ Bare soil areas are covered with a thick layer of mulch to suppress weeds and
conserve soil moisture.
X Soil, mulch, and plant material is weed -free before it is introduced into the
landscape.
Pesticide Control Methods (a minimum of three methods must be selected)
X Spot treatments are utilized rather than broadcast methods.
X Herbicide/fertilizer combinations are only used if appropriate timing for BOTH the
herbicide application and the fertilizer application.
❑ Herbicides are utilized according to established thresholds (see Appendix A).
19 1
IPM POLICY AND 1IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES
❑ Organically acceptable herbicides (shown to be effective through science -based
research) are used where appropriate.
X Herbicides are applied to the stage of weed growth most susceptible to the
chemical.
X Equipment is calibrated prior to the application of the herbicide to avoid excess
material being applied to the landscape environment.
C. Disease Management Methods
Cultural, Mechanical, and Physical Control Methods (a minimum of three methods
must be selected)
X Prune out and dispose of localized areas of diseased plants.
❑ Pathogen -infested plant parts are removed from the soil surface area to reduce
certain pathogens (e.g. Camellia Petal Blight).
X Pruning tools are sterilized (e.g. a diluted bleach solution) between plants to
prevent the spread of pathogen to other plants.
X Proper irrigation and fertilization are maintained to prevent plant stress, water-
logging, and subsequent susceptibility to disease.
Soil solarization is utilized to control soil pathogens in annual beds where it is
most effective.
❑ Mulch is kept at least 6" from base of plants to avoid excessive moisture around
crown possibly resulting in crown rots and is no deeper than 4"
X Replace disease -prone plants with non -susceptible species.
Pesticide Control Methods (a minimum of two methods must be selected)
X Preventative fungicides and bactericides are only used where diseases can be
predicted from environmental conditions and applied prior to infection or the
appearance of symptoms.
X Synthetic fungicides are used sparingly in the landscape and only in high visibility
areas in order to minimize development of resistance.
Organic fungicides and bactericides are utilized in combination with cultural,
mechanical, and physical control methods in order to improve their effectiveness.
20
IPM POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES
❑ Copper -based fungicides are only utilized in situations where its entry into
surface runoff and storm drains is virtually impossible and after consultation with
PCA and IPM coordinator.
❑ Mycopesticides, commercially available beneficial microorganisms, are used
where appropriate.
X Fungicides classes are rotated to avoid resistance.
D. Vertebrate Management Methods
Cultural and Physical Control Methods (a minimum of two methods must be
selected)
❑ Groundcovers are maintained such that they do not harbor rats.
❑ Shrubs pruned at least 1 foot from the ground (rats).
❑ Sources of drinking water removed (leaky faucets, puddles).
X Trash cans have lids and are emptied daily (rats).
❑ Screens or other barriers installed under structures that have a space between
soil and floor (rabbits).
❑ Habitat modification; based on pest biology is used to reduce shelter.
X Trapping is used for gophers when safe and practical.
❑ Kill traps used for ground squirrels and rabbits, are checked daily, and in places
not accessible by children or non -target animals.
❑ Gas cartridges are used for ground squirrels according to UC recommendations.
Pesticide Control Methods (a minimum of two methods must be selected)
X Anti -coagulant baits are used and applied according to label and UC
recommendations.
X Bait is applied in a manner that non -target animals do not access to it.
X Restricted use rodenticides, aluminum or zinc phosphide, are used only after
applicator has been trained for that product or only by a wildlife management
contractor.
21 1
IPM POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES
VI. GENERAL PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
(all practices listed below must be selected)
X Restricted use pesticides are only used when no other alternatives are practical.
X If pesticides are necessary, CAUTION -labeled pesticides are considered before
more toxic alternatives.
X Only small quantities of pesticides are purchased eliminating the need for
stockpiling.
X MSDSs are regularly updated to reflect new pesticides or label changes to
pesticides in storage.
22 1
IPM POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES
Appendix A
Ranking public areas for weeds (or other pest) management:
Areas ranked as HIGH may include areas that the public sees and expects to be well-
maintained. Examples are entrances to public buildings such as city hall and
libraries.
These areas are allowed to use pesticides based on established thresholds.
Areas ranked as MEDIUM may include areas the public sees but does not expect a high
level of maintenance. Examples are landscaped areas away from the entrance,
recreational and picnic areas. These areas can tolerate a higher lever of weeds.
These areas are allowed to use pesticides but the threshold is much higher and
pesticides are used infrequently and only after consultation with IPM coordinator.
Areas ranked as LOW may include areas the public rarely sees or does not expect a
high level of maintenance. Examples are medians, landscaped areas in parking
lots, wildlands. These areas can tolerate a higher lever of weeds.
These areas are not allowed to use pesticides except in extreme cases and only after
consultation �1with IPM coordinator.
23 1
IPM POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES
Regulatory vs Public literature)
Total = 151
EPA
Regulatory
IARC
■ Public Literature
Number Positive
Regulatory
Negative
Mil 4 ?tic►
11 -t -M za
Public Literature
■ Positive
Data from Table 510 in Benbrookr C, "How Dick the U.S. EPA and IARC Reach Diametrically Opposed Conclusions on the Genotoxicity of
Glyphosate -based Herbicides?," 2018 Environmental Sciences Europe
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Number Positive
Total : 191
Total = 151.
MV
17 Negative
■ Positive
:P:ercentPositive
Regulatory Public
Literature
1%
Glyphosate
Alone
4170/6
Cited by EPA
24%
74%
Glyphosate
Herbicides
W*Ws,
Cited by IARC
760/
Data from Table S10 in Benbrook, C, "How Did the U.S. EPA and IARC Reach Diametrically Opposed Conclusions on the Genotoxicity of
Glvohosatewlaased Herbicides?," 2015 Environmental Sciences Europe