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HomeMy WebLinkAboutWATER EFFICIENT LANDSCAPE ORDINANCE- SUPPLEMENTAL INFO0 0, i•LANNING DEPAftYMEN 7 CITY OF NEWPORT BEACH AM SEP 2 11992 W, 1 71819110IDI12111213id ":r', LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION AUDITOR* HANDBOOK Prepared for Water Conservation Office Department of Water Resources State of California by Irrigation Training and Research Center California Polytechnic State University (805) 756-2434 Robert E. Walker Gary F. Kah y Version 5.5 June 1990 Formerly, Master Auditor Training LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION AUDITOR HANDBOOK 0 TAB LE OF CON TEN T S Preface..........................................................................iii 1. INTRODUCTION..........................................................I 1.1 THE LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION AUDITOR CONCEPT...................1 1.2 PROGRAM OVERVIEW..........................................................3 2. PROCEDURES FOR LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION AUDITOR ......... 5 2.1 SITE SELECTION.................................................................5 STEP 1'- Obtain Site Data.....................................................6 STEP2 - Site Ranking........................................................6 2.2 FIELD WORK...................................................................... 8 STEP 3 - Site Inspection......................................................8 STEP 4 - Prepare for Irrigation System Tests..............................10 STEP 5 - Perform Irrigation System Tests.................................13 STEP 6 - Calculate Base Schedule..........................................14 2.3 FOLLOW-UP.......................................................................17 STEP 7 - Adjust Schedule....................................................18 STEP 8 - Review Performance..............................................20 3. CONCLUSIONS...........................................................2 1 APPENDIX A AUDIT TECHNIQUES.......................................23 Useof Site Maps.........................................................................23 Calculating Precipitation Rates..........................................................25 UsingETo Tables........................................................................25 Calculating Turf Water Requirements..................................................26 Calculating Soil Water Holding Capacity ..............................................27 Calculating Base Schedules.............................................................28 UsingWeekly CIMIS.................................................................. 29 Determining Adjusted Schedules ..................... 30 Implementing Updated or Adjusted Schedules ........................................ 30 ProgramJustification.....................................................................30 APPENDIX B ANALYTIC CONCEPTS.....................................33 PlantWater Use...........................................................................33 IrrigationScheduling.....................................................................34 Irrigation Svstem Uniformitv...........................................................36 Irrigation System Efficiency.............................................................38 CalculatingSprinkler Flow Rates ..................................................... rnlnnlatina Stntinn Flnwrates...........................................................39 Calculating Precipitation Rates..........................................................40 Calculating Weekly Applications.......................................................41 Estimating Areas from Maps............................................................41 -i- LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION AUDITOR HANDBOOK TABLE OF CONTENTS JCON'Tj APPENDIX C REFERENCES..............................................43 APPENDIXD WEATHER DATA..................................4....... 45 APPENDIX E WORKSHEETS.............................................55 APPENDIXF SAMPLE AUDIT ............................................ 61 APPENDIX G STANDARD RECOMMENDATIONS .................... 69 APPENDIX H WATER RESOURCE MANAGER SOFTWARE GUIDE.71 APPENDIX I SOURCES FOR CATCH DEVICES AND STANDS ...... 81 APPENDIX J SLIDE NARRATIVES FOR TRAINING SESSIONS ..... 85 APPENDIX K Index........................................................105 e 0 b I 0 LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION AUDITOR HANDBOOK VERSION 5.5 Preface This handbook is part of the Landscape Water Management (LWM) Program developed by the California Department of Water Resources, Water Conservation Office. To better reflect the scope of this individual program, the name has been changed from Master Auditor Training to Landscape Irrigation Auditor (LIA) Training. Provided in this handbook are step-by-step procedures for performing -- • Landscape Irrigation Audits • Irrigation Scheduling for large turf sites such as parks and golf courses. Landscape Irrigation Audits produce detailed information about actual irrigation system performance in the field (as opposed to theoretical performance). This information is then used to determine the recommended minutes of watering time for each station throughout the year, ie. an irrigation schedule. These procedures can be used to evaluate and schedule new or existing irrigation systems. Drawing on successful techniques developed by California Polytechnic State University at San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly) for analysis of agricultural irrigation systems, the LIA Program includes: • Simplified Procedures for Turf Irrigation System Tests, • Worksheets supporting Data Collection and Calculation, and • Computerized Methods for Calculating Turf Irrigation Schedules. DWR sponsors two day Auditor Training sessions throughout California to instruct landscape professionals and agency personnel in Field Work Procedures and the use of the IBM PC software developed by the LIA program for Irrigation Schedule calculations. A set of slides and Field Work Kits are also available to assist Landscape Irrigation Auditors to implement their own Landscape Water Management programs. For further information please contact: Landscape Irrigation Auditor Workshop Information: (800) 287-5310 Program Information: Marsha Prillwitz (916) 653-7366 California Department of Water Resources Water Conservation Office 1416 - 9th Street; P.O. Box 942836 Sacramento, California 94236-0001 Landscape Irrigation Auditor Certification Information: Denise Harlow (703) 524-1200 The Irrigation Association CIMIS Information: Holly Sheradin (916) 653-9847 California Department of Water Resources Water Conservation Office 1416 - 9th Street; P.O. Box 942836 Sacramento, California 94236-0001 LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION AUDITOR HANDBOOK 11 t �1l�iti p�.a�c Icft BI=) 0 F 0 -iv- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook 1. INTRODUCTION Why This Program Was Developed California is blessed with a wide range of climates and abundant water resources. However, the majority of Californians live in the hotter and drier parts of the state. Without careful planning and management, this situation can lead to high water demands for landscape irrigation, which in some years accounts for almost 50 percent of urban water use. Most water agencies and landscape managers have an interest in water management programs for landscape irrigation. It has been difficult for these groups to create and implement cost-effective programs on their own because of budget and personnel constraints. The California Department of Water Resources (DWR) has undertaken a major and continuing effort to assist citizens and local agencies in the wise use of water resources. Leading this effort, DWR's Water Conservation Office has supported the development of the Landscape Irrigation Auditor (LIA) Program to help municipal agencies and water suppliers promote efficient water use for large turf areas such as parks and golf courses. (These techniques can also be economical on smaller sites and in residential settings). This manual, to be used in training and in day-to-day implementation of the program, has been developed for the LIA Program by the Irrigation Training and Research Center at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly). While this manual has been designed specifically to be used with the Landscape Irrigation Auditor Training Program, it should also prove useful as a general reference and guide to effective Landscape Water Management. 1.1 THE LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION AUDITOR CONCEPT Throughout California's primary "irrigation season" of April -October, varying quantities of water must be applied to turfgrasses to permit healthy growth. The objective of the Landscape Irrigation Auditor Program is to entire that efficient irrigation schedules for landscapes in different parts of the state can be developed. Through LIA training programs, landscape professionals learn to perform a site inspection, evaluate the actual performance of irrigation systems and u"se DWR supplied software to develop efficient irrigation schedules. This permits better management of irrigation controllers throughout the irrigation season to minimize water use. Many site managers will save money and water as well as showing improved turf appearance by applying the recommended amount of water in a timely manner. - 1 - Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook The key actions for Landscape Irrigation Auditors are to: • Check and Fix Equipment, • Balance the Delivery of Irrigation Stations (by adjusting runtimes), • Balance the Water Applied with Seasonal Demand, and • Fine Tune the System (by cutting back until further cuts would create stress). These last three actions are graphically illustrated in Figure 1. Figure is Key Actions for Landscape Irrigation Auditor Before First -- Balance Delivery by Each Station Amer wuwwww Average Amount pplied Station 1 2 - 1 2 Then -- Balance Throughout the Year Water Applied —� Turf Water Requirement Jan Dec Jan Dec Finally -- Trim Back to Save More 100% 80% Jan Dec Jan. Dec By following the techniques given here, turf irrigation systems can be evaluated and the resulting information used to schedule irrigations. The individual steps for an audit are discussed in detail in Chapter 2; Section 1.2 provides a brief overview of the program. 0 0 11 - 2 - Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook 9 0 1.2 PROGRAM OVERVIEW Providing irrigation scheduling information to Site Managers requires three sets of procedures: First, during SITE SELECTION, irrigated acreage and past water consumption data are used to pick the sites which could benefit most from improved schedules. This information can be entered on Worksheet #1 or the computer software can be used to rank the sites. (Note: if an Auditor is only working with one site, eg. a golf course superintendent, this step can be skipped). Second, during FIELD WORK, the irrigation system is inspected to identify problems which should be fixed before proceeding with additional on -site work. Tests of the irrigation system are then made to determine how quickly and how evenly water is applied to the turf. Precipitation Rate and System Uniformity are calculated by measuring the volume of water caught in a "catch device" of known area in a known time. This information can be processed by IBM personal computers and a recommended monthly irrigation schedule can be printed and left at the site. Third, during FOLLOW-UP, summary reports of the audit are made and provided to the site manager. Many Site Managers will also use the assistance of the Auditor to Fine Tune the Base Schedules described above and to implement Adjusted Schedules based on weekly updates of local weather trends. The irrigation performance of a site should be reviewed with the Site Manager periodically to assess water savings. Figure 2 illustrates the eight steps for a Landscape Irrigation Audit. Figure 2: The Landscape Irrigation Audit Process Site Selection Field Work Step 1: Obtain Site Data Step 2: Rank by Net Benefits Step 3: Site Inspection Step 4: Prepare for Irri. System Tests Step 5: Perform Irri. System Tests Step 6: Calculate/Implement Base Schedule Follow-Ub Step 7: Prepare Reports, Adjust Schedule Step 8: Review Performance A critical element of this program is the Landscape Irrigation training coordinated by the Irrigation Training and Research Center at Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo. During two-day seminars, landscape professionals, consultants and staff from agencies throughout the state are trained to implement the Landscape Irrigation Auditor Program. Landscape Irrigation Auditors learn the field techniques and computer skills required to perform landscape water audits and turf irrigation scheduling. - 3 - Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook 1] I l l�iti p��a�c Icl't m1•anl:1 11 9 - 4 - Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook 0 2. PROCEDURES FOR LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION AUDITOR In the following sections, detailed descriptions are given of the steps required to complete a Landscape Irrigation Audit. Although they may seem complicated at first, these procedures are simple to implement. Because the worksheets and computer software contain all of the actual procedures, constant use of this manual is not required, except for training and reference purposes. 2.1 SITE SELECTION Some Auditors may not need to select or prioritize sites, as when only one site is involved (e.g. an Auditor employed by a golf course). In other situations, site selection is done by the Auditor's supervisor. In many cases, however, the Auditor will have to select sites in some order from many possible choices. Proper site selection can make the Auditors time much more productive. With Site Selection, those sites with the greatest potential water/dollar savings or with high public "exposure" are audited first. Using the Site Selection Worksheet (Appendix E) to organize the required information, the Auditor can input site priority, irrigated acreage, and prior -year water use into the Computer; the Water Resource Manager (WRM) Software will then prioritize the sites on the basis of Three -Year Net Benefits (this can also be done manually using the Worksheet). Note that even when sites have been ranked on a "technical" basis, public policy considerations may change this ranking. Figure 3 illustrates the steps used to select sites for auditing and scheduling; these are discussed on the next page, Figure 3: Steps for Site Selection Step 1: Obtain Site Data Step 2: Site Ranking • Obtain List of Sites COMPUTER SOFTWARE WILL: • Determine Irrigated Acreage • Calculate Excess/Deficit Used • Calculate Three -Year Net Benefits • Find Water Used Last Year • Rank Sites by Net Benefits AUDITOR WILL: • Determine Site Priority • Schedule Customer Contacts - 5 - Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook STEP 1 - OBTAIN SITE DATA 0 The Site Selection Worksheet (Appendix E) permits recording of background information about a site. By following the worksheet format, the Auditor can manually calculate "Three -Year Net Benefits" for each site to be used in ranking. However, Site Selection can be performed automatically by using the Water Resource Manager Software. - Obtain List of Sites The first step in working with any customer is to request a list of sites along with the total irrigated acreage and water use data (if available) for each site. These could include parks, cemeteries, golf courses, as well as residential and commercial properties. In general, the larger the site, the larger the potential savings. For each site a contact person, e.g. Site Manager (with telephone number) should be requested. It should be made clear that detailed site maps will be requested for sites to be audited. • Determine Irrigated Acreage If not available from the Site Manager directly, total irrigated acres can be determined with the use of a site map (which will be needed later in any case if the site is evaluated). See Appendix B (Analytic Concepts) for further information on Estimating Areas From Maps. • Find Water Used Last Year This is calculated from water use records at the site and should be corrected for non -irrigation uses such as water fountains, restrooms and swimming pools. If a water meter is installed at the site, water use records should be available on a monthly or bimonthly basis. For the purposes of site rankings, only the annual total, adjusted for non -irrigation uses, is required. Note that all water use records should be for 12 month periods so that they can be compared to each other and to historical annual weather data. Metered versus Un-Metered Sites The procedure for site selection assumes that historical water use data is available for most sites. All of the steps performed for metered sites are also performed for un-metered sites, except that water use for the un-metered site is estimated, based on the average water/acre applied at metered sites. • Determine Site Priority This program considers two priority groups -- Top Priority and Normal Priority. Top Priority sites are those which need to be audited as soon as possible. This may be due to practical, economic, or public relations reasons. STEP 2 - SITE RANKING Once site data has been obtained and entered into the WRM Software, a ranking that considers both priority and dollar savings will be made automatically, In the resulting report, the TOP Priority Sites are ranked first (in declining net benefits order), and the remaining sites are then ranked based on net benefits. A Worksheet is provided for manual calculation of ranking if desired (See the sample worksheet in Appendix E). -6- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook The WRM computer software will: The average annual amount of water required for turf irrigation can be calculated from Reference Evapotranspiration (a scientific measure of plant water demand based on weather conditions, known as ETo) and effective rainfall (the fraction of total rainfall which reaches the plant rootzone). This data can be obtained from local Cooperative Extension Service agents (calibration to local site conditions may be required, e.g. coast versus foothills). Appendix D contains ETo and total rainfall data from DWR for many locations in California. Worksheet #1 (Appendix E) illustrates the steps used to manually calculate Irrigation Water Requirement for turf at a site. Note that Irrigation Water Requirement is automatically calculated with the WRM Software. • Calculate Excess/Deficit Used This calculation is based on average weather (or any 12 month period) and an assumed target irrigation efficiency of 70 percent (this assumed efficiency can be changed in the Water Resource Manager software). This "estimated consumption" is then compared to the actual water used to determine if the site uses more or less than the calculated requirement. • Calculate Potential Savings If extra water is found to be used at the site, an estimate of the value of potential water savings is made assuming improvement in irrigation scheduling effectiveness at the site. Additional savings due to irrigation system improvements may be possible, but these are difficult to estimate in ad- vance. • Estimate Audit Cost Once an audit program is underway, it should be possible to estimate the productivity of the Auditor measured in acres per day. When other fixed costs are considered (e.g. report preparation), an esti- mate of the cost to audit a particular site can be made. (Preliminary data suggests $200 in fixed costs plus $120 per audited acre.) • Calculate Three -Year Net tsenettts Worksheet #1 (Appendix E) uses three-year net benefits as a relative measure of audit cost- effectiveness although the benefits may accrue over many years. Net benefits may be zero or negative for some sites if they have been conserving water, an audit may still be beneficial if appearance is poor due to uneven application of water from station to station. • Rank Sites by Net Benefits A simple sorting of the sites by three-year net benefits is made by the WRM software to ensure that the largest total return is obtained for a given effort by the Auditor. This makes the Auditor more productive and provides the largest economic benefit for the Site Manager. • Schedule Customer Contacts The "ranked" list of all sites should be reviewed by a supervisor -- the list then becomes an action plan for working with Site Managers. Using the ranked site list, the Auditor then establishes specific dates for the field work steps (inspections and audits) at each site. A confirming telephone call to the site contact the day before each visit will save considerable frustration with missed appointments. - 7 - Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook 2.2 FIELD WORK Landscape Irrigation Audits are performed by an Auditor who is a specific person designated by an organization for this purpose. The Auditor carries out Site Inspections to assess the irrigation hardware at a site. After any necessary hardware repairs are complete, Irrigation System Tests are then performed to determine the performance of each station. This performance information is combined with historical weather data to derive station -by -station irrigation schedules. In the following sections, the Field Work steps are discussed; additional reference information may be found in Appendix B. Figure 4 charts the steps involved in Field Work. Figure 4 - Flowchart for Field Work Step 3: Site Inspection Step 4: Prepare for Irrigation System Tests • Obtain Site Maps • Develop Audit Plan • Controller Identification • # of Stations by Controller • Enter Site Data into Computer (optional at this stage) • Identify Problems by Station: - Sunken Heads, High Pressure • Contact Customer: - Confirm That Repairs Completed -Thatch, Mis-aligned Heads, etc. - Schedule System Tests Step 5: Perform Step 6: Calculate/ Irrigation System Tests Implement Base Schedule • Review and Modify Audit Plan • Enter Data into Computer • Display/Modify Base Schedule • Determine Testing Runtimes . Print Base Schedule • Collect Precipitation Rate Data • Deliver Reports to Site Manager • Collect Supporting Data • Discuss with She Manager • Enter Schedule into Controller STEP 3 - SITE INSPECTION The Site Inspection is a simple "checklist" procedure that can be performed by either the auditor or the Site Manager/Groundskeeper. Ideally, a reduced scale copy of a site map can also be used during this step to note the location of problem areas right on the map. Worksheet #2 - Site Inspection is included in Appendix E. The procedures outlined below identify the steps required to complete a "walk -around" Site Inspection of the irrigation equipment at a site. The collected information then becomes the basis for deciding if and when Irrigation System Tests are appropriate. - 8 - Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Hardware deficiencies need to be identified so that major problems can be fixed before Irrigation System Tests are attempted. Most landscape irrigation systems have room for improvement when it comes to deferred maintenance and poorly performing equipment. The following items are reviewed using the Site Inspection Worksheet (checklist): • irrigation controllers • sprinkler heads • observations of pressure throughout a system The issue of who performs the Site Inspection can be discussed with the Site Manager. In most cases, the site manager should assist with the first part of the Site Inspection. This helps train the Site manager's eye as to the problems being identified by the Auditor. The Site Inspection forms are then given to the Site Manager to permit repairs to be done before the Auditor performs the Irrigation System Tests. If the system is known to be in good shape and is not likely to require repairs before auditing (eg. a golf course), then the Auditor can obtain the controller and station count during the Field Work site visit. • Obtain Site Mans A site map should be obtained for each site being considered. While level of detail and quality will vary, a printed representation of the site is very helpful to permit effective problem solving and pinpointing of problem locations for other personnel. The map simplifies data collection in the field and permits the noting of problem spots for repair by maintenance personnel. Maps may be available that include the location and types of irrigation equipment (e.g. sprinkler heads, valves). However, the "as built" configuration may differ markedly from the proposed de- sign on the map (even if the map is specifically designated as an "as built" map). Accurate site maps can also be used in the calculation of station -by -station areas. • Controller Identification The type, location and features of controllers should be noted. Features that may determine whether weekly updated schedules will be practical include multiple programs, the possibility of long periods between watering (eg, skip day programs, good for winter months), percentage adjustments to schedules, precipitation sensors to prevent irrigations during rainy weather or even radio remote controllers to permit convenient station inspection. If the controller has unusual programming time periods (e.g. set intervals of 2, 5, 7.5, 10 minutes), this should be noted on the Site Inspection worksheet. and location of each station should be obtained for each controller in use. 0 Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook • Identify Problems by Station After the checklist is completed, a list of items that need to be repaired or replaced can be made from the checklist items. The audit should be scheduled after the following actions have been performed: • pressures set to specification of sprinklers • sprinkler heads raised to grade • repair seats to permit turning and reduce leakage • trim grass around heads to permit clear throw • aim heads along edges • repair controller if functions are not working • any other planned or needed repairs Pressures Having uniform pressures throughout a site is a first step- toward a good irrigation system perfor- mance. During the Site Inspection, observations are made to see if pressures appear to be satis- factory. Low pressures are evidenced by large water drops that do not travel all the way to the next sprinkler. High pressures result in severe misting and wind drift of a large portion of the total flow. If either of these conditions are noted on the Worksheet, the pressures should be adjusted to the sprinkler manufacturers' rating before the Irrigation System Tests. Sprinkler Heads A critical aspect of the Site Inspection is to determine that the sprinklers are performing adequately. Broken spray heads or impact heads with worn out seals should be replaced. Heads should be turning freely and should not be sunken below grade or blocked by high grass. Sprinklers located along the edges of sidewalks and driveways should be properly aligned to the edge of the pavement, Proceed With Audit? The Irrigation System Tests can be scheduled if the Site Inspection does not reveal severe site problems. However, if there are serious problems at the site, e.g. no controller or many broken heads, an audit will not be able to produce the level of savings required to make it cost effective. In these cases, the audit should not be performed until the problems are corrected ' STEP 4 - PREPARE FOR IRRIGATION SYSTEM TESTS Once it is decided to audit a site, several pieces of information need to be assembled before the Irrigation System Tests can be scheduled. Step 4 is principally an office task, which along with Tasks 1 and 2, could be carried out in preparation for Field Work. • Develop Audit Plan An important task in developing an Audit Plan for a site is to pick the areas at the site to be evaluated The term "sub -area" is used to designate a unique group of irrigation stations which will be analyzed as a unit. Stations are grouped in this way because the delivery of water in one station is influenced by neighboring stations. - 10 - Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Each "sub -area" is comprised of stations that overlap with the distribution pattern from at least one other station. (If a station does not overlap with any other station then it is considered a "Stand - Alone" station which is its own sub -area). Sub -areas or stations which use the same equipment and which have similar pressures and spacings can often be "linked" so that only one needs to be audited (linking uses the data from one tested station, applying it to another untested station). Station -by -station adjustment factors permit fine tuning the linked station schedule to match actual performance when the schedules are implemented. If the irrigation equipment is uniform and well maintained, as little as 25-50% of the total irrigated area at a site may need to be audited Once sub -areas have been assigned, it is helpful to determine where catch devices should be placed for the Irrigation System Tests. Spending even a few minutes with the site map in the relative quiet of the office can save significant time and confusion in the field. Sample catch device placements for a variety of sprinkler spacing,pattems are shown in Figures 5-7. (A Catch Device can be any object with a known throat area which catches irrigation water during an irrigation and holds it for measurement. Because the time of the irrigation can be easily measured, the rate of water application -- Precipitation Rate (in inches per hour) -- by each station can be calculated.) Note that the measurements which are taken in between two stations take on the name of the surrounding stations separated by a slash e.g. 1/2 data is collected in between stations 1 and 2. The audit plan for a site should also determine the order in which various sub -areas will be audited; this may be based on the ordering of stations in the controller. Figure 5 - Sample Catch Device Placement - Rectangular STATIONI 1/2 STATION2 2/3 SrAT10N3 SAMPLE ® ® ® ® Catch Device Placement: ® ® ® ® SUB -AREA ® ® ® ® II "All 'Head ® ® ® ® Sprinkler ® Catch Can Sidewalks Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Figure 6 - Sample Catch Device Placement -- Triangular Station 2 SAMPLE Station 1 M Station 3 Catch Device 1/2 2/3 ® Placement: ® B ® 0 Triangular ® ® Spacing 0 ® Sprinkler Head ® ® 0 Catch can ® i Sidewalks Figure 7 Sample Catch Device Placement -- Stand - Alone ii uuu u um l ti SAMPLE Catch Device Placement: Stand Alone ®o Sprinkler Head ® Catch Can A b - 12 - Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook • Enter Site Data into Computer (Optional) Several pieces of information can be entered into the computer software before actually travelling to the site. These can be derived from Site Maps or discussions with, the Site Manager and include: • Site Name • Sub -Area Designations • Station Numbers by sub -area • Controller ID Numbers or names • Weather Data Set selected for this Site Because some Auditors will work in large geographic areas, several "Weather Data Sets" are stored in the Computer to accurately estimate the water requirements of different areas. Thus, the best Weather Data Set for the site can be selected in advance. • Contact Customer If needed repairs have been completed and the audit plan and basic site data are determined, Irrigation System Tests can be scheduled with the Site Manager. This may be harder than it sounds due to the fact that both the Auditor and the Site Manager are likely to spend significant amounts of time away from the telephone. Early in the Landscape Irrigation Auditor process, a telephone number and "best time to call" should be obtained for the site contact. In some cases it may be necessary to correspond by mail and then confirm with a telephone message. If an Auditor does not have someone to answer the telephone in their absence, an answering machine should be obtained to minimize the frustrations, and significant 10 costs of "telephone tag". Remember to confirm the audit date with the Site Manager to avoid wasted trips; it is necessary that the Site Manager be at the site to assist in identifying stations and to run the controller. STEP 5 - PERFORM IRRIGATION SYSTEM TESTS By briefly running each irrigation station and measuring the water collected in catch devices, the relative performance of different stations can be determined using the Computer software. Performance is expressed as Precipitation Rate (inches per hour) and the irrigation uniformity; this information is then used to calculate the required minutes of irrigation time for each month throughout the year. Use of Computers All of the important calculations mentioned in this section have been included in software programs for IBM-PC Computers. • Review and Modify Audit Plan Once at the site, the Auditor should review and modify the audit plan based on site observations. The site map could be inaccurate or out of date or other site conditions may prevent certain actions. In very windy (upwind to downwind ratio < 0.6; Precipitation Rate Tests) or rainy weather, field tests should be rescheduled. - 13 - Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook • Determine Testing Runtimes The testing runtime is the amount of time that each station is operated to permit collection of precipi- tation data. This time needs to be at least five and as many as ten or more rotations of a geared rotor or impact sprinkler head. The rotation time for each type of sprinkler at the site can be obtained during the Site Inspection or at the time of the test. Normally, this leads to testing runtimes in the range of 10 to 30 minutes forsprinklers. The shorter time permits faster auditing, but the longer time gives better accuracy: Spray head systems will nor- mally not need more than 4-7 minutes of runtime due to their high precipitation rates and constant pattern. itation rate data is collected by measuring the volumes of water caught in "catch" devices, can range from special graduated conical cylinders to small plastic " freezette" containers. For all types of devices used, the catch area through which the water falls (measured in square inches) needs to be determined with accuracy. To perform a testing run, the catch devices are first laid out according to the Audit Plan. Then each station is run for its testing runtime until the entire sub -area has been run, The volume caught in each device is measured to the nearest milliliter (note: conical graduated cylinders of approximately 250 ml size are very useful as catch devices and permit direct reading of volumes caught). The volumes should be recorded onto Worksheet #3 (see Appendix E) or directly onto the site map for permanent recording and later entry into the computer. Alternative methods, such as the pressure -orifice or water meter methods, can be used to estimate station precipitation rates especially if testing is not possible due to windy conditions. These estimates are made using the station area and flowtate, as explained in Appendix A. However, the pressure -orifice and water meter methods do not provide uniformity information, and will normally overestimate the actual water received by the turf due to evaporation, wind drift, or mis-alignment of heads. -Collect Supporting Data Information such as the distance of sprinkler throw (upwind and downwind) should be recorded at the beginning of the audit to assess potential inaccuracy in the Irrigation System Tests. During the test of each sub -area, sprinkler pressures, plant material (warm versus cool season), soil type, and rootzone depth should be recorded. STEP 6 - CALCULATE BASE SCHEDULE Once the field work has been completed, data from the field forms is entered into the computer and the Base Schedule for each controller is calculated and printed. The software mentioned below is the Water Resource Manager (WRM) system developed for the Landscape Water Management program; this software is available for the IBM and the IBM-compatible computers and is a major topic at the two day training classes sponsored by DWR. 0 - 14 - Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook • Enter Data into Computer Data entry from the field forms is easy after a bit of practice and data review on the screen is possible to confirm the accuracy of data entry. A common problem area when using the WRM software is the creation of the proper station names within overlapping sub -areas -- a typical format would be 1, 1/2, 2, 2/3, 3. • Display/Modify Base Schedule As each irrigation sub -area is completed, the calculated statistics for each sub -area can be reviewed on the screen of the computer to check for valid calculations. This also ensures that data is saved at frequent intervals. When all data for the site has been entered, the Base Schedule should be reviewed using the Display/Modify Schedules menu item from the Process Results area of the software. At this stage, the recommended days per week for irrigation can be selected and the station adjustment can be set to account for shade or other station -specific conditions. In some cases, the calculated schedules are HIGHER than the schedules already in use at the site. In these situations, the Site Trimming factor or Station Adjustment factors can be reduced to bring the calculated schedules in line with the actual schedules already in use. Savings will still normally be achieved in the spring and fall months. • Print Base Schedule The base schedule is calculated for each tested or linked station on each controller. Unless the irrigation system or the basic weather information is modified, these numbers will provide adequate water throughout the year. Based on program results to date, most sites will be able to save 10-20 percent of their irrigation water using the base schedule. A sample base schedule as printed by an IBM Computer is included as Figure 8. - 15 - Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Figure 8 - Sample Irrigation Schedule 0 SITE FILENAME- B:IrvMar WRM Version 5.4 Irvine Marriott Western Water District J. Auditor 123 South Boulevard 6/8/1990 11.45:08 AM Socal, CA 92222 Weather Data Set: Los Angeles (555) 555-1212 Controller:1 Site Trim Factor! i BASE IRRIGATION SCHEDULE (minutes per Irrigation Day) IRRI. STA DAYS PREC. Jan I Feb I Mar I Apr I MgX I Jun I Jul I AugSep Oct I Novj Dec 1 5 1.51 @ @ 4 8 8 8 10 8 7 7 @ @ 2 5 1.74 @ @ 4 7 7 7 8 7 6 6 @ @ 3# 5 1,.51 @ @ 3 6 6 6 7 6 5 5 @ @ IRRI. DAYSIWEEK 1 1 2 4 5 5 5 5 4 3 1 1 SUB -AREA STATISTICS Sub LO Suggested Rootzone Soil Allowable Area Uniformity Days' Depth Type Depletion Plant Material A 0.70 5 4 LOAMY 0.5 Cool Seasor_Grass ADJUSTED IRRIGATION SCHEDULE (minutes per Irrigation Day) IRRI. (ETo INCHES PER WEEK) STA DAYS 0.25 10.50 10.75 11.00 1'.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 13.00 13.25 1 5 1 3 5 6 8 10 12 13 15 17 19 20 22 2 5 1 3 4 6 7 9 10 12 13 15 16 18 19 3# 5 1 2 4 4 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 RAW DATA (5 or more measurements per sub -area) Catch Device Area - 8.90 sq. in. SUB STA AREA I ADJ. I RUN ICatch Volumes (milliliters) 1 A 1.00 5.1 18 12 30 11 22 19 3# 0.70 LINKED TO STATION 1 CONTROLLER 1 1/2 A 1.00 0.0 21 13 21 26 18 19 2 a 1.00 5.2 17 34 20 18 24 19 Calculated Site Water Use: 7,683 (100 CuFt/yr) $7,583 per year Assuming: Site Acreage: 5.0 ; Water Cost $1.00 per 100 CuFt Annual AKc : 0.60 ; Annual Irrigation Efficiency: 0.60 @ Smallest Irrigation Interval # Linked to another station's data. D DU and Precipitation Rate Directly Entered Minimum Suggested Irrigation Days per week during the peak Irrigation month. 0 0 - 16 - Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook 0 • Deliver Reports to Site Manager Print Reports The WRM software provided by DWR processes field data to produce a variety of reports. These can range from Base Schedules to calculated site water use as well as Updated Schedules (which require current weather data). The Personal Computer with typical commercial software can also be used to store overall Audit program performance data such as total labor, .total potential savings, and an estimate of the benefit/cost ratio for the program to date. File Reports for Convenient Access For permanent data storage, it will be important to maintain a file copy of all reports so they can be accessed rapidly for review and duplication (in case a site visit is made a year later, for example). A copy of each controller printout should be prepared for the Site Manager's files. This will ensure that they are aware of the potential savings and the steps that need to be taken to achieve these savings. Reports can be delivered by mail or in person, with a personal visit certainly being used for the Site Managers who are responsible for many sites. In fact, personal visits will probably be helpful in achieving savings with all Site Managers. If a personal visit is not made, a telephone call should be placed to the Site Manager to confirm receipt of the reports and to answer the inevitable questions that will arise. The Auditor will need the file copy of the reports to be handy when this call is placed. For Auditors who serve many clients, careful record keeping is necessary so program results can be monitored and the Auditor canbe responsive. This program assumes the Auditor will have access to an office computer. If not, the scope of Landscape Irrigation Auditor activities will be reduced due to the cost and labor required for manual calculations and record keeping. • Discuss with Site Manager These schedules can be discussed with the Site Manager, or with the groundskeeper. The practicality of the schedule with respect to number of days per week and the need for multiple starts due to slopes or poor infiltration rate should be reviewed and corrected as needed. • Enter Schedule into Controller The Base Schedule should be entered into the controllers by site staff as soon as possible. The printed schedules can then be inserted into clear protective sleeves and attached to the inside door of the controller where they can be referred to easily. 2.3 FOLLOW-UP An important final step in the Landscape Irrigation Auditor process is Follow -Up. A visit with the customer to deliver the audit report will greatly improve understanding of the audit results. Subsequent follow-up meetings will help determine if water savings are occurring or if further assistance is required. These additional consultations with Site Managers need to take place to explain the process of adjusting schedules and to provide encouragement to achieve water savings on a consistent basis. - 17 - Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Figure 9 charts the Steps for Follow -Up activities. Figure 9 - Flowchart For Follow -Up Step 7: Adjust Schedule • Confirm Use of Base Schedule • Trim Bade, Reveal Weak Areas • Adjust Stations as Needed • Update Schedule with CIMIS, I Feasible Step 8: Review Performance • Review First Year Results • Estimate Water Saved • Discuss Improvements, Trimming • Record Data for DWR Report STEP 7 - ADJUST SCHEDULE The Base Schedule should be reviewed with the Site Manager to confirm that it is being used. Questions about the schedule can be answered and potential problem areas, such as controller inadequacies, can be discussed. Unless the Site Manager is already highly motivated to save water, the auditor may be in the position of having to recommend that the new irrigation schedules be tried if they differ significantly from the previous settings, The Auditor should be prepared to discuss the reasons why the new schedules are appropriate and should persuade the Site Manager to at least try the new schedules on a portion of the site. Once the Base Schedule has been implemented successfully, the Site manager should be encouraged to use new runtimes which have been slightly reduced (using the Site Trimming Factor) until small areas of stress are seen. These areas will normally indicate that equipment should be repaired or replaced at these specific locations or that soil uniformity is a limiting factor. • Adiust Stations as Needed If repair of the hardware in weak areas is not technically or economically feasible, then the runtime for the individual stations in the weak area can be increased. In this way the majority of the site will be on a reduced schedule while the weak areas will receive slightly more water. The base schedules use long term annual averages for evapc weather or in cool periods, however, significant variations schedules to avoid water stress or water waste due to the mentals. ation and rainfall. During hot be incorporated into the base root zones for turf and orna- 0 0 - 18 - Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook 0 0 If selected prior to printing, the Base Schedule left at the controller box will contain a look -up table for an "Adjusted Schedule" which provides an adjusted runtime for each station based on Inches of Net ET for the last seven days. This can be seen in Figure S. If provided with recent weather data, the Site Manager can find the appropriate column on the chart and change the controller settings as required. California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS) evapotranspiration and rainfall data is now available from the Department of Water Resources in several forms; these include electronic telemetry (via modems) and printed tables. Many offices of the Cooperative Extension Service, Resource Conservation Districts and Water Districts also have access to CIMIS data and can provide additional details on obtaining this information. For maximum savings and for protection of the turf during unusually hot weather, "Updated" sched- ules are used. These schedules make use of the precipitation rate data from the field work but sub- stitute updated, current weather data for the long term historical data used in the Base Schedule. The "Updated Schedule" capability of the WRM computer software can be easily used to revise the schedules for large numbers of sites using recent weather information. To produce Updated Schedules, two steps must be completed: First, updated evapotranspiration information (expressed as ETo and total rainfall) needs to be obtained from a reliable source such as CIMIS. This information is then entered into the office computer and updated schedules for all sites are produced using the "Updated Schedule" option. Second, these updated schedules need to be given to the Site Managers so each controller can be re -programmed with this information. - 19 - Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook STEP 8 - REVIEW PERFORMANCE The best audit information in the world is useless unless it is actually implemented. Itis often easy for technically -oriented people such as Auditors to shy away from the personal contacts required to persuade others to change their actions. This emphasizes that contact with the customer is very important in achieving overall program effectiveness. The Site Manager will have many questions and will not automatically assume that the audit can re- ally help with their specific problems. The Auditor must be available to answer these questions and to provide as much information as is needed to get the Site Manager to try the base and adjusted schedules. A periodic review of all sites should prove useful. • Review First Year Results After a season's experience with new irrigation schedules, each customer should be contacted by mail, telephone or in person to review the results of schedule implementation, In most cases, managers report better appearance, reduced complaints and reduced water use. • Estimate Water Saved Water meter data (adjusted for non -irrigation uses) will provide the most reliable means of assessing the impact of revised schedules. The total water used in prior years, however, should be adjusted by aratio relative to the recent season's weather. The proper measure for these comparisons is gallons per acre per inch of Irrigation Water Requirement. Irrigation Water Requirement is defined for this program to be the minimum amount of water required to adequately grow that type of turf in that climate and is based on monthly data for Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo), Effective Rainfall and Adjusted Crop Coefficient, as well as the overall irrigation efficiency of the irrigation system at the site. The Irrigation Water Requirement can be calculated -using the equations given in Appendix A. Estimate Actual SavinEs: Water and Dollars Of course, saving water is a worthy goal, but many Site Managers will also want to know how much money has been saved with adjusted schedules. This is calculated using the dollar cost of water used for irrigation (usually available as dollars per 100 cubic feet). dollars per million gallons = ($/100 cu.ft.) x 1,337 dollars saved by site = million gallons saved x $/million gallons For example, if the water cost for a site was $0.90 per 100 cubic feet, the cost per million gallons would be $1,200. Savings at this site for an annual savings of 1.1 million gallons (3.37 acre feet) would then be $1,300 (1.1 x 1,200). For a city parks department with 200 acres of turf, this represents an annual savings of $37,200 each year. An auditing program to produce the required scheduling information would have approximately a one-year payback, with savings continuing for many years thereafter. C -1 - 20 - Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook 0 • Discuss Improvements Trimming If the Site manager has made improvements in the irrigation system, it may be useful to re -audit the new hardware. New pressures or new plant material may also influence the audit results. If the Base Schedule has been successfully employed by the Site Manager, the prospects for further savings via "Trimming Back" should be discussed (see Step 7 above). As before, the Site manager should be encouraged to use new schedules which have been reduced using the Site Trimming Factor. • Record Data for DWR Report As audits are completed, the Auditor will soon develop extensive files covering many sites. These should be summarized and reported DWR on survey forms distributed to Auditors each year. The following data will be collected throughout the state: From Audit Files: From Periodic Performance Review: • Number of Sites, Acres Audited • Estimate of Actual Water Saved • Potential Water Saved • Program Benefit/Cost This information will help to improve the cost-effectiveness of the Landscape Irrigation Auditor Program by highlighting any needed changes in approach. 3. CONCLUSIONS Vast amounts of water are used in California for landscape irrigation (nearly 50 0 of all urban water use). The Department of Water Resources has developed the Landscape Irrigation Auditor Program so that municipal agencies, water purveyors and landscape personnel can assure the wise use of water for large turf and ornamental areas. Techniques are presented in this manual to permit the determination of: Irrigation Precipitation Rates and Distribution Uniformities Base Schedules for each Controller (using average weather data) Adjusted Schedules (using updated CIMIS information) These schedules are determined through Field Work procedures and computer software available from the Department of Water Resources. Using software described in this handbook, the Auditor collects all relevant data from each site. Base and Adjusted schedules are then calculated. The complete recommendation package for Site Managers can include a Decision Memorandum showing the benefits of the recommended changes in terms of reduced irrigation costs (see Appendix F). To explore these concepts in depth, DWR offers two day training sessions at minimal cost for Landscape Irrigation Auditors in Northern, Central and Southern California. - 21 - Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Table 1 - Landscape Water Audits 0 No. of Audits Acres Water Cost $ 100c EST. ANN. WATER USE ANN. WATER SAYqT Pre -Audit Applied M0 Est Actual SavinORGANIZATION 100ef In. O % 100ef in Coachella Valley RCD Coachella Valley Water Dist. Greater Mountain Empire RCD Marin Municipal Water Dist. Mission RCD Riverside -Corona RCD 29 7 1,881 123 $0.46 S0.46 5,803,825 540,326 85.0 1214 580,000 107.520 8.5 24.2 10% 207q 22 28 246 230 $0.97 $lA8 339,272 220 414 38.0 26.4 105,852 22 000 11.9 2.6 31% 10% 14 7 230 40 $0.77 S0.46 483,285 69 696 57.9 48.0 103,380 6.534 12.4 4.5 21% 9% TOTAL 107 2 750 7 456 818 925 28b Landscape Irrigation Auditing programs can be very cost-effective. Based on data from over 100 Landscape Irrigation audits performed during 1987-88, users can expect program Benefit/Cost ratios over three year periods of approximately 4 to 1 or better (one program in Southern California shows a program Benefit/Cost ratio of 18 to 1), as shown in Tables 1 and 2. Table 2 - Benefits of Landscape Irrigation Audits ORGANIZATION VALUE WATER SAVED vs COST OF AUDITS AUDIT COST WATER SAVED-5 Benefit/Cost by Return Period TOTAL PER AC. TOTAL S /ac 1 year 2 year 3 ears Coachella Valley RCD Coachella Valle Water Dist. $56,800 $9 500 $30 $77 266,800 49 459 $142 $403 4.4 4.9 8.6 9.5 12.6 13.9 Greater Mountain Empire RCD Marin Municipal Water Dist. $29,140 S16,800 $118 S73 102,676 32 560 $417 $142 3.3 1.8 6.5 3.6 9.4 5.2 Mission RCD Riverside -Corona RCD $11,900 S2100 $52 S53 79,603 3.006 $346 S75 6.3 IA 12.3 2.6 17.9 3.8 TOTAL 1 $126240 1 $534,104 0 0 - 22 - 0 is APPENDIX A AUDIT TECHNIQUES Introduction A Landscape Irrigation Management Audit plays a specific role in the determination of schedules for stations. In this section the more difficult procedures for these steps are detailed and illustrated. USE OF SITE MAPS After obtaining a Site Map from the Site Manager, it is necessary to decide which areas will be audited. In most cases, only certain unique areas at the site need to be audited in detail. The remaining areas can be linked to tested stations for their schedules. The Site Map and Sub -Areas selected for a small park are shown in Figures A.1 and A.2. As demonstrated in the Landscape Irrigation Auditor Training programs, catch devices are laid out according to an Audit Plan which considers "Sub -Areas" for analysis. A Sub -Area is a unique area of overlapping stations (or an independent, "Stand -Alone" station) which is evaluated as a unit to determine Station -by -Station Precipitation Rates and the Irrigation Uniformity. 23 Appendix A-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Figure A.1: Nampie jite snap S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Site Maw Park B Sx Station H S6 n w wwn wwwwwwwwwwwww Turf wwA www wwwwww wwwwwwwwwwwwwww wwwww wwwwwwwww S7 wwww wwww wwwww www w w w w wwwww wwwww w w w w w S8wwwwwwwwwwwwwww wwwwwwwwwwwwwwww n�w� Shrub s Sidewalks Figure A.2: Designation of Sub -Areas Sub -Area "A" Sidewalks Sub -Area TOO Audit Plan Park B EI Turf :��, Shrubs 9 24 Appendix A-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook CALCULATING PRECIPITATION RATES The LIA Program encourages the use of the Catch Device Method for determining, Precipitation Rates. Using devices with a known "throat" area and graduated sides, it is possible to calculate the NET precipitation rate for water caught during a test irrigation event of known time. By using an evenly spaced grid pattern throughout the area being measured distribution uniformity can be calculated by the computer for use in Schedule Calculations. PR = (CVavg x 3.66) / (TR x CDA) (Eq. A.1) where PR = Station Precipitation Rate, inches per hour CVavg = Average Catch Volume for Station, in milliliters TR = Testing Runtime, in minutes CDA = Catch Device Area, in square inches Precipitation rate is calculated by the computer based on the catch data and testing runtime for each station. The precipitation rates for each station are critical in determining the month -by -month irrigation schedules. Each station has its own Precipitation Rate; each irrigation sub -area (defined as sets of overlapped stations or a stand-alone, non -overlapped station) has its own Irrigation Uniformity. Each site has its own "Trimming Factor" which can be reduced over time to reduce total water use. USING ETO TABLES The Department of Water Resources of the State of California has published several excellent docu- ments for Average Monthly Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo). (See Appendix D for a table listing many areas in California.) 25 Appendix A-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook CALCULATING TURF WATER _REQUIREMENTS The reference evapotranspiration numbers determined in the last section must be modified to give the actual water consumption of turf and ornamentals. This actual consumption is called Irrigation Water Requirement, and it describes the amount of water that would need to be applied to the crop, exclusive of rainfall, so that the crop would not experience water stress. A Irrigation Water Requirement is calculated from equation A.3: (summing monthly results to get annual Irrigation Water Requirement) Irrigation Water Requirement = Dec (E ((ETo x AKc) - Effective Rainfall) / (Irrigation Efficiency as fraction) Jan (Eq. A.3) where Irrigation Water Requirement = Annual irrigation amount required ETo = Reference ET in inches of water per month (From Appendix D) AKc = Adjusted Crop Coefficient by month (From Table A.1) ER = Effective Rainfall by month in inches, calculated as below: IF Monthly Rainfall is less then 0.25 then the Effective Rainfall (ER) is equal to 0 IF Monthly Rainfall is greater then 0.25 then the Effective Rainfall (ER) is equal to the Monthly Rainfall multiplied by 0.67. (0.67 x Monthly Rainfall) (Obtain monthly rainfall from local weather service.) Table A.1 presents data describing unadjusted Kc and adjusted AKc values for several turf species for Southern California conditions. 26 Appendix A-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Table A.1 - Crop Coefficient Values for California Turf MONTH Not adjusted for Allowable Stress Adjusted for Allowable Stress' Cool Season Warm Season Cool Season I Warm Season JAN 0.61 0.55 0.49 0.44 FEB 0.64 0.54 0.51 0.43 MAR 0.75 0.76 0.60 0.61 APR 1.04 0.72 0.83 0.58 MAY 0.95 0.79 0.76 0.63 JUN 0.88 0.68 0.70 0.54 JUL 0.94 0.71 0.75 0.57 AUG 0.86 0.71 0.69 0.57 SEP 0.74 0.62 0.59 0.50 OCT 0.75 0.54 0.60 0.43 NOV 0.69 0.58 0.55 0.46 DEC 0.60 0.55 0.48 0.44 Stress Factor as 80% of well -watered crop ET level Source: Gibeault, Meyer and Strohman et al. (1984) Notice the cyclic trends in the demand for water. This occurs because the turfs water needs are keyed to the stage of growth of the plant; certain times, such as seed formation, are more critical than others in demand for water. The left column values are for consumptive use by the plant under well watered conditions. If the plant cannot obtain water easily, usage goes down without significant impact to the plant, to a certain point. Studies by the University of California at Riverside have demonstrated that many turfgrass species can get by with as little as 60 percent of the well watered amount without harmful stress. For the purposes of this program, these data have been multiplied by 0.80 to reflect allowable stress. CALCULATING SOIL WATER HOLDING CAPACITY An important measure of soil performance is required in order to derive irrigation schedules. This is the root zone water holding capacity. Soils differ greatly in their ability to retain water under well -drained field conditions. Sandy soils hold very little water per foot of depth while clay soils hold much more. Typical available water contents (given in inches of water stored per inch of soil at field capacity) are illustrated in Table A.2. (Unless the auditor is experienced at soil classification, the determination of soil texture should be done on a general basis eg. sandy, loam, clay with available moisture of 0.083 in./in., 0.125 in./in. and 0.167 in./in..respectively.). 27 Appendix A-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Table A.2 - Soil Moisture Capacities 0 Soil Class Inches/ Inch EXAMPLES Very Coarse 0.048 (gravelly and coarse sand) Coarse 0.073 (sand, fine sand, loamy coarse sand) Moderately Coarse 0.104 (loamy fine sand, sandy loam, fine sandy loam) Medium and Fine 0.146 (very fine sandy loam, loam, slit loam, sandy clay, silty clay, clay) Moderately Fine I 0.1751(sandy clay loam clay loam silty clay loam The active root zone is the depth of soil from which the plant can draw water (and nutrients) and may range (for fully cultivated soils) from 2-4 inches for golf course bentgrass, to 8-12 inches for cool season grasses such as bluegrass, to several feet for deep-rooted, warm season grasses such as Bermudagrass or Tall Fescue. In many, cases, however, restrictions in the rootzone may prevent full rooting depths and require more conservative scheduling assumptions to prevent damage. Thus, the Landscape Irrigation Auditor must sample the root zone depth in several places per station in order to obtain: • an accurate estimate of total active root zone depth. (Note that gradually increasing the length of time between irrigations can lead to deeper active root system.) • an accurate estimate of each soil layer thickness and composition to the bottom of the active root zone. (Note that unprepared, uncultivated soils can be quite varied; use of the least favorable types or subdividing the area can be used to overcome this prob- lem.) Once this data has been collected, Table A.3 can be used to calculate the total rootzone water holding capacity for muld4ayered soils. The table has been filled in on the next page as an example. Table A.3 - Calculating Rootzone Water Capacity LAYER MATERIAL "OF WATER "OF THICKNESS WATER PERINCH PERLAYER CALCULATEDFROM LAYER 1 Clay 0.5" 0.167 0.084 (0.5 X 0.167)=0.084 LAYER 2 Loam 2.0" 0.126 0.250 (2.0 X 0.125)=0,250 LAYER 3 Sand 5.5" 0.083 0.457 (5.5 X 0.083)=0.457 TOTAL RZ WATER HOLDING CAPACITY 0.790 (0.084+0.250+0.457) to nearest 0.001 CALCULATING BASE SCHEDULES The base schedule is a monthly run time schedule for each station for every controller at a facility. It is based on soil and irrigation system pressure characteristics plus estimated values of flowrates and areas. The result is a schedule which would be correct in an "average weather" month. (Of course, even in California the weather can vary, and a later section discusses a method to derive updated schedules using current weather information.) r0 0 0 Appendix A-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Table A.4 provides a sample schedule calculation for the month of July for one controller station which has three available days per week for irrigation. In practice, many stations are likely to have such similar characteristics that they will be grouped together for all calculations, thus reducing the need for repetitive work. These calculations are all handled by the Computers. Table A.4 - Sample Schedule Calculation for July # AREA A, STA.1 Value Units Source 1 ETo in July 0.24 inches of water/day ETo Maps 2 ADJUSTED Kc (AKc) 0.75 decimal percentage Table A.1 3 Daily Turf Water Use 0.18 inches of water/day #1 x #2 4 Minus Effective Rain 0.00 inches of water/day ETo Maps & Caic 5 Weekly Turf Water Use 1.26 inches, calculated (#3-#4) x 7 days 6 Avail. Days for Irrigations 5' Mow Fridays; Game Sat. Site Manager 7 Water required, each irri. 0.25 inches of water #5 + #6 8 Distribution Uniformity 0.83 dimensionless Field Test 9 Gross Application Required 0.30 inches of water #7 _ #8 10 Precipitation Rate 1.65 inches per hour Field Test 11 Total Runtime on irri. days 11 minutes (#9410) x 60 1121 Repeat Runtime on irri. days 1 6 1 minutes #11 2 USING WEEKLY CIMIS DATA FOR UPDATING SCHEDULES The California Irrigation Management Information System (CMS) is maintained by the Department of Water Resources and provides both hard copy and electronic access for weather and calculated Evapotranspiration data from over 80 computerized weather stations located throughout the state. This resource has important implications for the Landscape Irrigation Auditor Program because it permits accurate updates of the Base Schedules. The Water Resource Manager software developed by DWR has a powerful function called "UPDATE SCHEDULES" which permits instant updating of all stored irrigation schedules based on recent weather data. Landscape managers need only enter 3 pieces of CIMIS data (cumulative ETo, effective rainfall and days in period) in order to print (current weather based) schedules for as many as 80 sites at one time. 29 Appendix A-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook DETERMINING ADJUSTED SCHEDULES 0 The procedure for using adjusted schedules begins by obtaining the prior week's weather information for the closest CIMIS station via personal computer and modem. This would typically be done fast thing on Monday morning. After printing a hard copy of this report, the daily CIMIS data values could be entered into a spreadsheet program which would calculate a projected ETnet for the next 7 days. (This could be compared to the assumed ETnet for the Base schedule to determine by what percentage the Adjusted schedule was higher or lower than the Base schedule. If the percentage change is small, no adjustment in schedules may be needed). As seen in Figure 8 of the main Handbook, the Base Schedule printed at the site includes an ad- justment table which provides new runtimes based on updated ETnet requirements. The controller is then reprogrammed with the new runtimes found in the column containing the recent weekly ETnet to implement the adjusted schedule. This calculation of adjusted schedules should occur early enough in the day on Monday so that the groundskeepers will be able to modify all controllers that day. This will ensure that the landscape receives the scheduled amount of water for that week so that accurate estimates of total amounts ap- plied will be kept. Ideally the amount scheduled on paper will be equal to the amount actually ap- plied, For sites with flowmeters, this constraint is eased because the flowmeter gives the actual amount applied. IMPLEMENTING UPDATED OR ADJUSTED SCHEDULES Once the updated or adjusted schedules have been calculated, it is then the responsibility of the groundskeeper to ensure that the new schedule is properly programmed into the controller. For certain controller styles, this may be time-consuming or difficult. The auditor should assist the groundskeepers in learning to program the controllers efficiently and accurately. Beyond this learning effort, however, it will be the skills of the groundskeepers and their motivation level which will determine the success of the "adjusted schedule" tactic. The marginal benefits available from using updated versus base schedules will easily be lost if imple- mentation is sloppy or inconsistent. This points to the value of motivation programs which would give groundskeepers and other staff monetary rewards for good water management of their sites. The auditor cannot be expected to as- sume a policing tole with respect to the implementation of their calculated schedules. Base schedules change less frequently and thus will be less of a burden to groundskeepers (only changed once per month). Note, however, that extra water and/or more frequent irrigations will be used in the base schedules to account for the extra "reserve margin" needed for possible hot spells. PROGRAM ,JUSTIFICATION The best data collection and schedule calculations will not be useful unless management approval has been obtained to "experiment" with new irrigation techniques. This chapter discusses an approach to present information to management so that the costs and benefits of the Landscape Irrigation Audit are clear. 0 30 Appendix A-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Management has an important role to play in assuring that modifications to time-honored techniques are both practical and cost-effective. Thus, the first step in implementing the procedures outlined in this manual should be to use trials before going system -wide. A few weeks of implementation with a site which can be easily monitored as to water consumption and groundskeeper effort is ideal. Work with this site will also assist in the final preparation of a comparison of the costs and benefits of new water management techniques. The costs are mostly in the form of Auditor and groundskeeper labor, assuming that if CIMIS data are to be used that a personal computer and computer modem are already available to the auditor. Incremental vehicle costs for the auditor may also be appropriate. An estimate of extra groundskeeper time for controller reprogramming is approximately 15 minutes per controller per week (note: this time will usually not have to be paid for - it is unlikely that over- time would be needed for this purpose). The auditor's time per week will be 40 hours divided by the total number of acres being scheduled. These costs can be tabulated and reduced to a per -acre dollar figure for a season or month. The direct benefits are seen in the form of reduced water costs. When prior year water usage records are available, calculations of prior year requirements if scheduling had been implemented can be subtracted from actual usage to give potential savings. Short term results from the site trials can also be offered for consideration. Careful estimates for the value of indirect savings such as reduced mowing, reduced fertilizer and reduced moisture -related disease can be added as well if the auditor has the background and -skills to assess such matters. Note that certain unquantifiable benefits such as better public relations or meeting the requests of city council or government for conservation may also accrue to the Landscape Irrigation Auditor program. These should be mentioned in the Auditors decision memorandum to management if appropriate. This decision memorandum should spell out the data described above and note any risks unique to the facilities involved. Because the costs and benefits for these management strategies accrue in the same year, a simple benefit/cost ratio technique should be sufficient to demonstrate cost-ef- fectiveness. A sample calculation follows: Sample Benefit/Cost Calculation Assumptions 1 1 auditor @ $24,000 per year 2 200 acres of turf audited that year 3 Water cost of $300/acre-foot 4 Prior year application - 4 acre-feet/acre 5 Current year application - 3 acre-feet/acre Costs 6 Auditor Costs = $120/acre (#1 #2) 7 $120/acre x 200 acres = $24,000 (#6 x #2) Benefits 8 200 acre-feet of water @ $300/AF = $60,000 ((#4 - #5) x #2) x #3 9 Benefit/Cost Ratio = 2.5 (#8 + #7) These conclusions could be presented to management with a memorandum such as the sample in Figure A.4. 31 Appendix A-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Figure A.4 - Sample Memorandum To: Parks and Recreation Supervisor From: Joe Water, Landscape Irrigation Auditor Date: April 1, 1992 Re: WATER -SAVING IRRIGATION SCHEDULES - Southside Park Based on a survey of previous year water use records and an analysis of predicted water requirements for turf at the Southside Park (using Department of Water Resources techniques), I recommend that we perform a thirty day trial of water -saving irrigation schedules at two sties in the park. If the turf quality holds up well under these new schedules, it will then be possible to extend these water -saving techniques to the rest of our managed turf with significant total savings. Calculations for the Southside Park turf shows a potential savings of 25% of applied water; with a previous year application of 4 acre-feet per acre and our projected 1992 water cost of $300 per acre-foot this implies a per acre savings of $300, By extension, this would imply a total savings potential of approximately $60,000 for our 200 acres of turf in 1986 If we begin the new schedules by May 1st. Your permission to proceed with the trial schedules at Southside Park is requested. If appropriate, I look forward to reviewing the results of the trial with you on April 301h. 11, 0 0 32 9 APPENDIX B ANALYTIC CONCEPTS Introduction Preceding chapters have discussed the purpose of the Landscape Irrigation Auditor program and have provided a discussion of the procedures used to determine scheduling information for each irri- gation controller station. This Appendix provides technical background information for the methods used to achieve these results. Each of the following sections discusses an important concept useful for Landscape Irrigation auditing. The Auditor should be familiar with these concepts so that problems in the field can be quickly diagnosed and resolved. Much of this material is available in more detail in the references provided in Appendix C. PLANT WATER USE Turf and Ornamentals (groundcovers, shrubs and trees) are the two major classifications of plants found in California landscapes. Although the water requirements of each can vary widely as we will see below, the process and purpose of water use by the plant are similar in all cases. Plants utilize water for three major purposes: • as a means of transporting dissolved chemicals and minerals (fertilizers) from the plant root hairs to the rest of the plant • as a means of controlling the physical shape and direction of growth of the plant (water pressure in plant cells provides structure) • to be evaporated from leaves as a means of controlling leaf temperature (by far the major use in warm climates). When adequate moisture is available to the plant, a continuous flow of water exists from the root hairs up to the leaves. If inadequate moisture is present in the soil or if the rate of evaporation from the leaves exceeds the rate at which water can be moved upwards by the plant, then "water stress" ensues. During the hot and dry California summer months, moderate stress can be tolerated by most plants on a daily basis as long as root zone moisture replenishment occurs in the low stress night period. However, severe or prolonged moisture stress will result in permanent wilting and damage to the plant. Plants differ greatly in their ability to extract water from the soil and in the absolute amount of water required for the three purposes given above. Some plants, in fact, are classified as "drought tolerant" because they can function with "dry" soil conditions. Drought Tolerance can be due to several physical features: • deep and well developed root zones • waxy leaf surfaces • leaf hairs to reduce air flow past the leaf surface • shiny surfaces to reflect light • leaves which fold up or drop under stress conditions (This handbook does not cover the implementation or maintenance of drought tolerant plants. The Department of Water Resources has published a number of documents on "Xeriscape" and other low water use concepts.) 33 Appendix B -- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Too much water in the root zone can also be damaging to the plant due to a reduction in oxygen in the area around the root hairs. This can occur when irrigation is performed too frequently or in too great an amount for the plant to remove and use water from the root zone. Thus, the objective of a proper irrigation schedule is to supply the right amount of water before harmful stress occurs and to supply enough water at that time to replenish the amount of water used since the last irrigation. The determination of When to Irrigate and How Much to Apply is discussed below as Irrigation Scheduling. IRRIGATION SCHEDULING Irrigation scheduling can be performed using several techniques. This handbook adopts a simplified water budget method for irrigation scheduling. The Water Budget is like a checkbook — deposits of water are made to the soil from time to time (due to irrigations and effective rainfall) and withdrawals are made regularly (daily evapotranspiration). In order to properly implement this technique, several quantities must be known or estimated: • Depth of the Root Zone • Soil Water Holding Capacity • Management Allowed Depletion • Infiltration Rate The Depth of the Root Zone defines the actual soil depth which is useful to the plant in storing water. Moisture below this depth cannot be reached by the plant and is therefore not useful. The Available Water Holding Capacity of the soil is measured in terms of the inches of water stored per inch of root zone depth. Heavier texture soils usually have higher amounts of stored moisture per unit depth. Available Water is the total amount of water contained in the rootzone which can be used by the plant. It is calculated by multiplying the Available Water Holding Capacity of each soil layer in the rootzone by the depth of that layer and is typically measured in inches. 34 Appendix B-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Management Allowable Depletion (MAD) means the fraction of the total available water which can be removed from the soil before an irrigation should occur. If the MAD is 60%, for ex- ` ample, and the total water holding capacity is 2.0" then 1.2" of water can be used by the plant before an irrigation should occur. Figure B.1 demonstrates this technique. Figure B.1: Daily Evapotranspiration EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ET Inches/Day Day ♦ -► 0.30 2 0.30 3 Allowable Depletion -► 0.30 4 -► 0.30 5 Available -► 0.30 6 Water —► 0.30 7 4.2" 1 2.10" (50% MAD) When? ------- After 7 days IRRIGATE How Much? ----- 2.10" + losses Scheduling an irrigation for any area then becomes a matter of calculating the outflow of water due to evapotranspiration, the volume allowed to be depleted, and the amount of lost water to be replaced. • The question of When to Irrigate? is answered as... "before the allowable depletion is attained." • The question of How Much to Apply? is answered as.. . "enough to refill the soil up to its water holding capacity." The Infiltration Rate describes the rate at which the water applied to a soil surface enters the soil. For most soils, the infiltration rate decreases dramatically with irrigation time, as seen in Figure B.2. The implication is that the precipitation rate of the irrigation system (a constant), cannot exceed the infiltration rate of the soil (usually decreases with time) at any time during the course of an irri- gation. If it does, the water will run off the soil surface and be wasted. 35 Appendix B -- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook 0 Figure B.2: Infiltration Rate vs Precipitation Rate INCHES PER HOUR 10 9 8 7 8 5 4 InfiItrat ii�or Rate •S Precipitation Rate Infiltration Rate (Soil Type) SANDY LOAMY CLAY 1" per hour 31 \ 2 Long - Term Est. Rate 14, 2"/hr 0 1 \ � 1"/hr ——•� ` �� .2"/hr Stiirt a minutes io mlhutes .18 minut s 20 mil Maximum Irrigation Time for Clay Maximum Irrigation Time for Loam Note: Sample Data Only: Does NOT Account for Influence of Thatch. Compaction or Slope IRRIGATION SYSTEM UNIFORMITY During an irrigation water flows through the supply pipelines to the system laterals and then out through various types of sprinkler "heads" to the soil. For example when a uniform amount of water is deposited in the soil under each square foot of surface area the irrigation system is said to have high uniformity. This is important for crops such as turf where every square inch of area has plant roots and the root zone is relatively shallow. For trees, however, water can be obtained from a wide and deep root zone; thus uniformity can be poor at the square foot level as long as it is acceptable at the 10 foot by 10 foot area basis. Poor uniformity in turf irrigation is often overcome by using much more water than would really be necessary, so that adequate amounts are deposited everywhere. The problem with this is high costs for water and the chance of damaging the plants in some areas due to excessive water in the root zone. A better solution is to improve the uniformity of water application. Possible remedies include pres- sure regulation and adjustment, changing nozzle sizes, irrigating only during low wind conditions and closer sprinkler spacing. 36 Appendix B-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook 0 Figure B.3 illustrates the concept of Irrigation Uniformity. Figure B.3: Irrigation Uniformity Water Depths in Soil after Application Uniform Non -Uniform C�5 Irrigation Uniformity is often determined through field procedures such as "catch can" tests and the measurement of individual head flow rates. These field techniques comprise a large part of the Landscape Irrigation Auditor training sessions. The calculation procedures used in the Computer Software use a related procedure. Figure BA illustrates how variability in the amount of water delivered throughout an irrigated area determines the Lower Quarter Distribution Uniformity. Figure B.4: Lower Quarter Distribution Uniformity M& LQ DU = 83% PERCENT OF AREA (Receiving at Least Amount Shown) 50% 75% 100% 0.63/0.75 = 0.83 0.50" 0.63 ------------�����������; 0.75" F------------------- AVERAGE 1.001,P APPLIED MAXIMUM APPLIED MINIMUM APPLIED AVERAGE OF LOWER QUARTER 37 Appendix B -- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook IRRIGATION SYSTEM EFFICIENCY While they are related, the concepts of efficiency and uniformity are quite different. It is possible for a system to have high uniformity and low efficiency or low uniformity and high efficiency. The ideal, of course, is to have both high uniformity (giving good appearance) and high efficiency (minimum cost). Figure B.5 below illustrates that application efficiency is a measure of the amount of water stored in the root zone divided by the amount of water applied during an irrigation. Efficiency is a measure of both the equipment and the management at a site while uniformity is primarily related to the system's mechanical performance. Figure B.S: Irrigation Efficiency Water Contained in Root Zone Efficient Not Efficient Bottom of Root Zone Some Water All Water Contained in Root Zone Below Root Zone It is possible to estimate the amount of water stored in the root zone after each irrigation when evalu- ating irrigations. The simplified procedures used in the Landscape Water Management program calculate an overlapped area's uniformity and assumes that the efficiency of the system using these schedules (with respect to deep percolation) is very high, based on NET precipitation rates. Thus we assume that because applied water amounts are close to average requirements, water reaching the soil is essentially retained in the root zone. Except for very shallow or steeply sloped soils, this is a reasonable assumption. This program assumes that an annual efficiency of approximately 65% is possible with good equipment and proper management. This assumption will not be valid if the system in place has severe problems in distributing water or is entirely inappropriate for its task. Note that properly designed and maintained turf sprinkler sys- tems are capable of irrigation efficiencies (on a net precipitation rate basis) at least as high as 80%. M. 0 0 Appendix B-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook 0 CALCULATING SPRINKLER FLOW RATES In some cases it is not possible to obtain good test data using the catch device method (windy day, shrub bed, drip or bubbler system). If the nozzle (or orifice) size and pressure at a sprinkler device can be determined, the flow rate.through that device can be calculated. Equation B.1 expresses this relationship: Q=28.62xdxdxgp (Eq.B.1) where: Q = flow rate in gallons per minute d = nozzle diameter in inches p = pressure at nozzle in PSI For example, if the pressure measured at a 5/32" nozzle is 50 psi, the approximate flow rate will be: Q = 28.62 x (0.156)2 x (50)1/2 Q = 28.62 x 0.024 x 7.071 Q = 4.9 gallons per minute A set of standard drill bits in 1/64" steps makes a convenient tool for measuring nozzle diameters. "Pop-up" sprinklers -may have to be "captured" before they retract to permit this measurement. Liquid -filled pressure gauges with a pitot tube attachment should be used for obtaining pressure measurements. Accurate spray head, stream rotor, bubbler or drip flow measurements may require the auditor to capture the flow and direct it to a container of known volume. The filling time then gives an estimate of flow rate. (e.g.., 5 gallons in 2 minutes is a 2.5 gallon/minute flowrate.) CALCULATING STATION FLOWRATES After the flowrates for each head in a station have been measured or calculated, it then remains to add up these figures to obtain the total station flow rate. Note, however, that these flowrates and pressures must be measured under typical operating conditions for the site or the total flow rate es- timate may be inaccurate. For example, it would not be correct to turn on one control valve at a time to measure pressures at sprinklers if the site contains more than one controller. Instead the normal number of stations should be running so that the pressures are representative. Sometimes it is necessary to determine the spacing of heads in a system so that the Gross Precipita- tion Rate to the station can be determined. Figure B.6 illustrates the proper way to measure "Head - to -Head" and "Line -to -Line" spacings. 39 Appendix B -- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Figure B.6: Measuring Sprinkler Spacing Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 SAMPLE Head -to -Head Spacing •`� Measurement: Triangular Spacing Sprinkler Head Line -to -Line CALCULATING PRECIPITATION RATES Once the total station area and flow rate are known, the average precipitation rate for the station can be determined with Equation B.2: PR = (96.3 x Q) / A (Eq. B.2) where PR = Precipitation Rate in inches per hour Q = Station Flow Rate in gallons per minute (Eq. B.1) A = Station Area in square feet For example, if the station flow rate is 194 gallons per minute, the station area is 18,500 square feet, the estimated precipitation rate would be: PR - (96.3 x 194) / 18,500 PR -1.01 inches per hour The method above calculates the GROSS Precipitation Rate as it does not consider the losses which occur due to wind drift, evaporation and mis-alignment of sprinklers along borders. 0 01 Appendix B-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook 0 0 CALCULATING WEEKLY APPLICATIONS If the precipitation rate is known and the irrigation schedule for a station is known or can be set, then the weekly application of water to the station can be derived. This consists of multiplying the hours of runtime by the precipitation rate to give total weekly ap- plication, as illustrated in Equation B.3: WA = PR x WR (Eq. B.3) where WA = Weekly application of water in inches PR = precipitation rate in inches per hour WR = Weekly runtime in hours For example, if the effective precipitation rate is 0.45 inches per hour and the weekly run time is 3 hours, then the weekly application would be: WA=0.45x3 WA = 1.35 inches of water ESTIMATING AREAS FROM MAPS By photocopying a scaled site map with a clear overlay of a grid superimposed on the top, a series of small squares are produced on the copy which can be counted to give reasonable accuracy for area measurements. This technique is illustrated in Figure B.7. Figure B.7: Estimating Areas with -Grid Method RID COUNT = 485 Grid Scale lit = 11 ft Alternatively, a planimeter can be used for area estimates but if the Auditor has not previously used one this may require specialtraining. 41 Appendix B -- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook A third technique would be to divide up the site area on the map into approximate geometric shapes (squares, rectangles and triangles), the areas of which can be easily calculated. This technique, illustrated in Figure B.8, is the least accurate because the Erne detail along borders is often lost. Figure B.8: Estimating Areas from Geometric Shapes 200 FT 200 FT MEASURED BY DISTANCE WHEEL 200 FT 200 FT 0 R 0 0 9 0 APPENDIX C REFERENCES Biran, I., B. Bravdo, I. Bushkin-Harav and E. Rawitz (1981): "Water Consumption and Growth Rate of 11 Turfgrass Species as Affected by Mowing Height, Irrigation Frequency and Soil Moisture." Agronomy Joumal, Vo1:73, No. 1. Borrelli, J., L.O. Pochop and W.R. Kneebone, et al. (1981): "Blaney-Criddle Coefficients for Western Turf Grasses." Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 107, December. Feldhake, C.M., R.E. Danielson and J.D. Butler (1984): "Turfgrass Evapotranspiration. II. Responses to Deficit Irrigation." Agronomy Journal, Vol. 76, January -February 1984. Feldhake, C.M., R.E. Danielson and J.D. Butler (1983): "Factors Influencing Evapotranspiration Rate in Urban Environments." Agronomy Journal, Vol. 75. Gibeault, V.A. (1985): Turfgrass Water Conservation. Cooperative Extension, University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication No. 21405. Gibeault, V.A., J.L. Meyer and R. Strohman et al. (1984): Irrigation of Turfgrass for Water Conservation. A report by the University of California at Riverside and the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. December. Gibeault, V.A. (1979): "Importance of Turf in California." California Turfgrass Culture, Vol. 29, No. 4. Marsh, A.W., R.A. Strohman and S. Spaulding, et al. (1980): "Turfgrass Irrigation Research at the University of California." Irrigation Journal, July/August 1980. Pruitt, W.O. and R.L. Synder (1984): "Crop Water Use." Chapter 5 in Irrigation with Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater, G.S. Pettygrove and T. Asano (editors). Report No. 84-1, California State Water Resources Control Board. Rain Bird Sprinkler Manufacturing Corporation (1981): Design Guide for Turf and Ornamental Irrigation Systems. 145 N. Grand Avenue, Glendora, CA 91740. Rodiek, J. (1984): "Water Conservation Strategies for the Urban Arid Landscape." Desert Plants, Vol. 6, No. 1. Toro Company (1985): Large Turf Design Manual. 5825 Jasmine Street, Riverside, CA 92504. Truutman, D. (1984): "Irrigation Budget: Savings" A paper given at the 1984 Technical Conference, The Irrigation Association. Kansas City, October 21-24. Wu, L. (1985): "Matching Irrigation To Turfgrass Root Depth." The Irrigation Association's Irrigation News, Vol. IX, No. 4, April 1985. Younger, V.B., A.W. Marsh, and R.A. Strohman et al. (1983): "Water Use and Turf Quality of Warm Season and Cool Season Turfgrasses." California Turfgrass Culture, Vol. 31, No. 3. 43 Appendix C -- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook 0 10 9 0 Appendix D -- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook "Normal Year ETo" inches per month APPENDIX D WEATHER DATA MONTHLY CALIFORNIA ETO AND GROSS RAINFALL DA TA Source for ETo Data: CIMIS On-line Database, January 1989 "Normal Year ETo's" Climatography of the United States, Reference No. 16 (All data In Inches) MR Appendix D -- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook "Normal Year ETo" inches per month Ann, CountyCit JanFeb Ma r Ma Jun Jul AugSe OctNov Dec Etc Alameda Livermore 1.2 1.5 2.9 4.4 5.9 6.6 7.4 6.4 5.3 3.2 1.5 0.9 47.2 Oakland 1.5 1.5 2.8 3.9 5.1 5.3 6.0 5,5 4.8 3.1 1.4 0.9 41.8 Alpine Markleaville 0.7 0.9 2.01 3.5 5.0 6.1 7.3 6.41 4.4 2.6 1.2. 0,5 40.5 Amador Jackson 1.2 1.5 2.8 4.4 6.0 7,2 7.9 7.21 5.3 3.2 1.4 0.9 48.9 Butte Chico 1.2 1.8 2.9 4.7 6.1 7.4 8.5 7.3 5.4 3.7 1.7 1.0 51.7 Gridley 1.2 1.8 3.0 4.7 6.1 7.7 8.5 7.1 5.4 3.7 1.7 1.0 51.9 Oroviile 1.2 1.7 2.8 4.7 6.1 7.6 8.5 7.3 5.3 3.7 1.7 1.0 51.5 Calaveras San Andreas 1.2 1.5 2.8 4.4 6.0 7.31 7.9 7.0 5.3 3.21 1.4 0.7 48.8 Colusa Colusa 1.1 1.7 2.8 4.8 6.6 7.4 8.2 7.0 5.7 3.5 1.7 1.0 51.4 Williams 1.2 1.7 2.9 4.5 6.1 7.2 8.5 7.3 5.3 3.4 1.6 1.0 50.8 Contra Costa Benicia 1.31 1.4 2.7 3.8 4.9 5.0 6.4 5.5 4.4 2.9 1,2 0.7 40.3 Brentwood 1.0 1.5 2.9 4.5 6.1 7.1 7.9 6,7 5.2 3.2 1.4 0.7 48.3 CoUttland 0.9 1.5 2.9 4.4 6.1 6.9 7,9 6.7 5.3 3.2 1.4 0.7 48.0 Concord 1.1 1.4 2.4 4.0 5,5 5.9 7.0 6.0 4.8 3.2 1.3 0.7 43.4 Martinez 1.2 1.4 2.4 3.9 5.3 5.6 6.7 5.6 4.7 3.1 1.2 0.7 41.8 Pittsburg1.0 1,5 2.8 4.1 5.6 6.4 7.4 6.4 6.0 3.2 1.31 0.71 45.4 Del None Crescent City 0.5 0.91 2.01 3.6 3.7 3.51 4.31 3.7 3.0 2.0 0.91 0.5 27.7 Fresno Clovis 1.0 1.5 3.2 4.8 6.4 7.7 8.5 7.3 5.3 3.4 1.4 0.7 51.4 Coalinga 1.2 1.7 3.1 4.6 6.2 7.2 8.5 7.3 5.3 3.4 1.6 0.7 50.9 Five Points 0.9 1.7 3.3 5.0 6.6 7.7 8.5 7.3 5.4 3.4 1.5 0.9 52.1 Fresno 0.9 1.7 3.3 4.8 6.7 7.8 8.4 7.1 5.2 32 1.4 0.6 51.1 Friant 1.2 1.5 3.1 4.7 6.4 7.7 8.5 7.3 5.3 3.4 1,4 0.7 51.3 Kerman 0:9 1.5 3.2 4.8 6.6 7.7 8.4 7.2 6.3 3,41 1.4 0.7 61.2 Kingsburg 1.0 1.5 3.4 4.8 6.6 7.7 8.4 7.2 5.3 3.4 1.4 0.7 51,6 Readley 1.1 1.5 3,2 4.71 6.4 7.7 8.5 7.3 5.3 3.4 1.41 0.7 51.3 Glenn Orland 1.2 1.7 3.1 4.8 6.7 7.4 8.8 7.3 6.8 3.8 1.7 1.1 53.3 Willows 1.2 1.7 2.9 4.7 6A 7.2 8.5 7.31 5.31 3.6 1.7 1.0 61.3 Humboldt Eure a 0.5 1.1 2.0 3.0 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.0 2.0 0.9 0.5 27.5 Ferndale 0.5 1.1 2.0 3.0 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.0 2.0 0.9 0.5 27.5 Garberville 0.6 1.2 22 3,1 4.5 5.0 5.5 4.9 3.8 2.4 1.0 0.7 34.9 Hoops 0.6 1A 2.1 3.0 4.4 5.4 6.1 5.1 3.0 2.4 0.9 0.7 35.6 Imperial Brawiey 2.8 3.8 5.9 8.0 10.4 11.5 11.7 10.0 8.4 6.2 3.5 2.1 84.2 Calipatria 2.9 3.9 6.1 8.3 10.5 11.8 12.0 10.4 8.6 6,5 3.8 2.3 86.9 El Centro 2.7 3,5 5.6 7.9 10.1 11.1 11.6 9.5 8.3 6.1 3.3 2.0 81.7 Holtville 2.8 3,8 5.9 7.9 10.4 11,6 12.0 10,0 8.6 6.2 3.5 2.1 84.7 Yuma 3.1 4.1 6.6 8.7 11.0 12.4 12.7 11.0 8.9 6.6 4.0 2.6 91.5 Inyo Bishop 1.7 2.7 4,8 6.7 8.2 10.9 7.4 9.6 7.4 4.8 2.5 1.6 68.3 Death Valley 2.2 3.3 5.4 7.7 9.8 11.1 11.4 10.1 8.3 5.4 2.9 1.7 79.1 Independence 1,7 2,7 3.4 6.6 8.5 9.5 9.8 8.6 7.1 3.9 2.0 1.5 65.2 Lower Haiwee 1.8 2.7 4.4 7.1 8.5 9.5 9.8 8.5 7.1 4.2 2.6 1.5 67.6 Oasis 2.7 2.8 5.9 8.0 10.4 11.7 11.6 10.0 8.4 6.2 3.4 2.1 83.1 Kern Arvin 1.2 1.8 3.5 4.7 6.6 7.4 8.1 7.3 5.3 3.4 1.7 1.0 51.9 Bakersfield 1.0 1.8 3.5 4.7 6.6 7.7 8.5 7.3 5.3 3.5 1.6 0.9 52.4 Buttonwillow, 1.0 1.8 3.2 4.7 6.6 7.7 8.5 7.3 5.4 3.4 1.5 0.9 52,0 Delano 0.9 1.8 3.4 4.7 6.6 7.7 8.5 7.3 5.4 3.4 1.4 0.7 52.0 Grapevine 1.3 1.8 3.1 4.4 6.6 6.8 7.6 6.8 5.9 3.4 1.9 1.0 49.5 China lake 2.1 3.2 5.3 7.7 9.2 10.0 11.0 9.8 7.3 4.9 2.7 1.7 74.0 Inyokern 2.0 3.1 4.9 7.3 8.5 9.7 11.0 9.4 7.1 5.1 2.6 1.7 72.4 Isabella Dam 1.2 1.4 2.8 4.4 5.8 7.3 7.9 7,0 6.0 3.2 1.7 0.9 48.4 Lost Hills 0.6 1.1 2.6 4.4 7.0 7.7 8.1 7.1 5.0 3.9 0,8 0.4 49.0 Shaffer 1.0 1.7 3.4 5.0 6.6 7.7 8.3 7.3 5.4 3.4 1.5 0.9 52.1 Taft 1.3 1.8 3,1 4.3 6.2 7.3 8.5 7.3 b.4 3.b 1.7 1.0 51.2 Tehachapi 1.4 1.8 3.2 5.0 6.1 7.7 7.9 7.3 5.9 3.4 2.1 1.2 52.9 I] M Appendix D -- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook "Normal Year ETo" inches per month Ann. Count City Jai Feb Ma Apr Ma Jun Jul Au Se Oc Nov Dec Etc Kings Corcoran 0 1.5 3.3 5.2 7.2 7.9 8.4 7.3 5.8 3.4 1.4 0.7 53.1 Hanford 0.9.9 1.5 3.4 5.0 6.6 7.7 8.3 7.2 5.4 3.4 1.4 0.7 51.5 Kettleman City 1.0 1.8 3.4 5.3 7.2 7.9 8.4 7.4 5.9 3.7 1.7 1.0 54.6 Lemoore 0.9 1.5 3.4 5.0 6.6 7.7 8.3 7.3 5.4 3.4 1.4 0.7 51.7 Lake Lakeport 1.1 1.3 2.6 3.5 5.1 6.0 7.3 6.1 4.7 2.9 1.2 0.9 42.8 Lower Lake 1.2 1.4 2.7 4.5 5.3 6.3 7.4 6.4 5.0 3.1 1.3 0.9 45.4 Lassen Ravendale 0.6 1.1 2.3 4.1 5.6 6.7 7.9 7.3 4.7 2.8 1.2 0.5 44.9 Susanvllle 0.7 1.0 2.2 4.1 5.6 6.5 7.8 7.0 4.6 2.8 1.2 0.5 44.0 Los Angeles Burbank 2.1 2.8 3.7 4.7 5.1 6.0 6.6 6.7 5.4 4.0 2.6 2.0 51.7 Glendora 2.0 2.5 3.6 4.9 5.4 6.1 7.3 6.8 5.7 4.2 2.6 2.0 53.1 Gorman 1.6 2.2 3.4 4.6 5.5 7.4 7.7 7.1 5.9 3.6 2.4 1.1 52.4 Lancaster 2.1 3.0 4.6 5.9 8.5 9.7 11.0 9.8 7.3 4.6 2.8 1.7 71.1 Los Angeles 2.2 2.7 3.7 4.7 5.5 5.8 6.2 5.9 5.0 3.9 2.6 2.0 50.1 Long Beach 2.2 2.5 3.4 3.8 4.8 5.0 5.3 4.9 4.5 3.4 2.4 2.0 44.0 Palmdale 2.0 2.7 4.2 5.1 7.6 8.5 9.9 9.8 6.7 4.2 2.6 1.7 64.8 Pasadena 2.1 2.7 3.7 4.7 5.1 6.0 7.1 6.7 5.6 4.2 2.6 2.0 52.3 Pearblossom 1.7 2.4 3.7 4.7 7.3 7.7 9.9 7.9 6.4 4.0 2.6 1.6 59.9 Redondo Beach 2.2 2.4 3.3' 3.8 4.5 4.7 5.4 4.8 4.4 2.8 2.4 2.0 42.6 San Fernando 2.0 2.7 3.5 4.6 5.5 5.9 7.3 6.7 5.3 3.9 2.6 2.0 52.0 Madera Chowchilla 1.0 1.4 3.2 4.7 6.6 7.8 8.5 7.3 5.3 3.4 1.4 0.7 51.4 Madera 0.9 1.4 3.2 4.8 6.6 7.8 8.5 7.3 5.3 3.4 1.4 0.7 51.5 Raymond 1.2 1.5 3.0 4.6 6.1 7.6 8.4 7.3 5.2 3.4 1.4 0.7 50.5 Mario Novato 1.3 1.5 2.4 3.5 4.4 6.0 5.9 5.4 4.4 2.8 1.4 0.7 39.8 San Rafael 1.2 1.3 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.3 2.7 1.3 0.7 35.8 Mariposa Coullerville 1.1 1.5 2.8 4.4 5.9 7.3 8.1 7.0 5.3 3.4 1.4 0.7 48.8 Mariposa 1.1 1.5 2.8 4.4 5.9 7.4 8.2 7.1 5.0 3.4 1.4 0.7 49.0 Yosemite Villa a 0.7 1.0 2.3 3.7 5.1 6.5 7.1 6.1 4.4 2.9 1.1 0.6 41.4 Mendocino Fort Bragg 0.9 1.3 2.2 3.0 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.0 2.3 1.2 0.7 29.0 Point Arena 1.0 1.3 2.3 3.0 3.7 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.0 2.3 1.2 0.7 29.6 Hopland 1.1 1.3 2.6 3.4 5.0 5.9 6.5 5.7 4.5 2.8 1.3 0.7 40.9 Ukiah 1.0 1.3 2.6 3.3 5.0 5.8 6.7 5.9 4.5 2.8 1.3 0.7 40.9 Merced Merced 1.0 1.5 3.2 4.7 6.6 7.9 8.5 7.2 5.3 3.4 1.4 0.7 51.5 Los Banos 1.0 1.5 3.2 4.7 6.1 7.4 8.2 7.0 5.3 3.4 1.4 0.7 50.0 Mono Bridgeport 0.7 0.9 2.2 3.8 5.5 6.6 7.4 6.7 4.7 2.7 1.2 0.5 43.0 Monterey Castroville 1.6 1.8 2.7 3.5 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.2 3.8 2.8 1.8 1.3 36.7 King City 1.7 2.0 3.4 4.4 4.4 5.6 6.1 6.7 6.5 5.2 2.2 1.3 49.6 Long Valley 1.5 1.9 3.2 4.1 5.8 6.5 7.3 6.7 5.3 3.6 2:0 1.2 49.1 Monterey 1.7 1.8 2.7 3.5 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.2 3.5 2.8 1.9 1.5 36.0 Salinas 1.6 1.9 2.7 3.8 4.8 4.7 5.0 4.5 4.0 2.9 1.9 1.3 39.1 Soledad 1.7 2.0 3.4 4.4 5.5 5.4 6.5 6.2 5.2 3.7 2.2 1.5 47.7 Napa St. Helena 1.2 1.5 2.8 3.9 5.1 6.1 7.0 6.2 4.8 3.1 1.4 0.9 44.1 Yountville 1.3 1.7 2.8 3.9 5.1 6.0 7.1 6.1 4.8 3.1 1.5 0.9 44.3 Nevada Grass Valley 1.1 1.5 2.6 4.0 5.7 7.1 7.9 7.1 5.3 3.2 1.5 0.9 48.0 Nevada City 1.1 1.5 2.6 3.9 5.8 6.9 7.9 7.0 5.3 3.2 1.4 0.9 47.4 Orange Santa Ana 2.2 2.7 3.7 4.5 4.6 5.4 6.2 6.1 4.7 3.7 2.5 2.0 48.2 La una Beach 2.2 2.7 3.4 3.6 4.6 4.6 4.9 4.9 4.4 3.4 2.4 2.0 43.2 Placer Auburn 1.2 1.7 2.8 4.4 6.1 7.4 8.3 1.0 50.6 Blue Canyon 0.7 1.1 2.1 3.4 4.8 6.0 7.2 6.1 4.6 2.9 0.9 0.6 40.5 Colfax 1.1 1.5 2.6 4.0 5.8 7.1 7.9 7.0 5.3 3.2 1.4 0.9 47.9 Soda Springs 0.7 0.7 1.8 3.0 4.3 5.3 6.2 5.5 4.1 2.5 0.7 0.7 35.4 Tahoe City 0.7 0.7 1.7 3.0 4.3 5.4 6.1 5.6 4.1 2.4 0.8 0.6 35.5 Truckee 0.7 �0.7 1.7 3.2 4.4 5.4 6.4 5.7 4.1 2.4 0.8 0.6 36.2 47 Appendix D -- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook "Normal Year ETo" inches per month Ann. County Cit JanFab Ma Apr Ma Jun JulAugSe OctNov Dec Etc Plumes %cy 0'7 19 2.2 3.5 4.9 5.9 7.3 5.9 4.4 2.8 1.2 0.5 40.2 Poriola 0.7 0.9 2.0 3.6 4.9 5.9 7.3 5.9 4.3 2.7 0.9 0.6 39.4 Riverside Beaumont 2.0 2.3 3.4 4.4 6.1 7.1 7.6 7.9 6.0 3.9 2.6 1.7 55.0 Blythe 3.2 4.2 6.7 8.9 11.1 12.4 12.8 11.1 9.1 6.7 4.0 2.7 92.9 Coachella 2.9 4.4 6.2 8.4 10.6 11.9 12.3 10.1 8.9 6.2 3.8 2.4 88.1 Desen Center 2.9 4.1 6.4 8.6 11.0 12,1 12.2 11.1 9.0 6.4 3.9 2.6 90.0 Elsinore 2.1 9.8 3.9 4.4 5.9117.1117.6 7.0 5.8 3.9 2.6 2.0 55.0 Indio 2.9 4.0 6.2 8.3 10.5 1.9 2.3 10.0 8.9 6.4 3.8 2.4 87.6 Palm Desert 2.0 3.5 4.9 7.7 8.6 10.6 9.8 9.2 8.4 6.11 2.7 1.8 75.1 Palm Springs 2.0 2.9 4.9 7.2 8.3 8.5 11.6 8.3 7.2 6.91 2.7 1.7 71.1 Riverside 2.11 2.9 4.01 4.1 6.1 7.1 7.9 7.6 6.1 4.21 2.6 2.0 66.6 Sacramento Roseville 1.1 1.7 3.1 4.7 6.2 7.7 8.6 7.3 6.6 3.7 1.7 1.0 52.2 Sacramento 1.0 1.8 3.2 4.7 6.4 7.7 8.4 7.2 5.4 3.7 11.71 0.9 51.9 San Benito Hollister 1.5 1.8 3.1 4.3 5.51 5.7 6.4 5.91 5.01 3.5 1.7 1.1 45.1 San Bernardino Baker 2.7 3.9 6A 8.3 10.4 11.8 12.2 11.0 8.9 6.1 3.3 2.1 86.6 Barstow 2.6 3.6 5.7 7.9 10.1 11.6 12.0 10.4 8.6 5.7 3.3 2.1 83.6 Chino 2.1 2.9 3.9 4.5 5.7 6.5 7.3 7.1 5.9 4.2 2.6 2.0 54.6 Crestline 1.5 1.9 3.3 4.4 5.5 6.6 7.8 7.1 5.4 3.5 2.2 1.6 50.8 Needles 3.2 4.2 6.6 8.9 11.0 12.4 12.8 '11.0 8.9 6.6 4.0 2.7 92.1 Lucerne Yalley 2.2 2.9 5.1 6.6 9.2 11,0 11.4 9.9 7.4 5.0 3.0 1.8 75.3 San Bernardino 2.0 2.7 3.8 4.6 5.7 6.9 7.9 7.4 5.9 4.2 2.6 2.0 55.6 Twenlynine Palms 2.6 3.6 5.9 7.9 10.1 11.2 11.2 10.3 8.6 6.91 3.4 2.2 82.9 Victorviile 2.3 3.1 4.9 6.7 9.3 10.0 11.21 9.81 7.4 5.11 2.8 1.8 74.6 San Diego Chula Vista 2.2 2.7 3.4 3.8 4.9 4.7 5.5 4.9 4.5 3.4 2.4 2.0 44.2 Escondido 2.1 2.8 3.8 4,7 5.6 6.7 6.8 6.5 5.4 3.8 2.5 2.0 62.6 Oceanside 2.2 2.7 3.4 3.7 4.9 4.6 4.6 5.1 4.1 3.3 2.4 2.0 42.9 Pine Valley 1.5 2.4 3.8 5.1 6.0 7.0 7.8 7.3 6.0 4.0 2.2 1.7 54.8 Ramona 2.1 2.5 4.0 4.7 5.6 6.5 7.3 7.0 5.6 3.9 2.5 1.7 53.4 San Diego 2.2 2.5 3.3 3.4 4.4 4.0 4.6 4.6 3.9 3.3 2.2 2.0 40.6 Santee 2.1 2.7 3.7 4.5 5.5 6.1 6.6 6.2 6.4 3.8 2.6 2.0 51.1 Warners rin s 1.6 2.7 3.7 4.7 5.7 7.6 8.3 7.7 6.3 4.0 2.5 1.3 56.0 San Francisco San Francisco 1.5 1.31 2.41 3.0. 3.71 4.61 4.9 4.8 4.11 2.81 1.3 0.7 35.1 San Joaquin Farmington 1.5 1.5 2.9 4.7 6.2 7.6 8.1 6.8 5.3 3,3 1.4 0.7 50.0 Lodi 0,9 1.5 2.9 5.1 6.5 7.0 7.7 7.7 5.2 3.1 1.3 0.7 49.5 Manteca 1.5 1.5 3.0 4.7 6.4 7.6 8.1 6.8 6.3 3.3 1.4 0.6 50.1 Stockton 0.8 1.5 2.9 4.7 6.2 7.4 8.1 6.8 5.3 3.2 1.4 0.6 49.1 Tracy 1.0 1.5 2.9 4.5 6.1 7.3 7.9 6.7 5.3 3.2 1.3 0.7 48.6 San Luis Obispo Arroyo Grande 2.0 2.2 3.2 3.8 4.3 4.7 4,3 4.6 3.8 3.2 2.4 1.7 40.0 Atascadero 1.2 1.5 2.8 3.9 4.5 6.0 6.7 6.2 5.0 3.2 1.7 1.0 43.7 Morro Say 2.0 2.2 3.1 3.5 4.3 4.5 4.6 4.6 3.8 3.5 2.1 1.7 39.9 Paso Robles 1.6 2.0 3.2 4.3 5.6 6.3 7.3 6.7 5.1 3.7 2.1 1.4 49.0 San Luis Obispo 2.0 2,2 3.2 4.1 4.9 6.3 4.6 5.5 4.4 3.5 2.4 1.7 43,8 San Miguel 1.6 2.0 3.2 4.3 5.0 6.4 7.4 6,8 5.1 3.7 2.1 1.4 49.0 San Simeon 2.0 2.0 2.9 3.5 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.3 3.5 3.1 2.0 1.7 38.1 San Mateo Haft Moon Bay 1.5 1.7 2.4 3.0 3.9 4.3 4.3 4.2 3.5 2.8 1.3 1.0 33.7 Redwood C' 1.5 1.8 2.9 3.8 5.2 5.3 6.2 5.6 4.8 3.11 1.7 1.0 42.8 Santa Barbara Carpentaria 2.0 2.4 3.2 3.9 4.8 5.2 5.5 5.7 4.5 3.4 2.4 2.0 44.9 Guadalupe 2.0 2.2 3.2 3.7 4,9 4.6 4.5 4.6 4.1 3.3 2.4 1.7 41.1 Los Alamos 1.8 2.0 3.2 4.1 4.9 5.3 6.7 5.5 4.4 3.7 2.4 1.6 44.6 Lompoc 2.0 2.2 3.2 3.7 4.8 4.6 4,9 4.8 3.9 3.2 2.4 1.7 41.1 Santa Barbara 2.0 2.5 3.2 3.8 4.6 5.1 5.6 4.5 3.4 2.4 1.8 1.8 40.6 Santa Marla 1.8 2.2 3.2 4.0 5.0 5.1 6.1 5.1 4.5 3.5 2.4 1.7 43.7 Solvang 2.01 2.01 3.3 4.3 5.01 5.6 6.1 5.6 4.41 3.7 2.21 1.6 45.6 0 0 110 48 E 0 Appendix D -- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook "Normal Year ETo" inches per month Ann. County city Jan Feb Ma Apt Ma Jun Jul AugSe Ocl Nov Dec Etc Santa Clara Gilroy 1.3 1.8 3.1 4.1 5.3 5.6 6.1 5.5 4.7 3.4 1.7 1.1 43.6 Los Gatos 1.5 1.8 2.8 3.9 5.0 5.6 6.2 5.5 4.7 3.2 1,7 1.1 42.9 Palo Alto 1.5 1.8 2.8 3.8 5.2 5.3 6.2 5.6 5.0 3.2 1.7 1.0 43.0 San Jose 1.5 1.8 3.1 4.1 5.5 5.8 6.5 5.9 5.2 3.3 1.8 1.0 45.3 Santa Cruz Santa Cruz 1.5 1.8 2.6 3.5 4.3 4.4 4.8 4.4 3.8 2.8 1.7 1.2 36.6 Watsonville 1.51 1.8 2.7 3.7 4.6 4.5 4.9 4.2 4.0 2.9 1.8 1.2 37.7 Shasta Burney 0.7 1.0 2.1 3.5 4.9 5.9 7.4 6.4 4.4 2.9 0.9 0.6. 0.9 Fall River Mills 0.6 1.0 2.1 3.7 5.0 6.1 7.8 6.7 4.6 2.8 0.9 0.5 41.8 Gienburn lRedding1.2 0.6 1.0 2.1 3.7 5.0 6.3 7.8 6.7 4.7 2.8 0.9 0.6 42.1 1.4 2.6 4.1 5.6 7.1 8.5 , 7.3 5.3 3.2 1.4 0.9 48.8 Sierra Downieville 0.7 1.0 2.3 3.5 5.0 6.0 7.4 6.2 4.7 2.8 0.9 0.6 41.3 Sierraville 0.7 1.1 2.2 3.2 4.5 5.9 7.3 6.4 4:3 2.6 0.9 0.5 39.6 Siskiyou Happy Camp 0.5 0.9 2.0 3.0 4.3 5.2 6.1 5.3 4.1 2.4 0.9 0.5 35.1 Mt. Shasta 0.5 0.9 2.0 3.0 4.5 5.3 6.7 5.7 4.0 2.2 0.7 0.5 36.0 Tulelake 0.5 0.9 2.1 3.4 5.3 5.9 7.9 6.7 4.4 2.7 0.9 0.5 41.2 Weed 0.5 0.9 2.0 2.5 4.5 5.3 6.7 5.5 3.7 2.0 0.9 0.5 34.9 Yreka 0.6 0.9 2.1 3.0 4.9 5.8 7.3 6.5 4.3 2.5 0.9 0.5 39.2 Solano Fairfield 1.1 1.7 2.8 4.0 5.5 6.1 7.8 6.0 4.8 3.1 1.4 0.9 45.2 Rio Vista 0.9 1.7 2.8 4.4 5.9 6.7 7.9 6.5 5.1 3.2 1.3 0.7 47.0 Sonoma Cloverdale 1.1 1.4 2.6 3.4 5.0 5.9 6.2 5.6 4.5 2.8 1.4 0.7 40.7 Fort Ross 1.2 1.4 2.2 3.0 3.7 4.5 4.2 4.3 3.4 2.4 1.2 0.5 31.9 Hearldsburg 1.2 1.5 2.4 3.6 5.0 5.9 6.1 5.6 4.5 2.8 1.4 0.7 40.8 Lincoln 1.2 1.7 2:8 4.7 6.1 7.4 8.4 7.3 5.41 3.7 1.9 1.2 51.9 Petaluma 1.2 1.5 2.8 3.7 4.6 5.6 4.6 5.7 4.5 2.9 1.4 0.9 39.6 Santa Rosa 1.2 1.7 2.8 3.7 5.0 6.0 6.1 5:9 4.5 2.9 1.5 0.7 42.0 Stanislaus La Grange 1.2 1.5 3.1 4.7 6.2 7.7 8.5 7.3 5.3 3.4 1.4 0.7 51.2 Modesto 0.9 1.4 3.2 4.7 6.4 7.7 8.1 6.8 5.0 3.4 1.4 0.7 49.7 Newman 1.0 1.5 3.2 4.6 6.2 7.4 8.1 6.7 5.0 3.4 1.4 0.7 49.3 Oakdale 1.2 1.5 3.2 4.7 6.2 7.7 8.1 7.1 5.1 3.4 1.4 0.7 50.3 Turlock 0.9 1.5 3.2 4.7 6.5 7.7 8.2 7.0 5.1 3.4 1.4 0.7 50.2 Sutter I Yuba Crty 1.3 2.1 2.81 4.4 5.7 7.21 7.11 6.1 4.7 3.2 1.21 0.9 46.7 Tehama Red Bluff 1.2 1.8 2.9 4.4 5.9 7.4 8.5 7.3 5.4 3.5 1.7 1.0 51.1 Corning 1.2 1.8 2.9 4.5 6.1 7.3 8.1 7.2 5.3 3.7 1.7 1.1 50.7 Trinity Hay Fork 0.5 1.1 2.3 3.5 4.9 5.9 7.0 6.0 4.5 2.8 0.9 0.7 40.1 Weaverville 0.6 1.1 2.2 3.3 4.9 5.9 7.3 6.0 4.4 2.7 0.9 0.7 40.0 Toulomme Groveland 1.1 1.5 2.8 4.1 5.7 7.2 7.9 6.6 5.1 3.3 1.4 0.7 47.5 Sonora 1.1 1.5 2.8 4.1 5.8 7.2 7.9 6.7 5.1 3.2 1.4 0.7 47.6 Tulare Alpaugh 0.9 1.7 3.4 4.8 6.6 7.7 8.2 7.3 5.4 3.4 1.4 0.7 51.6 Badger 1.0 1.3 2.7 4.1 1 7.3 7.7 7.0 4.8 3.3 1.4 0.7 47.3 Dinuba 1.1 1.5 3.2 4.7 6.2 7.7 8.51 7.3 5.3 3.4 1.4 0.7 51.2 Porterville 1.2 1.8 3.4 4.7 6.6 7.7 8.51 7.3 5.3 3.4 1.4 0.7 52.1 Visalia 1.0 1.8 3.4 5.4 7.0 8.2 8.41 7.2 5.7 3.8 1.7 0.9 54.3 Ventura Oxnard 2.2 2.5 3.2 3.7 4.4 4.6 5.4 4.8 4.0 3.3 2.4 2.0 42.3 Thousand Oaks 2.2 2.7 3.4 4.5 5.4 5.9 6.7 6.4 5.4 3.9 2.6 2.0 51.0 Ventura 2.2 2.7 3.2 3.8 4.6 4.7 5.5 4.9 4.1 3.4 2.5 2.0 43.5 Yolo Davis 1.0 1.9 3.3 5.0 6.4 7.6 8.2 7.1 5.4 4.0 1.8 1.0 52.5 Winters 1.7 1.7 2.9 4.4 5.8 7.1 7.9 6.7 5.3 3.3 1.6 1.0 49.4 Woodland 1.0 1.8 3.2 4.7 6.1 7.7 8.2 7.2 5.4 3.7 1.7 1.0 51.6 Yuba Brownsville 1.1 1.4 2.6 4.0 5.7 6.8 7.9 6.8 5.3 3.4 1.5 0.9 47.4 Average 1.4 1.9 3.2 4.6 6.0 6.9 7.6 6.8 5.3 3.6 1.8 1.1 50.2 M 3.2 4.4 6.7 8.9 11.1 12.4 12.8 11.1 9.1 6.7 4.0 2.7 92.9 Min 0.5 0.7 1.7 2.5 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.0 2.0 0.7 0.4 27.5 m. Appendix D -- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Mean Monthly Precipitation (inches) STATION JM fca ,,% I APR my K, JK AUD SCP OCT NOV 0cc wv%mc PCTOn-CSO6 CTM /Q61f i.f IJ 1.5 0.07 0.1 6.0 0.0 0.IA O.Is 0.3 /.+ 1.5 mn K0CeP01r1T IO.f 7.4 6.31 3.e 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.] 0.52 3.03 2.27 10.0 52.67 PLISO CM OAT MT rC 446 4.0 4.1 2.3 2.32 0.2 0.0 0.01 0.12 0.1 0.61 2.25 3.+ ALSO KTADCNA 4.5 4.1 3.04 2.05 0.21 0.Ia e.0 01.00 C." a.•$ 2.15 3.0 20.06 K7URAS RANCce STATION 1.7 1.2 1.39 S.00 1.4 1.3 0.29 C.+1 0.25 1.0 1,5] 1.61 13.27 wMO IOLA 1.1 I.2 1.12 0.e a., 0.0 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.2 0.4 1.1 1.12 - MCUIN PAC UM1eM COL f.; 6.S +.al a.0 O.e O.a 0.0 O.0 0.21 2.• 419 4.0 tl.46 M1T10C4 r16R000ARC K 2.f 2.1 1.7 1.2 0. 0.1 0.01 0.0S 0.1 0.7 1.6 l.S 13.67 ARRo» scee a « sofo +n +.+ 3.1 x.o a.a e.1 0.02 0.09 0.22 0.56 1.1 3.2 22.04 as" fowITAIM +.! 4.0 +.0 3.11 9.16 0.2 0.06 0.0s O.IS 0.21 2.9 •.f 25.40 Auacan, 1 1 +.0 3.9 3.SS 2.16 Od 0.1 0.0 0.01 0.20 0.! 3.0 +.3 2+.1=4 casual 7.1 $.1 $.CA 13.2c 9.3 6.3 0.01 0.07 O .-30 2.IC . 21 6.2 3S.10 AVALan PLCAS$At.►ic4 2.2 2.4 I.15 1.12 4.12 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.11 0.+1 1.0 I.f 11.92 ACuSA CITY PARt rcIA7& 3.6 3.3 1,02 1.&7 0.21 O.li 0.02 0,06 0.20 0.4 2..0 2J/ 16.4s 6ASCasr ICLO 600 0.1 1.0 0•42 0.es 0.19 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.00 0126 0.62 O.T.4.12 SA44tTT GAM A.$ 2.S1 2.71 1.17 G..G 0.as O.Of O.I1 0.31 0.•1 1.7 2.61 ISM OwRSTa4 D.a O.• O.S7 .t 0.0 O.0 0 32 0.1a 6.1 0.26 0..0 0.17 ..Is pCwUMnT 2.0 t.a t.N 1,27 3.1f OA 0,0 O.if 0.21 0a3 0.66 t.99 a.f It.•f bCAUMNT PVrIIMO 'CANT 3.2 2.9 3.0a 2.07 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.7 a.+ C.1! 2,10 2.27 IMS DCAUMMT 1 C 2.0 2.7 AM $m 0.41 0.09 0.2 0.22 0.30 0.40 1.2f 2.40 Ia.13 OCL A14 rC-I0A •.11 3.A 2.S3 I,S1 0.11 O.Od 0,01 O.0 0.00 0.21 AM 2.72 12.a. ac"CtcT $.a 313 2.15 I.1S a.f 0.12 0.01 0.07 0.2C I.29 2.91 +.$7 23.20 RIC &CAA LASC OAK $.0 S.2 S.S1 3.11 0J1 0.0a 0.77 0.60 0.61 I.C.4,46 $d2 24.21 OIC OALTON DM1 CC2235C $.a •.3 3.62 2.41 0.1 0.21 0.02 0.01 0.20 0.72 2.09 3.12 2•.67 0:C 1InCs 0.41 rC 636 •.6. ..1 3.21 2.26 0.37 0.06 0.31 0.$ C.SI Dab 3.1 2.12 IS.OS &IC SUR STATC PAR& 6.1 1.01 S,as 3.71 0./1 O./f C.01 0.02 0.30 $.at 5.0 1.1 .1..7 B:G w.AjNC1 CAM rCKOC S.• S.• 2.75 2.52 0.37 0.0 O.G. 0.13 0.21 O.S5 1.11 3.77 29.01 a124OP 140 1.2 1.0 0.42 0.•S 0.27 0.09 0.87 0.10 0.10 0.26 O.Sa $.as S.7; stUC CANYON 14b 23.6 S.• f.SS -$.-7 3.1 O.f1 O.IC 0.22 0.52 +.: 1.0 12.2f GIM 501VC C.-C 0.2 01-2 0.15 0.02 0.03 0.:/ 0.02 0.2C 0 J3 0.26 0.45 2.50 DLYTOC rAA AIRPORT 0.•. 0.1 C.27 0.10 0.01 0.03 0.24 C.66 0.21 0.26 0.7C 0.37 3.It OOCA -.3 210 2.V 1.56 1.22 0.10 0.35 4.41 C.31 :.36 2.45 L81 22.29 ".17A 1.1 13 :.01 C.1S 0.21 0.0$ O.C2 C.07 0.1 0.31 1.36 1.03 10.29 6CUGL.CT C."ON 7.:. 7.0: 21-6 1.75 0.3 0.06 0.0 0.07 0.16 0..6 2.20 AM 16.25 ac. OM 12.9 9.0 0.15 S.72 3..6 1.21 O.i G..9 O.sa 4.31 9.05 12.16 47.43 64A CT 2 S. 0.2 0.1. 0.39 0.06 O.0C 0.01 O.C6 C.76 0.71 o.l 0.12 C..1 2.15 ROCA CITY 2.11 2.4 2.27 1.32 0.21 0.05 0.03 O.OS 0.13 0.23 :J2 2.27 Is.1. O400LS rARn..AN AAMCA 3.21 2..G :.SS 0.46 0.23 0.01 0.06 C.2C 1 :$ 2..S ..05 24.25 044s4 CRCCL as :5.2. 1:.01 3.61 $.at 2./ $.0 O.J C.21 0.67 •.s. a 11 13.12 7I.1. SUROAnt r0 rutt a 1.•3 3.22 2,79 t.50 0.19 0.0 D-.G1 O.Ss 0 :S C.7: 2.}5 2..2 14,CI aURDPML YALLCT Pro 1.7 s.t 7.a 2.16 1.17 0.17 0.m 0.01 0.05 0 12 C.36 2.1 2.2: 1A.09 OUTTONWILLOU 0.1Z 0.9f C.70 0.61 0.22 0.02 0.03 0.00 C.Os 0.12 0.5a 0.66 $.01 CAOAMM 2.0: 2.2 1.11 1.11 0.22 0.01 0.25 0.50 0.29 0.•6 1.57 2.02 12.41 MAL•CRA3 6:1A TACCS 10.6 S.A.7.91 $.25 2.2 a.6 0.09 0.:7 a.$: .12 6,11 10.11 Ss.JO CALCAICO 2 NC C,7 0.:. C.11 0.04 0.01 0.02 C.0 0.73 0 22 0.11 0.:9 0.41 2.33 CALI$70CA 3.7. 6.2 ...5 2.17 U.OS 0.35 O.CI 0.17 0 3C 2.7 ..5 7,70 71, 75 CArPO 2.+ 2.7 3.•S I.^f 0.71 0.05 0.7 0..• 0.36 O.SC 1..6 2.73 1•,.2 "r PAROCC 3.0! 2.91 3.17 2.2S 0.6 0.2 0.01 0.0. C.10 1.15 2.4 7.SC 20.66 C M`7CnV1LLC AS :2.3 e.i 7..6 $.1t 2.Ss 0.02 0.02 0.1a 0.46 3.66 1.11 lL.6 C1 t0. U"TOn OAN 6.1. 54 •102 2.01 1.7 0.0 0.10 0.72 0 .5 2.•5 5.01 7.09 3S.11 CAUOCAO 17.3 11.6c 5.71 6.00 2.00 0.64 0.02 0J7 6.61 ..a0 $..1 13.91 IS.f• CCOARVILLC 1.! 1.31 1.10 0.17 1.1S IJI 0.3] 0.29 0.11 1.27 1.6f ;07 1+.20 CChTCAVILLC PM 9.2 {J 5.34 3.15 1.41 0.41 0.01 0.13 D ab 2.5 S.53 7.90 43.9. r ALLCftCC RM.GCR STA 1..1. 10.61 6.9 S.63 2.-C 0.7s 0.03 0.1 0.51 2.15 0.30 12.47 67.10 CMATSL0e74 rr2•r 2..• 2.1 2.3 Also 0.16 O.Ca 0.00 0.11 0.06 d.32 2.+ 2.S$ 16.14 C+CSTCR 9.7 S.2 3.64 2.41 1.60 S.07 0.2S 0.26 0.51 2.12 •.47 $.1 24.24 CMICO C7ICR1rC"r STA $.S +,01 3,09 2,43 0.9 0.46 0.01 0.12 0.27 1.61 3.22 4.01 24.72 CMULA VISTA 1.4 S.2 1.55 O.S1 0.17 C.05 0.02 0.07 0.12 0.3S 1.12 1.S7 4.90 CtAACMMT POMNA COL 3.3 3.0 2.80 1.62 0.23 0.01 0.0 0.06 0.01 0..1 2.12 2.72 16.44 Ct ARcs{Ue0 3.7 2.7 2.07 AM 0.+ a.11 0.01 0.01 0.10 1.02 2.0f 3.07 0.0 CLOVCROALC 3 SSC 9.6 4.7. 4.9 3.30 0.09 0.29 0.02 0.15 0.3 2./ $.a1 0.61 +3•SA CeKtAGA 1.3 t,+ 1.02 0.48 0.25 6.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.16 4.47 1,22 7.29 CC,6» rC S3 0 S.4 S.7 7.61 2.S7 0.22 0.0 0.0 0.20 0,2 C.6 4.00 4.07 22.00 wkfA,X 10.0 7.11 6.1 4.36 1.16 0.61 0.02 O,11 0.2 2.0 4.43 4.12 +l1.AC C"CAic POKA NOUSC 0. 6.0 S.3S 2.68 3.66 0.40 0.01 0.11 0.23 2.55 4.01 7.22 +O.tj COLUSA 1 SSW 3.1 a.$ S.47 1.35 O.So 0.2 0.03 0.00 0.16 1.00 2.01 3.02 16.63 CORONA 2.3. 2.1 1.71 1.06 0.12 0.02 0.0 0.06 0.11 0.29 1.49 1.63 It.AI COVCLO 1.6 $J 4.87 2.74 6.20 0.6 0.05 0.33 0.51 2.41 5.65 S.S1 42.90 COVINA TCr}LC rC 193 6 3.3 2.0 2.6 AM 0,22 9.05 0.03 0.05 0.17 O,+ 2.13 2.73 34.30 CACSCCAT CITY 1 M 12.4 f.0. 7.96 S.0 4.03 S.30 0.6 0.77 1.S1 4.16 Ia.$$ 11.33 11.06 CAOCaC" 4.0 2.4 2.3S 1.57 0.46 0.94 0.04 0.03 0.12 1.1 2.3 1.7 14.74 CKKR CITT 2.9 2.4 1.10 1.29 0.00 0.03 0.00 O.OS 0.07 0.29 2.06 2.17 13.M CJ Imas IS.& 9.0 4.25 4.70 2.61 0.6 0.0 0.34 0.5 4.90 00.11 14.41 72,24 CUTAr"CJS 5.5 S.•I 6.1D 3.46 1.10 0.15 0.S1 O.S2 0.50 1.03 3.3 5.22 33.44 04CCCTT rM AIRPORt 0.3 0-)q 0.3 0.271 Q.QJ4 0.0 0.21 0.S7 0.1 0,201 0,7SI 0.401 3.01 EJ 0 so Appendix D -- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Mean Monthly Precipitation (inches) E 11 LC aC CC AC ,1 STwTIOn Jwn "Co ma wIR MT .NM JOL wLtC $Cs OCT n0a' OCG ..U-L Dwv IS 2 LOV C]w "An 3.O 2.> ..9 1.5 0.51 O.it O.OI 0,01 0.16 1.0 2.0 3 21 .l>.20 OCA TH "LLCT 0.3 O. 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Mace AVgi MICR PH 2 3.9 ).D 7. 15 2.55 a.7 0.19 0.02 0.0 0.3 0.61 2..6 3.7t 21. 12 Appendix D -- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Mean Monthly Precipitation (inches) f 1wT10n JAn res flAll wea MT JlOt AIIL wVC sc, OCT wOv DEC Annuwl TIGC4 CRCC. 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G•S6 IT i.•D },]O 5.11 17.63 0 54 0 APPENDIX E WORKSHEETS FOR THE LIA 0 PROGRAM The Following Master Worksheets are included: • Worksheet #1 - Site Selection • Worksheet #2 - Site Inspection • Worksheet #3 - Field Work • Worksheet #4 - Annual Survey Forms (These can be photocopied for performing audits; we suggest ENLARGE these slightly, if possible, easier data entry.) use in that you to permit 55 Appendix E -- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook 0 Page WORKSHEET # 1 -SITE SELECTION Date Of Name of orgenizatlor Phone # Beat Time Landscape Managoi Audito # DATA REQUIRED SITE: SITE: SITE: SITE: Source Customers Request 1 SITE NAME or City Records Choose Either TOP 2 SITE PRIORITY or NORMAL Priorh IRRIGATION WATER Water Company 3 LAST YEAR 100 cuff Bills IRRIGATED Customer She 4 AREA Acres maps TURF REQUIREMENT By Micro -climate: 5 LAST YEAR inches ETnet x 0.58+.70 EXTRA WATER USED 6 DEFICIT 100cuft #3- #4x#5x36.3 POTENTIAL DOLLAR (USE 0 ff #6 is <0) 7 SAVINGS First Year #6 x $/100 cult ESTIMATED COST OF $200 plus $120/acre 8 AUDIT $'s 200+#4x120 THREE YEAR NET 9 BENEFITS $'s 3X#7 -#8 RANK BY BENEFITS: Review Line #9 10 TOP PRIORITY SITES for TOP Priority RANK BY BENEFITS: Review Line#9 11 NORMAL PRIORITY for NORMAL Priority t ETnet = Net ET in inches . SUM OF (Monthly ET o - Monthly Effective Rain) for 12 months 0.58 = Average Adjusted Crop Coefficient (Warm and Cool Season) 70% = Target Irrigation Efficiency j- 748 Gallons per 100 CUFt 325,850 gallons per AcreFoot To convert $/AF to $/100 CuFt multiply $/AF by 0.0023 NOTE: Steps 5.11 are performed Automatically the Office Computer Software E 56 Appendix E -- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook 0 0 Organization Landscape Water Management Page of Audit Labor/Time Requirements A B Irrigated Acreage C D E F G H I % of TotalTime spent pe site for - Preparation Field Work Followup Site Name Total No. Controllers/Sitc Total No. % Linking or Person-hrs Required for Audit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. INSTRUCTIONS Complete Columns A. B, C & D using data supplied by the Customer or your own research. Column E can be conveniently filled in after the audit by reviewing the printed data. Column F should include all time spent contacting the customer, site inspections, preparing for audits and report generation. Columns G, H & I are the breakdown of time spent for different pans of the audit. Completed by Date_/_/ a Organization Landscape Water Management Page of Site Water Use and Savings Data A C Irrigated Pre -Audit Calculated Water PtR Audtt(Acme) Water Cost r, # SiteName Acreage Water Use (ccf/yr) Requirement (ccf/y Water Use (ccf/yr) E/ccf, rA 2 3 4 p 5 � 0 8 x 7 iT 8 O 9 10. Complete Columns A. B 8t C using data supplied by the Customer or your own research. Column D can be obtained from the Landscape Water Manager software printed audit reports for the site. Be sure that the "Calculated Site Water Use" option is set to (])es on your Configure Printed Report screen and '. that the assumptions used by WRM are reasonable. Column E can be filled in using actual data after the audit. Pleaselistthe appropriate water cost forth site in Column F. � Completed by Phone Date_/ 0 0 APPENDIX F SAMPLE AUDIT AND REPORT This Sample Audit is for a small park known as Brentwood Park. • Using Worksheet #1 - Site Selection, Brentwood Park has been selected for Auditing. • Worksheet #2 - Site Inspection reveals some problems at the site. • The Site Map is used to select Sub -Areas at the site. • Worksheet #3 - Field Work - Precipitation Rate Test shows data for Sub -Area A. • A Sample Letter Report to a typical client is also included. • A Base Schedule is shown for Sub -Area A (normally additional areas would be included; they have been omitted for space reasons) 61 Appendix F-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Page WORKSHEET # 1 - S I E SELECTION Date 1 of 1 1 12/14/87 Name of Organizatlor City of San Luis Obispo Phone # 555.1212 Beat Time 9-11 AM Landscape Manage Audlto John Doe J. Auditor # DATA REQUIRED SITE: SITE: SITE: SITE: Source Adams Brentw Collins Customer's Request 1 SITE NAME Park Park Park or C' Records Choose Elther TOP 2 SITE PRIORITY Normal TOP Normal or NORMAL Priority IRRIGATION Water Company 3 LAST YEAR 100 cult 26,097 6,600 4,323 Bills IRRIGATED Customer She 4 AREA Acres 20.0 510 3.9 Maps TURF REQUIREMENT By Micro-cilmate: 5 LAST YEAR Inches 27.0 27.0 27.0 ETnst x 0.58 + .70 EXTRA WA ER USED 6 DEFICIT 100cult 6495 1600 501 #3- #4x#5x36.3 POTENTIAL DOLLAR (USE 0 it #6 is <0) 7 SAVINGS First Year $6 495 $1 600 $501 #6 x $/100 cuff ESTIMATED COST OF $200 plus $12p/acre 8 AUDIT $'s $2,600 $800 $669 200+#4x120 THREE YEAR ET 9 BENEFITS $'a $16885 $3999 $834 3X# -#B RANK BY BENEFITS: Review Line #9 10 TOP PRIORITY SITES NA 1st NA for TOP Priority RANK BY BENEFITS: Review Line #9 11 NORMAL PRIORITY 1st NA 2nd for NORMAL Priority t ETnet . Net ET in Inches a SUM OF (Monthly ET o - Monthly Effective Rain) for 12 months 0.58 . Average Adjusted Crop Coefficient (Warm and Cool Season) 70%. Target Irrigation Efficiency 748 Gallons par 100 COR 325,850 galbns per AcreFoot To convert $/AF to $/100 CuFt multi $/AF by 0.0023 NOTE: Steps 5.11 are performed Automatically the Office Computer Software -62- is 0 0 w 0 Appendix F -- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook • ' .. .. mommimmmEamm mKqeukd.,• ..- o PROBLEM REPORTStation # 63 Appendix F-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Site Map: Brentwood Park N 3Y3 m 0 WORKSHEET #3 PRECIPITATION RATE TEST /STURF GR.COVEtt SHRUBS ROOT ZONE DEPTH 4" (IN-) SOIL TYPE Clay _ Sand STATION NUMBER 1 1/2 2 CONTROLLER 1 1 TESTING RUN TIMES 5.1 5.2 CATCH CAN VOLUMES BEMEEN . BErWEEN BETWEEN BEtwEEN Notes 18 21 17 12 13 34 Wind test O.K. 30 21 20 Rotation Test Show 11 26 18 Min. 5 min. Runtime 22 18 24 19 19 19 LINKING Station #3 Controller #1 PRESSURE(psi) 61,63 162,64 SPACINGS t 42,45,43,39,38 43,45,41,38,38,40 PAGE I OF 1 DATE 12/14/87 SITE NAME BrentwoodPark FILENAME Bft& SUBAREA A AUDITOR J. Auditor PLANT MATERIAL * PAGE I OF 1 DATE 12/14/87 SITE NAME BrentwoodPark FILENAME Bft& SUBAREA A AUDITOR J. Auditor PLANT MATERIAL * Appendix F-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook December 14,1987 Mr. John Doe General Manager, Brentwood Park and Recreation Center 1234 South Boulevard San Luis Obispo, CA 94333 Dear Mr. Doe: We have completed a Landscape Irrigation audit of your site. A recommended Irrigation Schedule is included. Before applying this schedule, you may wish to consider the following problems found at your site which are limiting the effectiveness of your irrigation system: • Low Pressure at Sprinkler Heads • 'Thatch Build Up • Run -Off from Sloped Areas Included you will find additional information for your consideration regarding possible improve- ments to your irrigation equipment. If you do undertake improvements to your system, please contact me so that we can re -audit the affected sections of your site to determine if new Irrigation Schedules will be required. Thank you for working with us on this evaluation. Your Water Conservation efforts are appreciated by the District. Sincerely, J. Auditor -66- 0 0 0 Appendix F -- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook SITE FILENAME- BtPark WRM Version 5.4 Brentwood Park Western Water District J. Auditor 123 South Boulevard 6/8/1990 11:45:08 AM Socal, CA 92222 Weather Data Set: San Luis Obispo (555) 555-1212 Controller:1 Site Trim Factor: ) BASE IRRIGATION SCHEDULE (minutes per Irrigation Day) IRRI. STA DAYS PREC. I Jan I Feb I Mar I Apr May I Jun I Jul I Aug I Sep I Oct I Nov Dec 1 5 1.51 @ @ 4 8 8 8 10 8 7 7 @ @ 2 5 1.74 @ @ 4 7 7 7 8 7 6 6 @ @ 3# 5 1.51 @ @ 3 6 6 6 7 6 5 5 @ @ IRRI. DAYS/WEEK 1 1 2 4 5 5 5 5 4 3 1 1 SUB -AREA STATISTICS Sub LQ Suggested Rootzone Soil Allowable Area. Uniformity Days` Depth Type Depletion Plant Material A 0.70 5 4 LOAMY 0.5 Cool -Season -Grass ADJUSTED IRRIGATION SCHEDULE (minutes per Irrigation Day) IRRI. (ETo INCHES PER WEEK) STA DAYS 0.25 10.50 10.75 1 1.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 13.00 13.25 1 5 1 3 5 6 8 10 12 13 15 17 19 20 22 2 5 1 3 4 6 7 9 10 12 13 15 16 18 19 3# 5 1 2 4 4 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 RAW DATA (5 or more Measurments per sub -area) Catch Device Area = 8.90 sq. in. SUB STA AREA I ADJ. I RUN I Catch Volumes (milliliters) 1 A 1.00 5.1 18 12 30 11 22 19 3# 0.70 LINKED TO STATION 1 CONTROLLER 1 1/2 A 1.00 0.0 21 13 21 26 18 19 2 B 1.00 5.2 17 34 20 18 24 19 Calculated Site Water Use: 7,583 (100 CuFUyr) $7,583 per year Assuming: Site Acreage: 5.0 ; Water Cost $1.00 per 100 CuFt Annual AKc : 0.60 ;Annual Irrigation Efficiency: 0.60 @ Smallest Irrigation Interval # Linked to another station's data. D DU and Precipitation Rate Directly Entered Minimum Suggested Irrigation Days per week during the peak irrigation month. 67 Appendix F-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Recommendations for Equipment Changes 1 0 1. L o w P r e s s u r e- All sprinkler systems are designed to run at specified pressure ranges. When pressures are improper, poor uniformity of water distribution occurs, leading to inefficiency and higher costs. Low pressure tends to put heavy application of water in certain areas, which can increase run-off problems. Low pressure can be corrected with the use of a booster pump or through re -design of the irrigation system and sprinkler heads. In certain cases, new nozzles and/or new operating schemes can help but not solve low pressure problems. 2. T h a t c h B u i I d u p- Turf which is well fertilized and watered often require periodic thatch removal. Vertical cutting and/or coring (aeration) should be a regular maintenance task for areas where mowing clippings are not removed. Such areas are difficult to properly irrigate as water does not readily penetrate the thatch layer, leading to run-off and dry spots. 3. Run- Off f r o m Sloped Areas - Sloping areas usually require dif- ferent irrigation techniques than flat areas. Short, multiple irrigations are best for sloping areas as this permits the first few minutes of watering to soak in before saturation and run-off occurs. MTIM 0 9 APPENDIX G STANDARD RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Low Pressure - All sprinkler systems are designed to run at specific pressures. Improper pressures cause poor uniformity of water distribution leading to inefficiency and higher costs. Low pressure puts heavy application of water in limited areas, which accentuates run-off. Low pressure can be corrected with a booster pump or re -design of the irrigation system. In certain cases, new nozzles and/or new operating schemes can reduce but not solve low pressure problems. 2. T h a t c h B u l I d- u p- Turf which is well fertilized and watered may require periodic thatch removal when mowing clippings are not removed. Vertical cutting and/or coring (aeration) should be a regular maintenance task for such areas. These areas are difficult to properly irrigate as water does not readily penetrate the thatch layer, leading to run-off and dry spots. 3. Run -Off fro m Sloped Areas - Sloping areas usually require a special irrigation technique. Short, multiple irrigations are best for sloping areas as this permits the first few, minutes of watering to soak in before saturation/run-off occurs. 4. Broken S p r i n k l e r H e a d s - Sprinkler heads which do not turn or which have bad seals will prevent efficient irrigation. A regular maintenance program will save turf from burned -out patches due to a broken head not being found in time. 5. Sunken Heads/Tall Grass - Sunken heads result in short throws and saturated areas near the head, because the sprinkler stream is intercepted by the grass near the head. Even a properly set head will have problems if the grass near the head is permitted to be too tall. 6. M i s- a I i g n e d H e a d s - Part -circle sprinklers must be properly aimed. Water sprayed onto pavement can cause damage to roads and complaints from citizens. Heads should be aligned vertically except in special hillside applications. 7. H i g h P r e s s u r e - All sprinkler systems are designed to run at specific pres- sures. Improper pressures cause poor uniformity of water distribution leading to in- efficiency and higher costs. High pressure results in very fine spray which drifts downwind and creates high evaporation losses. This is especially true with spray head stations which may be designed for 20-30 PSI but are often run at 50-60 PSI. High pressure can be corrected with pressure regulators either at the meter or at certain stations. In some cases, new nozzles and/or new operating schemes can reduce but not solve high pressure problems. 8. Variable Sprinkler Spacing - If the head -to -head and line -to -line spacings in a sprinkler system vary throughout a site, the distribution of water will be uneven, leading to watering inefficiency. In some cases, adjustments can be made in nozzles and pressures to try to account for the weak areas. 9 Appendix G -- Landscape Water Management Handbook �§) •l 1 1 �� I E 11 -70- 0 WATER RESOURCE MANAGER SOFTWARE GUIDE (Provided with every program diskette as "READ_ME.DOC", a text file.) W R M - Water Resource Manager Software Version 5.4 June 1990 Guide for IBM-PC Version INTRODUCTION This Guide will help you navigate through the screens and functions of the Landscape Irrigation Auditor software program called WRM (Water Resource Manager). You may wish to print this guide for permanent reference or use it as an on-line source of information (via the DOS command "TYPE" or a memory resident text editor). The WRM software has been developed by Agtech Associates, Inc. under contract to the California Polytechnic State University at San Luis Obispo. The WRM software is a part of the Landscape Irrigation Auditor (LIA) program funded by the California Department of Water Resources, Water Conservation Office. Robert Walker of the Agricultural Engineering Department is the LIA Project Manager at Cal Poly; Marsha Priliwitz of DWR is the Program Manager for the LIA program. Questions about the Landscape Irrigation Auditor Program may be directed to: - Marsha Prillwitz DWR/OWC Cal Poly Irrigation Training and Research Center - Gary Kah Cal Poly Irrigation Training and Research Center (916)-445-4403 (800)-287-5310 (415)-366-8076 71 Appendix H-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook GETTING STARTED 9 This Guide WILL NOT show you how to run your PCII You should already be familiar with: - booting your computer with DOS - copying diskettes (eg. DISKCOPY command) - methods to move and/or rename files (eg. COPY command) - changing default drives and sub -directories (eg. A>B: or A>CD NewDirect) - creating and removing sub -directories (eg. MD Name or RD Name) If these terms are not familiar to you, please spend some time with your computer's handbooks (or obtain the assistance of an experienced computer person) before proceeding. Being comfortable with your computer will permit you to learn the WRM software at a faster pace. IMMEDIATELY PLACE A "WRITE PROTECT" TAB ONTO YOUR MASTER DISK. START UP YOUR COMPUTER IN THE NORMAL FASHION AND THEN MAKE A WORKING COPY (WORK DISK) OF YOUR MASTER DISK. THE TYPICAL COMMAND FOR COPYING DISKS, ASSUMING THE MASTER DISK ("SOURCE" DISK) WILL BE IN DRIVE "A" AND A BLANK, FORMATTED DISK ("TARGET" DISK) IS IN DRIVE "B" IS: A>DISKCOPY A: B: --Floppy Systems (type command with DOS disk in Drive A) C>DISKCOPY A: B: --Hard Drive Systems STORE YOUR MASTER DISK IN A SAFE PLACE AND USE THE WORK DISK, NOT THE MASTER DISK, FOR ALL STEPS BELOW. WE ASSUME BELOW THAT THE .WORK DISK REMAINS IN DRIVE "B" OF YOUR COMPUTER AND THAT FLOPPY SYSTEM USERS HAVE PLACED THE DOS DISK BACK INTO DRIVE "A". is - 72 - 0 Appendix H -- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook HARD DISK SYSTEMS - First create a new directory at the root level with a name which signifies this topic to you, eg. TURF. Change directories to your "TURF" directory then copy everything on your WRM work disk to your new directory. Type "INSTALL" at the ">" DOS prompt. After a few seconds you will be asked to name the drive to be used for DATA storage - this will be the same drive on which your "TURF" directory is located, typically the "C" drive. Then you are asked to name the drive containing DOS (DOS must be available at all times); this will usually be drive "C". You are then returned to the DOS prompt. FROM NOW ON START EACH SESSION AT STEP THREE, below. (USE AT YOUR OWN RISK, YOUR SYSTEM MAY BE DIFFERENT) TURF TURF B:' C\TURF>INSTALL - Create the TURF Directory (MD - make directory) - Change to the TURF Directory (CD - change directory) -- Copy everything on the floppy to the C drive (TURF sub directory) - Perform INSTALL function (typical answers would be "C" for both data and DOS drives) FLOPPY DRIVE SYSTEMS - Change the default drive to B and type "INSTALL" at the "B>" DOS prompt. After a few seconds you will be asked to name the drive to be used for DATA storage - this will typically be the "B" drive. Then you are asked to name the drive containing DOS (DOS must be available to WRM at all times); this will usually be drive "A". You are then returned to the DOS prompt. FROM NOW ON START EACH SESSION AT STEP THREE, below. (USE AT YOUR OWN RISK, YOUR SYSTEM MAY BE DIFFERENT) NOTE: After creating your Work Disk remove and store your Master Disk. Replace the DOS disk in Drive A. We assume below that the Work Disk remains in the B: drive of your computer. A>B: - Change default drive to B B>INSTALL -- Perform INSTALL function (typical answers would be "B" for data and "A" for DOS) _ - 73 - Appendix H-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook STEP THREE - Starting the WRM Program To run the Water Resource Manager software, type "WRM" at the ">" DOS prompt (an immediate "FILE NOT FOUND" error means that you are not at the same directory level as the WRM software - return to STEP ONE). After a few seconds you should see a "Welcome... " screen which specifies the Version Number and release date of your WRM software; please have these available whenever you call for assistance. You will then see a "Please Wait..." message near the bottom of your screen and arrive at the MAIN MENU after a few seconds (as much as one minute for floppy disk systems). Various messages may appear on the screen indicating "File not Found" or "0 files copied". These are normal and the Main Menu (see STEP FOUR, below) will appear after the startup process is complete. NOTE: Pressing the "Ft" function key at anytime will provide a brief HELP screen to assist you. The Main Menu is the starting point of the WRM software; here you will select a function that you wish to perform and once completed return to the Main Menu for additional tasks. The functions of the Main Menu are listed below: - DATA ENTRY - PROCESS RESULTS - RECOVER SITE DATA FROM A FILE - SAVE TO A FILE - SITE SELECTION - BATCH PRINT SCHEDULES -UPDATE SCHEDULES - START A NEW SITE - QUIT Each of these functions (and the reason for using them) are briefly explained below. (Detailed descriptions of each function and Its sub -menus are found in STEP FIVE.) 0 - 74 - 1J Appendix H -- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook DATA ENTRY Most of the time spent using WRM will be to enter data collected from field work. This includes sub -areas, soil type and depth, turf type, station lists, testing runtimes, controller names and catch device data (these terms are explained in the Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook). Site information (site name, auditor name, irrigation days per week) is also recorded here. The configuration file (a file containing information about weather, turf water use, typical soils and audit costs for your area) is modified through this function. PROCESS RESULTS Once data entry is complete, Irrigation Schedules can be printed. This function permits several alternative formats for viewing your results, both printed and on the screen. - RECOVER SITE DATA FROM A FILE If you wish to view data from a file created in a previous work session it can be found and loaded with this function. - SAVE TO A FILE This function permits you to assign a new name to the currently selected site file or create different working copies of your files. - SITE SELECTION Some auditors will need to carefully select which sites to audit based on cost- effectiveness. This function permits the economic ranking of up to 100 sites given their acreage and past water use. BATCH PRINT SCHEDULES When more than a few site reports are required, this function permits many standard Base Schedule reports to be printed simultaneously. - UPDATE SCHEDULES After printing the Base Irrigation Schedules for a Site, you may wish to modify these schedules to reflect recent weather data; this is done using the UPDATE SCHEDULES function. This function permits many Update Schedule reports to be printed simultaneously. - START A NEW SITE If you have been using a site file or entering new site data during the current work session and wish to begin over or start a new site, this function clears the memory and gives you a "clean slate" with which to work. - QUIT From the Main Menu this function returns you to the ">" DOS prompt. - 75 - Appendix H-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook 0 HINTS FOR FASTER WORK To navigate through the WRM software, use your cursor control keys (up and down arrows) to move the "highlighted" effect from one function name to another. When the highlight effect is over the function you want, hit the "RETURN" (sometimes labeled "ENTER") key to proceed. You will find that the name of the function you have selected is in the upper left hand corner of each screen and the site filename is in the upper right hand corner. If you have not yet selected or created a site file, the message "NO SITE FILE SELECTED" is shown in the upper right hand corner of the screen. (If you try certain functions in this situation, such as Screen reports or Linked Stations, you will return immediately to the starting menu. Return to the MAIN MENU and select a site file.) To return to the Main Menu, repeatedly hit the "ESC" (escape) key or select "QUIT" from any sub -menu (you may need to answer a Yes/No question or provide a filename before getting back to the Main Menu). Be sure to hit the "ENTER" key at the File Save Screen if you want to save your work (an "ESC" on this screen will abort the save procedure). THE DETAILS STEP FIVE - The Sub -Menus Each of the Main Menu sections introduced above will be explored in more detail in this section. Each section typically has one or more sub -menus which provide the detailed functions of the WRM program. You may never use some of these functions, but they are explained here in case you find that you need them at some future time. Items surrounded by "»» ««" are sub -menus; these are selected from the MAIN MENU. »» DATA ENTRY e« (items below with in "quotes" are sub -menu items) --eNTER/EDIT SITE DATA - This includes the auditor's name, the site name, the catch area of the catch devices used, the maximum possible irrigation days per week during the summer months, the site trimming factor, the irrigated acreage of the site and the weather data set to use for this site. A brief text description of the site can also be entered at the bottom of this screen. As suggested on the very bottom of this and most other screens, the "ESC" key is used to exit. You will then be asked to save the data from the SITE DATA screen to a new or existing site file name. Note that the extension ".STE", although printed with the filenames on the screen, is NOT required when entering names from the keyboard. - 76 - Appendix H -- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook 0 --ENTER/EDIT TESTING DATA - This includes the list of sub -areas at the site; the soil type, rootzone depth, allowable depletion, turf type and station list by sub -area; the testing runtime and controller name for each station as well as the catch device data for each station or in-between area. Station lists must be entered in the same relationship as the catch devices in the field, for example -- 4, 4/5, 5, 5/6, 6, or 3, 3/7, 7, 7/1, 1, assuming stations 4, 5 and 6 overlap and stations 3, 7 and 1 overlap in the same order. Use the arrow keys to navigate down the screen (go past the bottom to get back to the top) and type in data as required. Be sure that the appropriate sub -area or station is selected before dropping to the line below; if you drop down and enter data while a null name is highlighted, this data will be lost upon exiting. We strongly suggest that you complete each list before moving down the screen, eg. enter all of the sub -areas, then select the first one and move down. At the station list line; enter all of the stations for the selected sub -area, then select the first station and move down. NOTE: Pressing the HOME key while the cursor is over any station name in the Station List will permit you to enter a brief text description of the station. --ENTER/EDIT LINKED STATION'S - This sub -function provides a list of (Master) controllers at the site and a list of tested (Master) stations for each controller. By selecting a Master Station, a list of untested, L!nked; stations can be entered so that a schedule can be printed for the untested station. The Linked station can be given its own controller designation and fine tuning factor. --ENTER/EDIT CONFIGURATION FILE DATA - This provides the ability to modify the data for the following "default" items: weather (data is in Jan -Dec lists), adjusted crop coefficients (data is in Jan -Dec lists), soil water holding capacities, printing headers for reports, catch device area, maximum irrigation days per summer week, water cost per 100 cubic feet and audit costs. --UPDATE SITE FILE WITH CONFIGURATION FILE - This permits an old site file to be updated with the most recent configuration file data (not reversible!). --QUIT - This function returns you to the Main Menu. >>>> PROCESS RESULTS «« --DISPLAY/MODIFY IRRIGATION SCHEDULES - This provides a quick way to verify that data has been entered correctly. A separate screen for each controller will be printed; the site trimming factor, station days per week and station fine tuning factors can be set from this screen. --DISPLAY STATION STATISTICS - This provides a screen for each controller listing each station's sub -area, testing runtime, calculated precipitation rate, and Distribution Uniformity. - 77 - Appendix H-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook --CONFIGURE PRINTED SCHEDULE - This permits the user to select which of five sections should be printed on reports. This selection will remain In effect until changed. The available sections are: -Base Irrigation Schedule -Sub-area Statistics -Adjusted Irrigation Schedule -Raw Station and Catch Volume data as entered by the user -Site Water Use Statistics Type a Y(for yes) or N(for no) and then enter to move down this screen. --PRINT IRRIGATION SCHEDULE REPORT - Provides a report for the currently selected site for each tested or linked station with the report sections selected above. Each controller at the site gets its own page in the report. --QUIT - This function returns you to the Main Menu. »» RECOVER SITE DATA FROM A FILE «« --Provides a listing of sites files in the current directory which can be loaded into the program for modification or printing. Type the name of the desired file at the prompt (.STE not required) and hit "ENTER". >>>> SAVE TO A FILE «« 0 --Assuming a site file has been loaded, this function permits you to assign a new name to your current site file or create back-up copies of your data by typing in a different name at the filename prompt. »» SITE SELECTION «« --ENTER NEW SITES - After selecting this item you can specify the water cost and climate appropriate for the list of sites you are about to enter; then the site name, priority, prior water use and irrigated acreage for each site are entered. Press "ENTER" repeatedly on a blank line to return to the top of the screen. --DISPLAY RANKED SITES TO SCREEN - Sites, in calculated order of Net 3 Year Savings, can be viewed on the screen... --PRINT RANKED SITES -...or printed. --DELETE SITES - If a site no longer needs consideration it can be removed from the site selection list using this function. Work from a printed list of the ranked sites when deleting so the the exact spelling can be entered. (Note: if you delete or rename the SITE.WRM file at the DOS level you can start with a new, empty site list.) --QUIT - This function returns you to the Main Menu. - 78 - Appendix H -- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook 0 »» BATCH PRINT SCHEDULES «« This function gives you a complete list of all available site files. When ,the cursor is under the first letter of a site name, pressing any key will turn on a "+" sign at the end of the site name. This indicates that this site will be batch printed along with any other sites so designated. (Pressing any key again will unselect the site.) The up and down arrow keys move the cursor up or down. The format of the reports will be as currently determined under the CONFIGURE PRINTED SCHEDULE item. »» UPDATED SCHEDULES «« Recent weather data (ETo and Effective Rainfall) are entered with the days of data collection to produce a new irrigation schedule which accounts for the most recent weather effects. Upon leaving this screen a list of all site files will be presented; select files for printing using the same method as in Batch Printing selection. >>>> START A NEW SITE «« --This simply clears program memory and returns to the Main menu, ready to recover or create a new file. "NO SITE FILE SELECTED" will appear after this function is performed. 0 »» QUIT «« 0 --This function when executed from the MAIN MENU returns you to the ">" DOS prompt. When selected from all other menus you will be returned to the previous menu (often via the File Save procedure). - 79 - Appendix H-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook USING THE WRM SOFTWARE After several practice sessions with the WRM software you' will find that you move easily from function to function and that you no longer have to refer to the help messages placed at the bottom of most menus. Now you are ready to enter the data from your first real audit. Depending on how you organize your disks, you will find that after a while you will have many site files at the same directory level as your WRM program; after a while this can look cluttered when you perform the "DIR" function from DOS. If you do not want updated schedules for your old site files, simply create an "ARCHIVE" sub directory for the storage of old, unneeded files (or erase them to save space). By changing the site trimming factor and the station adjustment factors you can customize your schedules to match observations of turf vigor and soil wetness after using the Base Schedule. Before modifying your original site data file, you may wish to create a duplicate backup disk of site files. Then the original file is always available on your backup floppy for reference purposes and the modified file can be used for future "Tuning". We hope you find the WRM software helpful In your work. If you have any comments, questions or complaints, please call - 0 Gary Kah Irrigation Training Research Center (415)-366-8076 Thank you. . 80 - 0 0 0 SOURCES FOR CATCH DEVICES AND STANDS The Irrigation Training and Research Center at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo provides Complete Field Test Kits including catch devices, stands, one pressure gauge, one soil probe, one one hundred foot tape , thirty marking flags and one durable storage case; approximate price as of December 1, 1990 is $445. Catch devices and stands may be purchased separately. Contact the Irrigation Training and Research Center at Cal Poly (805) 756-2434 for further information. Additional Sources: Conical Graduated Cylinders A source for these very practical catch devices: Cole Parmer (800)-323-4340 250 milliliters conical graduated cylinder Part # J-6135-25 Pentek (800)-426-0960 P.O. Box 8455 South Charlston 25303 Part# 212218-025 Stands for Catch Devices Any machine shop can fabricate a suitable stand from mild steel rod. Prefabricated stands are available from: Brookwater Design, Livermore (415) 449-4263 Coated Aluminum Stands (Ask for Chuck) m Appendix I-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook ��1�I�i� p>ai��c• Ic•I't 6�Iranl.� 0 Appendix I-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook (FThns ]PMEe R8fft UDB&Mlk) 1] 0 - 84 - 0 SLIDE NARRATIVES FOR TRAINING SESSIONS The slides from the First Day of the Master Auditor Training Program are presented below. LIA first day LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION AUDITOR TRAINING WRM THIS IS LIA TRAINING Landscape Irrigation Auditor Training Developed by Department of Water Resources Water Conservation Office Supported by Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo Irrigation Training and Research Center GOAL* GOOD WATER MANAGEMENT Save Money Save Water Improve Appearance Reduce Disease Mobile Lab-LIA Description: 99 ac. Three Sites Pre -Audit Water Use =154,529ccf Post -Audit Water Use =125,066 Water Saved =29,463 Mobile Lab-LIA Value of Water Saved 29,463 ccf X $0.96/ccf =$ 28,284 Cost of Audits 99ac. X $50/ac. _$ 4,950 Net Savings $28,284 - $4,950 =$23,334 Benefit/Cost $28,284/$4,950 =5.7 Municipal Water Dist.-LIA Description: 180 ac. 36 Sites Pre -Audit Water Use =401,769ccf Post -Audit Water Us =355,556 Water Saved =46,213 Municipal Water Dist.-LIA Value of Water Saved 46,213 ccf X $1.72/ccf =$ 79,486 Cost of Audits 180ac. X $108/ac. =$19,440 Net Savings $79,486 - 19,440 =$60,046 (43.Oin.) (34.8in.) (8.2in.) m Appendix J-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Benefit/Cost $79,486/$19,440 =4.1 Golf Course-LIA Description: 43 ac. One Sites Pre -Audit Water Use=69,260ccf (44.4in.) Post -Audit Water Use=41,382 (26,6in.) Water Saved=27,878 (17.9in.) Golf Course-LIA Value of Water Saved 27,878 ccf X $0.71/ccf = $19,793 Cost of Audits 43ac. X $216/ac=$9,288 Net Savings $19,793 - 9,288=$10,505 Benefit/Cost $19,793/$9,288 =2.1 Water Dist.-LIA Description: 152 ac. 7 Sites Pre -Audit Water Use=825,418ccf (149.6in.) Post -Audit Water Use=694,695 (125.9in.) Water Saved=130,723 (23.7in) Water Dist.-LIA Value of Water Saved 130,723ccf X $0.46/ccf =$ 60,132 Cost of Audits 152ac. X $50/ac.=$7,600 Net Savings $60,132 - 7,600=$52,532 Benefit/Cost $60,132/$7,600 =7.9 HOW IS THIS GOAL ACHIEVED? Identify and Fix Equipment Problems Test the Performance of Irrigation System Schedule Irrigations to Match Demand TODAY -YOU WILL ... Review Contents of the Handbook Learn Landscape Audit Procedures Practice with Water Resource Manager Software Perform Your First Audit TOMORROW - YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO ... UNDERSTAND when to consult Handbook IMPLEMENT Landscape Audit Procedures USE the Computer Software PERFORM Audits in Your Territory SO, .. ASK LOTS OF QUESTIONS l LEARNING THE LANDSCAPE AUDIT PROCEDURES FIRST - We Will Observe a Mini -Audit THEN - We Will Review the Eight Steps Review Worksheets for a SAMPLE Audit Look at Slides Showing SAMPLE Field Work Practice with Computer Software FINALLY - You will Perform Your Own Audit Site Inspection Field Work Schedule Calculation LIA HANDBOOK Introduction LTA Concepts and Procedures Estimated Savings and Conclusions 86 - Appendix J-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Technical Appendices Audit Techniques, Analytic Concepts Weather Data, Technical References LIA TERMS Vocabulary of Basic Water Use and Field Evaluation Slide Narrative LIA Handbook LIA Handbook index Evapotranspiration ET (in./Day) Water Evaporated from Soil Water Transpired Through Plant Reference Evapotranspiration ETo (in./day) Potential Evapotranspiration from Grass Well Watered, 4" - 6" Height Different Locations have Different ETo Computed with Weather Station or Evap. Pan Data Crop Coefficient Kc (%) % Plant Water Use to ETo AKc is Adjusted Crop Coefficient > Stress Warm Season Less Than Cool Season Plant Water Use (in.) ETo Temp., Humidity, Wind, Solar Rad. Kc or Akc Plant Material, Level of Stress Daily Water Use= ETo X Kc CIMIS Calif. Irri. Management Information System Automatic Weather Stations > Telephone Computer Database in Sacramento Available via Computer and Modem Effective Rainfall (in.) Amount Rainfall Stored Rootzone Fraction Due To Evaporation, Runoff If Less Than 0.25", Use 0.00" Use 2/3's of Amounts Greater Than 0.25" Base Schedule Minutes to Run Each Station Days per Week for Each Station Average Weather Conditions Precipitation Rate (in./hr.) How Fast Does System Apply Water? Varies From Station to Station Even Varies Within a Station Many Systems Exceed the Infiltration Rate Distribution Uniformity D.U. (%) Ratio of Precipitation: Dry vs Wet Areas Based on Irrigation System Hardware Easy to Measure Using Catch Devices Limiting Factor When Using Good Schedules Catch Device Catches Water while Sprinklers Run Known Area and Time > Precip. Rate Appendix J-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Avoid Splashout, Adjust To Slopes Conical Graduated Cylinder Testing Runtimes (min.) How Long the Station Runs for Test Affects Quantity of Water in Catch Devices Spray Heads - 3-6 Minutes Sprinklers - 8-16 Minutes Root Zone (in.) Depth of Soil Containing Active Roots Potential Rootzone Deeper Than Actual Develop, Deeper Roots Spnng And Fall Available Soil Water Holding Capacity (in./in.) Amount of Water Held in the Soil Excess Water Drains Below Roots Storage per Inch of Soil Varies by Texture Deep Soils Permit Infrequent Irrigation Management Allowed Depletion (%) How Dry the Soil is Permitted to Become % of Soil Available Water Capacity Influence How Frequently to Irrigate Infiltration Rate in./hr. Rate at Which Water Moves into Soil Sandy Soils Accept Water Rapidly Heavy Soils Accept Water Slowly Decreases During Irrigation Runoff Infiltration Rate and Precipitation Rate Compaction and Thatch Multiple Starts KEY WATER MANAGEMENT ACTIONS Check and Fix Equipment Balance Runtimes Between Stations Adjust Runtime According to Season Fine Tune the System > Trim Back AFTER EQUIPMENT IS FIXED Before First —Balance Delivery by Each Station �jrer 1 2 3 1 2 3 Then --Balance I iroughout the Year La ra Jan T Jan Dec Finally --Trim ck to Save e i Jan Dec I Jan Dec LIA PROCEDURES Procedures for Site Selection, Field Work, Follow -Up Use Worksheets to Record Data 9 P 9 Appendix J-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook All Calculations Done by Computer Step -by -Step Sequence - It's Easy ! THE EIGHT STEPS OF AN AUDIT Site Selection Step 1: Obtain Site Data Step 2: Rank by Net Benefits Step 3: Site Inspection Field Wo Step 4: Prepare for Irri. System Tests Step 5: Perform Irri. System Tests Step 6: Calculate/Implement Base Schedule Follow-Uo Step 7: Prepare Reports, Adjust Schedule Step 8: Review Performance STEP 1: OBTAIN SITE DATA Compile List of Sites Parks, Cemeteries, Golf Courses Residential and Commercial Properties Assign Site Priority Factors (TOP, Normal) Determine Irrigated Acreage at Sites Obtain Water Use Records for Sites Site Priority Factors Park A at Edge of Town, Low Attendance (Normal) Park B is Downtown, Highly Visible (TOP) Park C is Like Many Other Parks in Town (Normal) Obtain Acreage, Water Use at Sites Acreage from Maps; Water Use in Units of 100 cu.ft. Park A: 20 Acres @ 26,097 Units Park B: 5.0 Acres @ 6,500 Units Park C: 3.9 Acres @ 4,323 Units STEP 2: SITE RANKING Computer Calculates: Irrigation Requirements Potential Water Savings Computer Groups by Site Priority Factors Computer Ranks by Net Monetary Benefits Net Benefits (3 years) Assume > (3 X $ Saved) - Audit Cost = Net Benefits Park A: (3 X $6,495) - $2,600 = $16,885 Park B: (3 X $1600) - $800 = $4,000 Park C: (3 X $501) - $668 = $835 Rank for Performing Audits Park B done Immediately; TOP Park A Done Soon; NORMAL, Highest Benefits Park C Audited After Park A Park C to be Congratulated - Close to Goal ! ! Metered and Un-Metered Sites Metered Sites may need Adjustments Other Water Uses > Bathrooms Un-Metered Sites need Estimates Use Watering Rate Average (100 cu.ft./acre) Site Selection Worksheet (1/2) Appendix J-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Site Selection Worksheet (2/2) STEP 3: SITE INSPECTION Use Site Maps to Identify Hardware, Problem Areas Site Inspection Checklist > List of Items to be Fixed Performed by ??? Broken Head Picture Slide #1 Sunken Heads Picture Slide #2 Misaligned Heads Picture Slide #3 Not Vertical Heads Picture Slide #4 High Pressure Picture Slide #5 Low Pressure Picture Slide #6 11 0 0 - 90 - Appendix J-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook 0 0 Site Inspection Worksheet �------ CCL_.1•�OJt7-�� �---�-� Use of Site Map S6 S7 Se SI 52 53 S4 Ss 11 Sidewalk Site Map: Park B Sx Station x Turf © Shrubs STEP 4: PREPARE FOR IRRI. SYSTEM TESTS Review Site Maps Formulate Audit Plan, Prepare Worksheet Enter Basic Site Data into Computer Have Items been Fixed at Site? Schedule Audit Audit Plan and "Irrigation Sub -Areas" Every Station in a Sub -Area Overlapping Stations form a Sub -Area A "Stand -Alone" Station is a Sub -Area A Sub -Area cannot Overlap any Other Sub -Area Sub -Area Identification Sub -Area "A" Sub -Area "B" Sub -Area';& X sidewalks Audit Plan Park B ❑ Turf El Shrubs - 91 - Appendix J-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Development of an Audit Plan 1. First •• Ueins the Site Map, divide the Site Into Sub -Areas 36 S7 se "Is 2. Second Audit 'rhe St to "SUE -AREA" • • • • •r• Cub. Am "A" Development of an Audit Plan Cover Critical Areas Cover Most of Area Work Along Longest Possible Dimension Sub -Areas Limited to 5 Stations Audit Plan and "Linking Stations" To Reduce Field Time, "Link" Stations if Possible Un-tested Station uses Results from a Tested Station Link ONLY if the Following are Similar: Equipment Spacing Pressures STEP 5: PERFORM IRRI. SYSTEM TESTS At Site, Modify Audit Plan (Sub -Areas) if Needed Briefly Run Each Station to be Tested: Flag Boundaries of Stations being Tested Test Upwind/Downwind Ratio Determine Rotation Rate > Testing Runtime Place Devices and Collect Data Catch Device Placement - Rectangular rr no"i h erAnon2 W rtanW3 SAMPLE 0 O o Catch lkrke O0 O 0 SUB AREA 130 O 0 0 0 0 OSpOnklerilead 1 L 0 Celth Can et.l.,ua _L 14 a I 0 - 92 - Appendix J-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook I Catch Device Placement - Triangular sudw 2 3•Nmi 3uem3 SAMPLE 2ro C Catch Device p p Placement: 9 Triangular 6 0 Spacing l9 0 O L YllSprklldef Head O A OCatch can 0 Catch Device Placement - Stand -Alone SLW.Q — SAMPLE A 0 A 0 Catch Device IT 0 0 0 0 rl Placement: Stand Alone re e 190 8 rel j 0 Catch Can Catch Devices and Stands Picture Slide #7 Placement of Devices Picture Slide #8 Rectangular Spacing Picture Slide #9 Reading a Device Picture Slide #10 Collect Other Data During Station Runs Spacing of Sprinklers: Head -to -Head, Line -to -Line Test Pressures in Each Station Test Soil Type and Rootzone Depth Spacing Measurement 3o 1 a.m2 3u 3 ead -to -Head SAMPLE Spacing Measurement: Triangular Spacing FSprinkterHad i`Line-to-Line Measuring Spacing Picture Slide #11 Measuring Pressure Picture Slide #12 Sampling with Soil Probe Picture Slide #13 - 93 - Appendix J-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Measuring Root Zone Depth Picture Slide #14 Precipitation Rate Test Worksheet (113) N NQrn [AM IIRMAIR lwMad GYM MXNA" MR MA A AIWj* J.Aulb MirNANY Q NAW 00[ZQi OYIM 4A- Ry IdLirR 4 Precipitation Rate Test Worksheet (213) am �i•lu�i•I.a"ir�i•p�<� ��o���fii•� it,���i��r,�■■ Precipitation Rate Test Worksheet (3/3) NOIIi/1�0 W=WA110N1LAT%TXFr (31) Ell C"OkfWAalMr11 61.W 52." 4,O.Q2 X Q,45A1,0^0 Field Work Hints Set Up Ahead of Current Station Always be Running a Station Get Major Areas Done First Radio Remote or Walkie Talkie Assistance of Site Staff STEP 6: PRINT SCHEDULE Enter Field Data into Computer from Worksheet Computer Performs All Calculations Computer Prints Base Schedule E 4 11 K 0 - 94 - 0 0 Appendix J-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Details of Schedule Calculation N Data for; Area A Sta.1 value Units ource I Eroin July 0.24 inches ofwaterlday Ero hops 2 ADJUSTED Kc(AKc) 0.75 dccimalpaomtage Table A.1 3 Daffy Tarf WaterUse 0.18 indha ofwater/day 01 a N2 4 bErm Effective Rain 0.00 inches af watatday EroNrpetok 5 WvWyTurfWataUw 1.26 inrlrra, cacalated (a3-M)a7dtya 6 AvaiL Days falaigations 5 Mow Fridays; Game Sat. SitehLrutga 7 Watarequired,achird. 0.25 inctea ofwata N5+N6 8 Dialribmim Unifamity 0.83 dimoruimlas FialdTcat 9 Grae Appliafim Required 0.30 inches of water N7*08 10 Fraipitatim Rate 1.65 inches per harr Field Tat it Taal Runtime m irri. des 11 rrdnma ("10)ae0 12 R tRmtunamim.da e i t N11r2 Base Schedule rVersion 5 Irvine Marriott Weatem Wider Distria J. AudAa 123 Saah Balevrd 61WI99011:4598AM Socal, CA 02222 Weather Data Set: Loa-Angebe (555) 655.1212 Contraher:I Sao Trim Fada: i BASE IRRIGATION SCHEDULE (minaee per Irtgaton Day) RR STA DAYlS I PREG Joni Fabi Marl Apr lMaylJun I Jul Aug Sap I Oct JNavlDac 1 5 1.51 ® ® 4, 8 8 8 10 8 7 7 ® (81 2 6 1.74 ® ® 4 7 7 7 8 7 6 6 30 5 1.51 ® ® 3 6 6 6 7 6 5 5 ® Q IRRLDAYSNVEE Adjusted Schedule ADJUSTED IRRIGATION SCHEDULE (min_aa per Iniprbn Daly)) S;A ETo INCHES PER WEEK) DAH51 FIR25 0.50 0.75 1`�2 110�17Z�1P1�tm— 951A01325 2 1 3 4 6 7 9 10 12 13 15 16 18 19 30 2 4 4 e 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 Set Controller using Base Schedule Review Results with Site Manager Set Controller using Base Schedule Put Schedule Inside Controller Cover for Reference STEP 7: PREPARE REPORTS, ADJUST SCHEDULE Send Site Report to Site Manager Discuss Implementation of Base Schedule Discuss Need for Equipment Changes Site Report Letter Format for Management Review Presents Base & Adjusted Schedule Potential Savings Document Hardware Changes to Consider Appendix with: Base and Adjusted Schedules; Raw Data Technical Information, References Encourage Site Manager t(r "TRIM BACK" Reduce Site Trimming Factor until Mild Stress Repair/Replace Hardware where Stress Increase Station Fine Tuning Factor if CAN'T Repair Implement Adjusted Schedule after "Trimming" - 95 - Appendix 7-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Use of Adjusted Schedules Current Weather Data Instead of Historical CIMIS or Phone Message for Data Adjusted Schedule Table for New Runtimes STEP 8: REVIEW PERFORMANCE Periodic Performance Review of All Sites Unaudited Sites may Now Need Audits Estimate Water Savings due to Audits Discuss Possible Improvements, Site Trimming Record Data for Auditors and DWR Reports R E C A P THE EIGHT STEPS OF AN AUDIT Site Selection Step 1: obtain Site Data Step 2: Rank by Net Benefits Step 3: Site Inspection Field Work Step 4: Prepare for Irri. System Tests Step 5: Perform Irri. System Tests 4W Step 6: Calculatelimplement Base Schedule Follow-Uo Step 7: Prepare Reports, Adjust Schedule Step 8: Review Performance R E C A P KEY WATER AUDITOR ACTIONS Check and Fix Equipment Balance Station to Station Balance Season to Season Pine Tune the System > Trim Back LUNCH Optional Sessions CIMIS hookup 0 - 96 - Appendix J-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook 7 I• II AUDITOR TRAINING II The slides from the Second Day of the Auditor Training Program are presented below. •LWM second day LANDSCAPE WATER MANAGEMENT WRM Today You Will .......................... Review Yesterdays Results Review Technical Concepts Conduct Second Audit Prepare Audit Plan BASE SCHEDULE (1/4) sua raervnme• W"ar "MM Vem mn4 Irvine Marriott Weathm Water Ontrid J. Audaor 123 South Boulevard 6/ar1990 11ASMAM Sotal, CA 92222 Weather Data Set: Loa Angela, (555)55S1212 Conaoller: I Site Tnm Factor:I BASE IRRIGATION SCHEDULE (minulee per Irrigation Day) STA DAYS jPREQjJan1FabjMarj Apr I May I Jun I JuIjAuqjSepjOdjNovjDec 1 5 1.51 0 0 4 8 8 8 10 8 7 7 0 0 2D 4 1.74 0 0 4 7 7 7 8 7 8 8 0 0 30 5 1.51 0 0 3 6 e e 7 6 5 5 0 0 4 IRRI. DAYSAYEEK 0 0 1 2 3 4 4 4 3 2 1 0 5 IRRI.DAYSAYEEK 0 0 2 3 4 5 5 5 4 3 1 0 BASE SCHEDULE (2/4) ADJUSTED IRRK3ATK)N SCHEDULE (minute, per lrtigrion Day) CHE PERWEE�251250,2. S'A DAYS 025 0.50 0.75 i`00)1ETo 17 e5j3.00 325 2 5 38 5 1 3 4 8gg--���-7 9 10 12 1533 tS 18 18 19 1 2 4 4 8 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 BASE SCHEDULE (3/4) SUB -AREA STATISTICS LO 9 ed Roottone Sol Allowable ro Ama Uniormity Days' Depth Type Depletion Plant Matenal A 0.70 5 4 LOAMY 05 Cool_Seawn Cr -97- Appendix J-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook BASE SCHEDULE (4/4) MWOATA (6 N me Mwwmwft pK w6w* C" DrAosk". 6.106p. In. � SUS STA AAEA I AW. IRUNIC"Vokx (o911100 06 0.70 LIM M STATON 1 CCNTROLM I 1/2 A 1.00 OA 21 10 21 26 18 16 2 S 7.00 62 17 M 20 16 24 16 COMI2WSINWBWU":7.663(IDOCOV14 $7.667pwyw A&wn*V:3 Aoraq: 601 Wdw Cat It 1M pM 100 CUR Aural AVc:0A01AmW hi6dbn Effio1 :0.60 =9nrNM hip�tbn k=ld W loanmh6r 6i6tklfs dd, GOAL » GOOD WATER MANAGEMENT Save Money Save Water Improve Appearance Reduce Disease KEY WATER AUDITOR PROCEDURES Check and Fix Equipment Balance Runtimes Between Stations Adjust Runtime According to Season Fine Tune the System > Trim Back Adjust Runtime According to Season C)MIS Pan Evaporation Observation (Change Site Trim Factor) Fine Tune the System > Trim Back Observations of Shade, Orientation During Inspection In Operation - Look for Weak or Wet Spots Repair Hardware if Possible, then ... Individual Station Adjustments ADDITIONAL LIA TERMS Slide Narrative LIA Handbook LIA Handbook index UNDERSTANDING TURF WATER USE Why Does Turf Need Water? What is Stress, How is it Recognized? Evapotranspiration ET (in./Day) WaterEvaporated From Soil Water Transpired Through Plant Reference Evapotranspiration ETo (in./day) Well Watered, 4" to 611 High Grass Potential Evapotranspiration from Grass Different Climates have Different ETo Computed with Weather Station or Evap. Pan Provides Reference for Other Plants r 0 - 98 - Appendix J-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Crop Coefficient Kc % Plant Water Use to ETo Warm Season Less than Cool Season Based on Actual Tests Adjusts ETo to actual Plant Use Adjusted Crop Coefficient AKc Crop Coefficient Adjusted for Stress Acceptable Stress Turf Approx. 80% Appearance Maintained Provides for Allowable Stress in Turf Available Water Holding Capacity AWHC (in./in.) Amount of Water Held in Soil Excess Water Drains Below Rootzone Storage per Inch of Soil Varies by Texture AWHC X Rootzone = Inches of Water Available Rootzone Depth (in.) Depth of Soil Containing Active Roots Potential Rootzone Deeper Than Actual Develop Deeper Roots Spring and Fall Rootzone X AWHC = Inches of Water Available Management Allowable Depletion MAD M How Dry the Soil is Permitted to Become %d of Soil Available Water Influences How Often to Irrigate Plant Water Use ET (in./Day) ETo Temp, Humidity, Wind, Solar Rad. Kc or AKc Plant Material, Level of stress Daily Water Use = ETo X Kc Daily Water Use E wn.m.Y w — ON dr AOow:D.O�dt— ON ON z oas a 000 . — ON sAva"— 000 1WM— ON 1 42• AWHC ,a. (50%MAD) IBRIGA,E When? —After 7days How Much?-2.10• +losses Field Measurements Precipitation Rate ? Distribution Uniformity (D.U.)? Distribution Uniformity (D.U.) (%) Ratio of Precipitation: Dry vs Wet Areas Based on Irrigation System Hardware Easy to Measure Using Catch Devices Limiting Factor When Using Good Schedules Appendix 7-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook Uniformity Water Depths in Soil after Application S Uniform Non -Uniform Lower Quarter Uniformity (°k) One Way of Measuring System Uniformity Ratio of Average of Lowest 25% of Catch Divided by Average of Total Catch Lower Quarter Distribution Uniformity MCF.Nr OF AREA (Re edviM &t Lean Amoom Shown) w =� , 0.n 1 75 050- o,cs- #.75- Lw K�aac✓ Irrigation System Efficiency (%) Percent of Applied Water Held in Rootzone Based on Img. Scheduling & Sys. Uniformity Very Difficult to Measure Cannot be Higher Than Uniformity Efficiency Water Contained in Root Zone Efficient Not Efficient Sohom a Anw,i an, mRool7on sam,w,tW Blow Root Zom Irrigation Schedule How Long ? How Often ? When? How Long (Runtime per Week) How Much Water is Needed How Often (Days per Week) ET, AKc of Turf (Demand) Effective Rainfall s Non -Uniformity of System How Fast Water is Applied Precipitation Rate (In./Hr.) - 100 - 9 0 0 Appendix J-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook How Often (Days/Week, Starts/Day) Soil (AWHC, Infiltration Rate) Rootzone Depth Plant ET Management Allowable Depletion MAD Station Conditions eg. Slopes When (Days & Times of week) Which Days of The Week What Time of Day Multiple Starts DETAILS OF SCHEDULE CALCULATION a DAutfor. Arm A Sta.1 Value Units ource 1 —No Ju-July 0.7r1 inchaofwataa/day Efo Map 2 ADJUSTED KC(AX0 0.75 decimal pacmtago Table A.1 3 Daily TurfWataUw 0.18 inches ofwata/day M1 xg2 4 Minus Effective Rain 0.00 inches of wata/day Ere Maps h Cdc 5 Weekly Turf Water Use 1.26 inches, calculated (07.M)s7day, 6 AvaiL Days forLrigatims 5 Mow Fridays; Game Sat. Site Manages 7 Water tequired, ach ird. 0.25 inches of water NS*86 8 Disttbutim Uniformity 0.83 dimensionless Feld Tat 9 Cmosa APpliation Required 0.30 inches of water 87+88 10 Precipitation Rate 1.65 inchmpahour Feld Tat 11 TOW Runtime on irti. dds 09M1gs60 R t 6 mn12 utes Nil*2 TYPICAL: INFILTRATION vs PRECIPITATION RATES 10 9 9 Inlinntlon Rate e 8 ICY q 6 CLAY 0 4 A 3 2 am t ree 0 Burt 8 minuln f0 Me 18 minutesrem e. Maximum Irdoahon Tsro for Clay Maaimum lrtgalon Timely Loam DETAILS OF PRECIPITATION RATE TESTS Catch Devices (Volume Caught in Known Area, Time) Sprinkler Output as Reaches Ground Desire Similar Pressures and Wind Use Linking if Consistent Performance SUB -AREA CONCEPT HANDLES MOST SITES WRM Designed for Overlapping in One Direction Pick Longest Direction of Overlap Folded Geometry, Convoluted Geometry Treat as Separate Sub -Areas Multiple Stand -Alone Stations > Fine Tune = 0.8 - 101 - Appendix J-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook IRREGULAR GEOMETRY suuoni SUUon2 SUUon3 CATCH CAN PLACEMENT ■ _- ■ - Sutlon 1 SfAUon 2 ■ � � ~ suuan 3 McnxMCANSTAnoNn ■ TOnann�n �vq 'CAM 'urtilCANI noun ataiuv aroxamna+n ■gym UATIONnanryM IRREGULAR GEOMETRY CATCH CAN PLACEMENT 0I !I O�I A - 102 - Appendix J-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook �J I ■ F--■■sveo� z ■ � ■ � � ■ ShUon 3 ■GTOIGNSMMWFI ■cArCnaV+ rJ ■CA=C MMWn eaTP "Anonnan(lm ■GnNCAHSrAvwn GTQ[CAt1 �ameaiaMnaKnanpfn COMPUTER SOFTWARE Site Ranldng Calculations for Base Schedules/Update Schedules Prints Site Selection. and Irrigation Schedule Reports CIMIS Database for Adjusted or Updated Schedules TRACKING DATA FOR DWR REPORTING For Each Site Audited - Acres, Prior Water Use Projected Water Use/Savings Estimated Auditor Time Spent For Territory - Sample Sites for Actual Savings Sample of Actual Costs for Auditing Recommendations for Program Enhancement - 103 - Appendix J-- Landscape Irrigation Auditor Handbook ANNUAL AUDIT LABOR WORKSHEET (1/2) ANNUAL AUDIT LABOR WORKSHEET (2/2) ANNUAL SITE WATER USE (1/2) ANNUAL SITE WATER USE (2/2 0 C I A L� - 104 - E 0 APPENDIX K INDEX Adjust Stations as Needed 18 Adjusted Schedules 3, 30 ANALYTIC CONCEPTS 33 Audit Cost 7 Audit Plan 10, 13 AUDIT TECHNIQUES 23 Base Schedule 14 Base Schedules 28 Benefit/Cost Calculation 31 Broken Sprinkler Heads 69 Catch Device 11 CIMIS 18,29 Controller Identification 9 Crop Coefficient Values 27 Determine Site Priority 6 Drought Tolerance 33 effective rainfall 7 ETo 7 ETo Tables 25 Irrigation Water Requirement 7 Field Work 3, 8 Follow-up 3, 17 High Pressure 69 Infiltration Rate 34 irrigation schedules 1 Irrigation Scheduling 34 Irrigation System Efficiency 38 Irrigation System Tests 13 Irrigation System Uniformity 36 key actions 2 Low Pressure 69 Lower Quarter Distribution Uniformity 37 Management Allowed Depletion 34 Maps 41 Auditor 3 Auditor Training iii Metered versus Un-Metered Sites 6 Mis-aligned Heads 69 Net Benefits 7 Plant Water Use 33 Potential Savings 7 Precipitation Rate 3' Precipitation Rate Data 14 Precipitation Rates 25, 40 Program Justification 30 Reference Evapotranspiration 7 Review Performance 20 Root Zone 34 Rootzone 28 Run -Off 69 SAMPLE AUDIT 61, Schedule Calculation 29 site inspection 1, 8 Site Manager 6 Site Maps 9, 23 SITE SELECTION 3, 5, 6 Site Selection Worksheet 5 Sloped Areas 69 Soil Water Holding Capacity 27, 34 Sprinkler Flow Rates 39 Sprinkler Spacing 69 stress-33 Sunken Heads 69 System Uniformity 3 Testing, Runtimes 14 Thatch 69 training sessions 21 Trim Back 18 Trimming Back 21 Turf Water Requirements 26 Water Saved 20 WEATHER DATA 45 Weekly Applications 41 WORKSHEETS 55 WORKSHEETS 53 - 105 - E P T L A N D S C A P E A R C H I T E C T U R E RECEIVtu Oy PLANNING DEPARTMENT CITY OF NEWPORT BEACH JAN 2 0 1992 PM January 14,1992718191Ig1ll112111213141516 6 Mr. James D.Hewicker Planning Director Pasadena City Of Newport Beach P. O. Box 1768 8anfiem Capistrano Newport Beach, California 92658 Dear Mr. Hewicker: EPT Landscape Architecture is pleased to express our interest in providing the City Of Newport Beach with landscape architectural services. Our firm, with 30 years experience, has a strong background in public works projects throughout Southern California. Accompanying this letter we have outlined a few of these projects in the areas of street enhancement, and parks and recreation. We hope this material will be helpful to you in evaluating the scope of our abilities, and we look forward to hearing from you with regard to future city work. Should you have any questions or require further information please call our San Juan Capistrano office for assistance, or complete the provided response card and we will contact you. Sincerely , 'le Richard H. Vanderwood, Jr., ASLA Principal JE/tms Enclosures ERIKSSON • PETERS • THOMS Michael J. Principal PRINCIPALS: Robert Eriksson • Owen Peters • David Thorns • Jeff Chanalee • Richard Vanderwood, Jr. • Nord Eriksson • Michael Bungantch 27461 Calle Arroyo, SanJuan Capistrano, California 92675 Telephone (714) 661-7127 FAx (714) 248-2599 California License Number 404 CORPORATE PROFILE EPT LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Eriksson Peters Thoms (EPT Landscape Architecture) was formed in 1962 when Robert M. Eriksson and Owen H. Peters blended their combined 25 years experience in the design industry. The founders implemented sensitive design with precise execution in a broad spectrum of landscape projects. The firm expanded in 1966 when David C. Thoms was promoted to partner and added his construction design and production management expertise to the firm's broadening capabilities. EPT has continued to grow and now has seven principals with offices in Pasadena and San Juan Capistrano. EPT's personnel are the key to the corporation's success. Today the creative talents and technical skills of EPT's staff enable the firm to offer a wide range of services to clients in both public and private sectors. These services include: needs analysis, master planning, site design, construction documents, construction observation and project management. EPT has completed a large body of commercial, institutional, recreational, church, school and streetscape projects throughout Southern California. An emphasis on quality, user friendly spaces has resulted in numerous awards recognizing design excellence. RICHARD H. VANDERWOOD, JR. Principal-in-Charge/Project Architect EDUCATION: B.S. in Landscape Architecture, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona,1975 PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS: Member, American Society of Landscape Architects Member, Building Industry of America, Southern California Chapter Member, Home Builders' Council REGISTRATION: Licensed Landscape Architect, California #1726 Mr. Vanderwood became a member of EPT Landscape Architecture in 1973, became an Associate in 1976 and was promoted to Principal in 1985. Currently he serves as Prinicpal-in-Charge of the San Juan Capistrano office. Mr. Vanderwood's expertise is in site design, facilities planning and construction detailing. His knowledge of project management, construction design and the impact of large and small facilities on given sites is extensive. Mr. Vanderwood has managed and coordinated some of the firms most challenging projects. His project approach is innovative in solution, precise in execution. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: • Newport Coast Drive, Orange County, California • Westpark Phases One through Six, Irvine, California • Tustin Ranch Streetscape Phases Two & Four, Tustin, California • Brywood Park, Irvine, California • Sunnyridge School, Moreno Valley, California • Northwood School, Irvine, California • Pasadena School District, Pasadena, California • Springbrook Park, Irvine, California • Woodflower Park, Irvine, California • Northwood Park, Irvine, California • Palos Verdes Drive North, Rolling Hills Estates, California • St. Margaret's Church and School, San Juan Capistrano, California MICHAEL J. BUNGANICH, ASLA Principal EDUCATION: B.S. in Landscape Architecture, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California,1978 A.S. in Architecture, Southwestern College, San Diego, California,1973 PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS: Member, American Society of Landscape Architects Member, Building Industry of America Member, Home Builders Council REGISTRATIONS: Licensed Landscape Architect, California #2041,1981 Licensed Architect, California #13823,1983 Licensed Landscape Contractor (Inactive), California C-27, 433533 COMMUNITY AFFILIATIONS: Member, San Juan Capistrano Chamber of Commerce Member, San Clemente Chamber of Commerce Member and Past Director, San Clemente Rotary Club Member, Urban Design Citizen's Advisory Committee for San Clemente Mr. Bunganich serves as a Principal Landscape Architect in the San Juan Capistrano Office. He is responsible for project coordination, site design through construction drawings to final inspections. Mr. Bunganich received First Honor Award for the Pasadena Festival for the Arts in 1978, and First Honor Award, California Council of Landscape Contractors, Large Commercial, Prado Plaza in 1984. Current and recent projects include: • Westpark Planning Area 38, Park #4 "The Meadows" Irvine, California • Westpark Planning Area 38, Park #3 "Villa Garden" Irvine, California • Westpark Planning Area 38, Park #5 "Villa Garden" Irvine, California • Catalina Landing - Long Beach Harbor • MacArthur Boulevard Road Widening, at John Wayne Airport, Irvine, California • Historical Renovation, Coba Building, San Clemente, California • Hoehn Honda Dealership, Carlsbad, California PUBLIC WORKS & STREET ENHANCEMENT WESTPARK STREETSCAPES The Irvine Company Irvine, California Ken Coulter - 714/720-2000 NEWPORT COAST DRIVE The Irvine Company Newport Coast, Orange County, California John Kadlabitsky 714/720-2000 MANHATTAN BEACH DOWNTOWN City of Manhattan Beach STREETSCAPES Patrick Kelly - 213/545-5621 Manhattan Beach, California CAMINO CAPISTRANO BRIDGE City of San Juan Capistrano Public Works - 714/493-1171 San Juan Capistrano, California NORTHWOOD STREETSCAPES The Irvine Company Irvine, California Ken Coulter - 714/720-2000 MacARTHUR BLVD./JOHN WAYNE City of Irvine AIRPORT ASL Consulting Irvine, California Bill Bennett - 714/727-7099 MacARTHUR BOULEVARD City of Santa Ana STREETSCAPE Ron Ono - 714/250-5525 Santa Ana, California TUSTIN RANCH STREETSCAPES, The Irvine Company Phases 2 & 4 Dave Conley - 720-2000 Tustin, California DEL OBISPO/CAMINO DEL AVION City of San Juan Capistrano San Juan Capistrano, California Public Works - 714/493-1171 TUSTIN RANCH ROAD Ph. 2 MEDIANS City of Tustin Tustin, California Bob Ledendecker 714/544-8890 PALOS VERDES DRIVE NORTH City of Rolling Hills Rolling Hills Estates, California ASL Consulting Bill Bennett - 714/250-5525 INDIAN HILL BOULEVARD REDEVELOPMENT Claremont, California SOUTH PASADENA MEDIAN STRIP South Pasadena, California IRVINE CENTER DRIVE STREETSCAPE Irvine, California SANTA ANA BOULEVARD STREET IMPROVEMENT Santa Ana, California BURBANK AIRPORT Empire Avenue Burbank, California SIMI VALLEY ADMINISTRATIVE FACILITY Simi Valley, California City of Claremont Engineering - 714/624-4531 City of South Pasadena Parks & Recreation Dept. 818/405-4306 City of Irvine Tim Kirkham - 714/660-6101 City of Santa Ana ASL Consulting Bill Bennett - 714/250-5525 Burbank, Glendale, Pasadena Airport Authority Burbank Airport, Empire Ave. Maintenance City of Simi Valley/Cashion, Horie, Cocke & Gonzalez Architects Roger Cocke - 714/625-3924 19th STREET City of Costa Mesa ENHANCEMENT STUDY ASL Consulting Costa Mesa, California Bill Bennett - 714/250-5525 PARKS & RECREATION PROJECTS AREA 38 PRIVATE PARK #3 Irvine, CA AREA 38 PUBLIC PARK #4 Irvine, CA AREA 38 PRIVATE PARK #5 Irvine, CA SOUTHRIDGE PARK LOT 120 Fontana, CA SOUTHRIDGE PARK LOT 98 Fontana, CA SANTA FE DAM RECREATION AREA Irwindale, CA SPRINGBROOK PARK Irvine, CA WOODFLOWER PARK Irvine, CA BRYWOOD (NORTHWOOD) PARK Irvine, CA ROXBURY PARK MASTER PLAN Beverly Hills, CA ROXBURY PARK MASTER PLAN AND REMODEL" Beverly Hills, CA The Irvine Company 714/720-2000 The Irvine Company 714/720-2000 The Irvine Company 714/720-2000 Ten -Ninety, Ltd./Wes Hylen 714/842-5527 Ten -Ninety, Ltd./Wes Hylen 714/842-5527 Los Angeles District Army Corps. of Engineers/John Williams 213/688-5459 The Irvine Company 714/720-2000 The Irvine Company 714/720-2000 The Irvine Company 714/720-2000 City of Beverly Hills Parks & Recreation Dept. Rick Putnam - 213/550-4864 City of Beverly Hills Parks & Recreation Dept. Rick Putnam - 213/550-4864 PAN PACIFIC PARK Los Angeles, CA CHARLES WHITE PARK Pasadena, CA GARVEY RANCH PARK Monterey Park, CA FLAGSTONE PARK Irvine, CA **Award Winner County of Los Angeles Parks and Recreation Dept. Ron Gagnon - 213-744-4306 County of Los Angeles Parks & Recreation Dept. 213/257-3500 City of Monterey Park Engineering Dept. 818/307-1321 City of Irvine Parks and Recreation 714/744-6000 Pasadmta San Junn Caplstmno ❑ We do not need a landscape architect now. Please call me in three months. ❑ We would like to meet with you. Please call me. ❑ We would like more information. Please call me. Other: Firm Name I city — Telephone ( Thank You For Your Interest EPT LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE I I I I I( NO POSTAGE NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE UNITED STATES BUSINESS REPLY MAIL FIRSTCLASSMAIL PERMITNO.4756 PASADENA,CA - POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY ADDRESSEE EPT LANDSCAPEARCHLTECTURE 1214 EAST GREEN STREET PASADENA CA 91106-9973 IId�11��III�JIII�1111111LLdILIL1�II�ILILId u Committee for Water Policy Consensus LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES PURPOSE The purpose of these Landscape Guidelines is to effect efficient water use through proper landscape design and management. Plan review staff may consider granting variances where appropriate and justified. Applicability The Landscape Guidelines are applicable to: All new landscaping on parcels greater than 6,000 square feet except that by a single- family homeowner at his own residence. Model homes. Rehabilitated landscaping (for projects greater than 10,000 square feet requiring a plan review) for industrial, commercial, institutional, multi -family and residential common areas of PUDs. Plant Selection 1. At least 90% of the plants selected in non -turf areas shall be well -suited to the climate of the region and require minimal water once established. Up to 10% of the plants may be of a non - drought tolerant variety as long as they are grouped together and can be irrigated separately. Turf Selection and Limitations The combined turf and/or water area (i.e., pools, ponds and fountains) shall be limited to 25% of landscaped2 areas. Turf limitation excluded for public parks, golf courses, cemeteries and school recreation areas. t For the purposes of these guidelines, common area is defined as those areas in a residential development maintained by either the developer or a homeowners' association. 2 For the purpose of these guidelines, landscaped area is defined as the parcel less building pad(s), driveway(s) and parking areas. Examples could include: planted areas, water bodies, patios, decks, walkways, and natural areas. 1485 Enea Court, Suite 1330 • Concord, California 94520 FAX (510) 682-6680 • PHONE (510) 682-6633 LandscapeGuidelines Page 2 2. No turf shall be allowed: • in median strips. in areas less than eight (8) feet wide. Soil Conditionirur & Mulching 1. Soil tests shall be required and shall be submitted with landscape plans. Soil will be amended according to report recommendations. 2. A minimum of 2 inches of mulch shall be added in non -turf areas to the soil surface after planting. Non -porous material shall not be placed under the mulch. lrristation 1. Sprinklers and sprays shall not be used in areas less than eight (8) feet wide. Drip and bubbler shall be used that do not exceed 1.5 gallons per minute per device. 2. Sprinkler heads with a precipitation rate of .85" per hour or less shall be used on slopes exceeding 15% to n it in ire runoff, or exceeding 10% within 10 feet of hardscape. 3. Valves and circuits shall be separated based on water use. 4. Drip or bubbler irrigation systems are required for trees. S. Sprinkler heads must have matched precipitation rates within each control valve circuit. 6. Serviceable check valves are required where elevation differential may cause low head drainage. 7. Sprinkler head spacing shall be designed for head -to -head coverage. The system should be designed for minimum runoff and overspray onto non -irrigated areas. 8. All irrigation systems shall be equipped with a controller capable of dual or multiple programming. Controllers must have multiple cycle start capacity and a flexible calendar program. 9. Plans shall include a water budget that includes: Estimated annual water use (in gallons) and the area (in square feet) irrigated. • Precipitation rates for each valve circuit. • Monthly irrigation schedule for the plant establishment period and for the first year thereafter. Committee for Water Policy Consensus 4/13/89 (415) 682-6633 ADDITIONAL LANDSCAPE RECOMMENDATIONS The following is not part of the recommended LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES but represents additional measures/devices that can be used to improve landscape water -use efficiency. ImQation System 1. Use rain shutoff device with automatic controller. 2. Use automatic moisture sensors. 3. Precipitation rates for a given circuit should not exceed soil absorption rates. Planting Design 1. Use drought -tolerant turfgrasses such as Tall Fescue. 2. Avoid the use of trees in turf. 3. Avoid the use of berms near hardscapes. Turf 1. Turf should be dethatched and aerated regularly to promote effective water infiltration into the soil, minimize water runoff, and promote deep, healthy roots. Grading 1. Grading in the landscaped areas should be minimized to avoid soil compaction. Compacted soil should be scarified. Irrigation Scheduling 1. Electrical controllers shall be set to water between 5:00 p.m. and 10:00 a.m. and programmed to avoid runoff. Set irrigation schedule according, to plants' water needs. Every controller should have an irrigation schedule (multi-lingual, if appropriate) attached for maintenance personnel to follow. Irrigation schedule should reflect time of year and plant maturity. Turfgrass irrigation should be set for no more frequently than every third day. Fertilizer 1. Low -nitrogen, slow -release fertilizer should be used when fertilizing lawns and plants. LANDSCAPE GUIDELINES GROUP The following water district, green industry, building industry, and local govenrnment representatives met under the auspices of the Committee for Water Policy Consensus to develop a basic set of recommended landscape guidelines for use by cities and counties. Each person listed participated one or more times with the group during the nine -month period in which the landscape guidelines were developed. Erika Aschmann, East Bay Municipal Utility District Richard Bennett, East Bay Municipal Utility District Buzz Bertolero, California Association of Nurserymen John Blevens, American Society of Irrigation Consultants Robert Crudup, Green Industry Landscape Advisory Committee, San Francisco Bay Area Region Harley Davis, Department of Water Resources Tom Fox, East Bay Municipal Utility District Lynn Huhne, Marin Municipal Water District Will Hutchinson, Santa Clara Valley Water District Richard Jensen, Braddock & Logan Associates; Building Industry Association, Eastern Division Randy Lewis, Protea Computer Plant Program Karen Mahshi, American Society of Landscape Architects Deborah Maxon, Contra Costa Water District Scott McGilvray, Green Industry Landscape Advisory Committee, San Francisco Bay Area Region Matthew Mullan, San Francisco Water Department David Okita, Contra Costa County Bill Owen, Landscape Architect/Arborist Virginia Porter, Marin Municipal Water District Corbin Schneider, Landscape Architect, Thomas E. Baak & Associates Richard Sealana, Association of Bay Area Governments, Training Eric Whan, Contra Costa County Jacqueline Williams, California Association of Nurserymen CWPC Staff: Lori Griggs, Executive Director Suzanne Easton, Water Conservation Coordinator (June 1988 - January 1989) Bruce Walker, Water Conservation Coordinator (February 1989 - Present) (Affiliations listed for identification purposes only) 4/13/89 Community Landscape Development Series Local Landscape Ordinances N. Irri.,- F � , ~ �+ .. � '�`"�f.: �i'q^i,.,.°i`}mac*'"' i''�•im.�« �'.�atl�iKeha.`. d-.,....:,,r,MR.'�{'^rr,'• r'^j• � I ;,`4 r�4'a+. a' i Lt M � t t 0 Concept Components During the 1970's and 1980's many local commun- ities throughout the United States and Canada passed ordinances or regulations concerning: preservation of trees and other natural features, landscape requirements between different ] uses or activities, buffering objectional views or areas, shading or screening parking and service areas. nces were largely passed in response to caused by rapid or improper develop - caused destruction of the natural amen - the desire to improve the local quality of e initiation, component development and -procedures of each ordinance. isdifferent , on local political, economic and ecologic - better understand and chronicle the ;cent phenomena of local regulation, encouragement of community landscape a survev was undertaken to collect that study, it covers Purposes, Components Options, of these local landscape ordinances. Approaches components depending on local circumstances or situations. An overview and analysis of these com- ponents and the frequency with which they are found in local ordinances shows the following heir- archy: The components which are found in local landscape ordinances, in the order in which they are most often found in the regulations include: Maintenance requirements, Irrigation requirements, Landscape plan requirements, Landscape development required inside parkinglots, Screening requirstnents_ for parking lots,a_djacent to public rights -of -way, Installation requirements before a certificate of occupancy is Issued, Trees required in ratio to total sq.ft. of landscape develop- ment, Landscape development required relative to -land use, Plant list specified, Buffer or screen required between different land use zones, Minimum percentage of the site with landscape development, Storage and loading areas screened, Plant list required, Landscape plan signed by a registered landscape architect, Preservation of existing trees and natural features, Show existing conditions, Sight triangles specified, Allowance for alterative compliance, Filing fee required, Lighting required, Works of art or water features completed before a certificate of occupancy is issued, Bond or cash escrow required to insure completion, Conflict Est given, Natural growth areas suggested, ---in-tile-various-ordinaneesAese are- _ 1. Develop rigid rules and regulations, 2. AWN z 2. Prapare variable guidelines 3'a1i tJna4-- ifs 3. Outline performance standards. 1-tv f u WPAwer&I ,,q alrf+rr Purposes• •• •'� "•- Some of the stated purposes of local land ordinances include the following: Protection of public health, welfare and safety, improvement of local property values, Aid in the reduction of noise, heat and glare, Assistance with stabilizing local ecological balance, Providing for visual buffering, Preservation and protection of the unique local vegetation, Conservation of energy, More efficient utilization of local water resources, Improvement of"the quality of life in the local community, Encouragement of wildlife in the community, Mminwn, Lb.yO ,{ Rnxmp.aa You will become better equipped and more knowledgeable about this emerging phenomena. In the future, more and more communities will be involved in some form of insuring or guaranteeing that either the existing environment is better protected or that new landscape development meets certain minimum standards. Local Landscape Ordinances Options Within each of these components there are many options or alternatives as to how each aim or goal is actually supposed to be achieved. For example: In the component dealing with the number of trees required in ratio to the square feet of landscape development, the following options are given in different ordinances: A. 1 tree per 25 sq.ft. of planted area, B. 1 tree per 50 sq.ft, of planted area, C. 1 tree per 100 sq. ft. of planted area, D. 1 tree per 250 sq.ft, of planted area, E. 1 tree per 375 sq.ft. of planted area, F. 1 tree per 40 linear feet of frontage, G. 1 tree per 70 linear feet of frontage, Illustrations 0M, Inc Inr Lah IMP, I IIarx.w Iwrrl IfR Ia.raah:4l.y II M I,nnmd.mn L bw�bim�..n...•m.. runnec-o YaaDS aw FIX- eurr wum. u AD5, E IauDYAITs 11* I EIJT '-0IDVLP (+n...vrl1... eORM \"IC.uLaL spA& FvD 1 _ r"� w.N� 1 � ••• I a y PE�Twau 6PacEs. AMuu1M,I �u KIM1�.n.nYx Pn.J�O: A> wwH Tw• wcM�l.>u� .n. xi nxv..i. o`L..wu "r>.>%i>✓.1 »rr i r..�+.vr• �ruw._ Nand • .n..n».r 8 .we......rw.. .rw+.. _ m. h v.nr.. �a ..•. x.+.'� n iolinx.n �Wi.iwPv.a.>urw e...... wuauon'"..wr "µ r v.� ....xw,.+ vn....t+r e„I....r.+.n. Examples Olw nu' I•'r qs vl l l ..I Ir^ni W nun LANDSCAPE vlz'sNT5 LAWSCa7e ue/AOATS AEI+ ...1... .... ,A 11{{ .e' mN1111LrMMT J*O' a� msiuiai+ej rW Haernry hcarolry �Gre Evcyran <xrrc.r i sir •� Ui, 3� „UP•Vv wd are 0•hyh bhar Ava D hrgNr W.m ewnvl.. i.n enw.M.er..nm.... e.wM illm NrA.Mw...r>..n.e.. This is the most definitive evaluation of more than 200 local landscape ordinances from all regions of the United States. sexay'ouala LSb'oN lnwad OiVd a8atsod 'S'0 alau �lttQ N1•.Nwf...{I..w £99Z6 VO H3V?8 1BOdMRN 1210dMilN 00££—IIVH A1I3 S9Lb XOZ 0 d d3ti 9Nld HOV?B 1NOdM9N aLO SVd 64S£LO 980SL sexa,I, `oueld SVO898 xoli 'O'd SN0L1V3INf1WW00 VIOOV olqUJIUAV •taafgns snit jo 6pnis tpoual Xooq 4sa0 aqt si silty 1,3iooq siul jo Adoo v paau `uoi;elnflot adeos -puel pool ;o euauroumid ui tsaaatui ue aneq ao'ooueutp.to adeos -puel pool ogloads a of oiagpe tuailo a 8uidlaq `uoiluingai .to aoue -utpio adeospuel 8upsixo uu Suitepdn so 5tnsinai `aoueuipxo Sultsixa un 8uuatstuturpe aouculpto adeospucl mau a quit;etp ui paAlonui saoueuip.to aduospuel pool uo go uasa.l Sultonpuoo paAjoeut axle (Please -detach and mail this form along with the proper remittance to the address shown) 1 Yes! I would like to have my own copy of the new book LOCAL LANDSCAPE ORDINANCES. Please send _______copy(ies) of the book to the address shown below. Enclosed is @ S24.95 per copy (cash, check or money or purchase order, no credit card order. ' Please send this to: a 'lf"M1.8.... Ak (City) i�n wwyiti M Mail this order to: This is the first such comprehensive collection of information on this subject. (Name) (Company, agency or institution) (Address) (Zip code) AGORA COMMUNICATIONS P.0.9[ox 868048 Plano, Texas 75086 Please allow 6 to 8 weeks for delivery k f 92 702. Provisions for New or Rehabilitated Landscapes (a) Applicability (1) Except as provided in Section 702 (a) (3), this section shall apply to: (A) all new and rehabilitated landscaping for public agency project s and private development projects that requires a permit; and (B) develol familv oro ;r-installed lanc in single-family and multi- (2) Projects subject to this section shall conform to the provisions in Sections 702. (3) This section shall not apply to: (A) homeowner -provided landscaping at single-family and multi -family projects; (B) cemeteries; (C) registered historical sites; (D) ecological restoration projects that do not require a permanent irrigation system; (E) mined -land reclamation projects that do not require a permanent irrigation system; or (F) any project with a landscaped area less than 1,000 2,500 square feet. ., Water Conservation News Cities & Counties Prepare for New Water -Efficient Landscape Requirements by Lynn Anderson -Rodriguez, Santa Barbara County Water Agency and Marsha Prillwitz, California Department of Water Resources (This article provides basic information about the Water Conservation in Landscaping Act of 1990; describes the roles of city and county governments; and explains successful approaches to implementing the Model Water -Efficient Landscape Ordinance.) an landscapes be more water efficient, given low rainfall and limited new water supplies, without sacrificing their value and beauty? Recognizing the importance of this issue, the California State Legisla- ture enacted the Water Conservation in Landscaping Act of 1990, commonly referred to as AB 325. The Act requires cities and counties to develop and adopt water -efficient landscape ordinances by January 1,1993, otherwise, the Model Water -Efficient Landscape Ordinance automatically becomes effective for those cities and counties that do not meet this date. The Act required the Department of Water Resources to appoint an advisory task force to work with DWR to develop a Model Water -Efficient Landscape Ordinance. Thirteen representatives of the landscape industry, the building industry, cities, counties, water districts, and environ- mental organizations composed the task force. The proposed Model Ordinance has almost completed the public review process, and is expected to be officially adopted by DWR by the end of July, 1992. Y l'O DATE ❑ MAYOR ❑ GENERAL SERVICES ❑ COUNCIL ❑ LIBRARY ❑k CITY MANAGER ❑ MARINE ❑ DEPUTY CITY MGR. ❑ PARKS & REC. ❑ ATTORNEY ❑ PA ❑ BUILDING ❑ BUSINESS LIC. ❑�FLANNNING CITY CLERK 8 DATA PROCESSING ❑ DUPLICATING ❑ PURCHASING ❑ FINANCE ❑ TRAFFIC ❑ FIRE ❑ UTILITIES ❑ TELECOMM. FOR: 0 ACT ON & DISPOSITION FILE INFORMATION ❑ REVIEW & COMMENT ❑ RETURN What is the Model Water -Efficient Rmum, Landscape Ordinance? I LANDSc The Model Ordinance establishes a structure for designing, installing, and water allowance ?resno's is 51 ,percent of ET ndscape profes- enge of balancing )w water -using le; designing . systems; and es to stay within t to most planners sionals. In the landscape ordi- ,ontinued on page 6) July 1992 New Landscape Requirements rconRnnedfrmu page s, nances were based upon a prescriptive format. That is, each project was allowed a limited percentage of the site for grass, and then was required to use specified drought -tolerant plants for the rest of the landscape. This new water allowance approach permits more flexibility in landscape design while establishing a maximum amount of water to be used landscape -wide. It also provides a mechanism for water districts to support this process by establishing rates based upon the water allowance, thus providing an economic incentive for compliance. Some other important provisions of the Model Ordinance include: • plants appropriately selected and grouped in hydrozones • planting of trees encouraged • irrigation systems designed to use recycled water • soil tests required • no overhead sprinklers in median strips • separate meters for landscapes • automatic controllers and rain switches required • routine maintenance scheduled on a regular basis • landscape irrigation audits conducted every five years • conservation information to all new homeowners • one model home to demonstrate conservation principles. How much time and money are involved? Bob Perry, the landscape architects' representative on the AB 325 task force, believes that doing the water calcula- tions will take additionalr time at first, but once landscape architects get up to speed, it should add very little time to the landscape design phase. According to Perry, "Once people understand that under the Model Ordinance, approximately 25 percent of the landscape can be dedicated to high water -using plants, 25 percent to low water -using plants, and the rest to medium water -using plants, the process will go along smoothly; Then we can again focus on the client's needs and preferences and not be inhibited by the water calculations," Pat Marion, the Water Management Committee Chair for the California Landscape Contractors Association, works with developers and landscape architects in Sacramento County where they have had an ordinance similar to the Model Ordinance in place for almost two years. Ilis company, Soil Testing Service, charges $40 to $120 per controller for an irrigation schedule. Marion also conducts landscape irrigation audits at a rate of $200 base fee and $120 per acre. A soil testing package that would satisfy the Model Ordinance requirements costs $62. Another cost associated with imple- menting the Model Ordinance is planning staff time. In many communi- ties this cost is completely offset by applicant or developer fees. For example, Santa Barbara County charges $45 an hour for landscape review fees which cover the cost of staff review time. Initially planners may need to spend more time understanding the water needs of the individual plants and the composite landscape design and detennining if it is within the water allowance. Training may need to be provided to staff on the more technical aspects of the landscape plan such as the irrigation design and schedule. In the long run, however, the water allowance approach should not require more time than other methods. It is estimated that, initially, the review time associated with the Model Ordinance would go up an average of 1.5 hours per plan, but most likely would go down over time. What do cities and counties have to do? Cities and counties have until January 1, 1993 to adopt the Model Ordinance, adopt their own water -efficient land- scape ordinance, or issue a finding that they do not need such an ordinance, based upon specified conditions. If no action is taken, the Model Ordinance automatically goes into effect on January 1,1993. Cities and counties are required by the legislation to send a copy of their ordinance or finding to DWR by January 31,1993. DWR will report back to the Legislature by July 1,1993 summarizing the status of water - efficient landscape ordinances adopted by local agencies. Eleven counties and 77 cities have some sort of water -efficient landscape ordinance, guidelines, or resolution on Jury 1992 Water Conservat�ona ews the books. Alameda, Contra Costa, Napa, Orange, Riverside, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco, Sonoma, Tuolomne, and Ventura are the counties with existing water -efficient landscape policies or standards. Sacramento County is the only county ordinance that uses the water allowance approach. What are the advantages of using the Model Ordinance approach? While many communities already have ordinances which meet the general requirements of the Act, they may want to consider adopting the Model Ordi- nance instead. The Model Ordinance was designed to be "generic" and easily adaptable. Cities and counties are welcome to make modifications to the Model Ordinance to meet their, own needs, as long as the spirit of water efficiency is maintained. A committee of staff within the local planning department can be formed to consider appropriate adaptions to the Model Ordinance, or develop a similar ordinance which addresses the needs of staff and the community and makes the process as simple as possible to imple- ment. For example, the water allow- ance can be revised (up or down) to meet the unique water supply of each jurisdiction. The consensus of the task force that developed the Model Ordi- nance was that more consistent and uniform landscape design criteria statewide would be an advantage to developers and landscape professionals. City planner checks landscape plans to make sure they comply with local water -efficient landscape ordinance What should a city or county consider when adopting the Model Ordinance or their own water - efficient landscape ordinance? The first step is to determine whether or not an agency's existing standards and requirements already meet AB 325 requirements. In some counties, such as Santa Barbara, standard mitigation measures and conditions related to landscapes are applied to projects during the environmental review process. Check with the planning department or with the local water district to determine the current land- scape review process. Existing stan- dards or requirements may only need codifying to comply with AB 325. The law requires that an ordinance or resolution be formally adopted by the local legislative body of each city or county, rather than implemented through a more informal guideline approach. Ventura County, for example, currently uses guidelines and policies rather than an ordinance. These guidelines, which were never formally adopted by the Board of Supervisors, spell out specific standards and criteria for landscape plans including a section addressing required water -efficient elements (plants, irrigation, and other features). They have been successfully imple- mented by the County since 1984 with July 1992 (contmmed on page 8) Water Conservation News New Landscape Requirements (e.a.ed fret. page 7) few complaints from applicants or planners. Ventura's landscape review process, funded by an applicant fee of about $200, is handled through con- tracts with local landscape architects. This takes the review burden off the staff, most of whom do not have landscape design expertise. Ventura County is in the process of updating and codifying their guidelines to comply with AB 325. When developing a new ordinance or revising the existing process, consider forming a local advisory committee. This will guarantee greater support and cooperation for the adoption and implementation stage. Representatives of the following should be included: water districts, landscape architects, landscape contractors, the nursery industry, the irrigation industry, dhe building industry, environmental organizations, sod producers, homeowners associations or citizen groups, and cities and counties. Local representatives of these interest groups will be able to help in the adoption process. Whenever possible, consult with neighboring jurisdictions and water districts to achieve consistency through- out your region. This will help land- scape professionals and everyone involved in implementing the ordi- nances. Where to go for help Fortunately there are many sources of help to respond to this new requirement. A few of the sources that can provide assistance and technical expertise are: the American Society of Landscape Architects, California Association of Nurserymen, California Landscape Contractors Association, California Xeriscape Foundation, Irrigation Association, Northern or Southern California Turfgrass Council, Green Industry Council, and American Society of Irrigation Consultants. Local colleges and universities are also good sources of information and assistance. DWR will be co -sponsoring workshops for landscape professionals and plan- ners to help them understand the Model Ordinance and formulate the appropri- ate approach for their area. Reference books, plant information, irrigation information, and even new software designed specifically to help people design and review landscape plans and perform water use calculations based on AB 325 are now available. (See article on page 9) Summary and Conclusions Cities and counties face many mandated programs and regulations which at times may seem overwhelming. Though AB 325 is another mandated program with no accompanying funding support, the Model Ordinance offers a ready -to -go option with a limited amount of adaptation and learning required. Because many communities already recover the cost of landscape review from applicants, the Model Ordinance would only result in a minor fee increase. This increase will more than pay for itself in water and cost savings over the life of the project. To assure an effective ordinance, create a committee of local experts and landscape professionals to consider their needs and minimize impact and fee increases; work closely with all affected in-house staff to consider their concerns and minimize additional work load; coordinate with local water districts to identify their role (monitor- ing water use, meters, reclaimed water, prices, water audits) and gain their support; and provide staff training needed for a smooth transition. Efficient use of water is a necessity in California's future, regardless of droughts. Cities and counties must adapt practices and policies to reflect this reality. Saving water also saves energy and, in the case of landscapes, chemicals and fertilizers. This Act provides an opportunity for communi- ties to maintain and perhaps improve landscapes, without draining limited water supplies. While it may take time to adapt to a new approach, the rewards and benefits can be well worth the effort. For more information For more information about the Model Ordinance, future DWR workshops, or how to get reference materials, call Marsha Prillwltz at DWR's Water Conservation Office at (916) 653-7366. July 1992 il,k - WaterConservatio Asa result of the Water Conservation in Landscape Act of 1990 (AB 325) more and more landscape professionals are being asked to estimate the overall water use of new landscapes to make sure they comply with local ordinances. Information is now available to help with this process. 4• Estimating Water Requirements of Landscape Plantings —the Landscape Coefficient Method, anew UC Coop- erative Extension publication (Leaflet 21493), helps landscape professionals estimate the water use of landscapes. This information is essential to verify that landscapes will stay within the ET - based water allowance. The main factors considered in this methodology for estimating a landscape's water needs are evapotranspiration, the species of the plants, the density of the planting, and the microclimate of the site. Water Use Classification of Landscape Species—WUCOLS Project. This project was a joint effort between the Department of Water Resources and the UC Cooperative Extension. It brought together 32 landscape professionals to identify the water needs of over 1,100 commonly - used California plants. The outcome is a list intended to be used as a guide in designing water -efficient (or hydrozone-oriented) landscapes, meeting the water requirements of local ordinances, and irrigating existing landscapes more efficiently. The list will be useful to landscape architects, designers, and planners'for selecting and maintaining plants that have similar water requirements. (A hydrozone is a portion of a land- scaped area having plants with similar water needs that are served by one irrigation valve, or set of valves with the same irrigation schedule —or more simply put, grouping plants together with similar water needs.) Lary Costello, Environmental Horticul- tural Advisor for the UC Cooperative Extension of San Mateo and San Francisco counties, headed up the WUCOLS Project. Costello established six regional committees consisting of 5 to 9 landscape professionals. The committee members were selected according to their horticultural knowl- edge, familiarity with the region, and experience in the landscape industry. Committee members included represen- tatives of various landscape professions: contractors, consultants, architects, nurserymen, park supervisors, irrigation specialists, and academics. The objective was to evaluate landscape species for irrigation water needs using standard methods and conditions for six geographical regions representing different climates. By a consensus of each regional committee, plant species were classified as high, moderate, low, or very low in irrigation water require- ment. ET Calem is a new software package now available commercially that calculates landscape water needs. It includes information from the WUCOLS Project in a user-friendly format. In addition to plant water use information, ET CalcTM provides historical evapotranspiration and rainfall data for sites throughout California. The software will help landscape professionals estimate landscape water use and even generates irrigation schedules for any type of irrigation system, including drip and bubbler applications. Soon this information will also be included in DWR's Water Resource Manager software used in the Landscape Irrigation Auditor Program and in Acacia Software's Plant Master software. For more information or copies of the UC Cooperative Extension publica- tions, contact Marsha Prillwitz at DWR's Water Conservation Office at (916)653-7366. For information about ET CalcTM software, contact the Irrigation Management Group at 1-800- 421-2600. For information about P1antMaster, call (805) 499-9689. July 1992 Water Conservation News V opens NtdmPaciric anon Center ommissioner Dennis B. Underwood officially opened the Bureau of Reclamation's (USBR) Mid -Pacific Region Water Conservation Center on April 28, 1992. Located in Sacramento, the Center is designed to provide information and speakers on conservation opportunities; conduct demonstration programs to improve irrigation efficiencies; cooperate with other federal agencies, local govem- ment, universities, irrigation districts, and others in the active development and promotion of water conservation; and become a source for the dissemination of practical advice and technical assistance. Although USBR has water conservation programs already under way, the agency's activities are not widely known. Estab- lishing the Center will allow for better communication and interaction with various committees and make the Region's water conservation efforts more effective and better understood. Roger Patterson, Regional Director of the USBR Mid -Pacific Region, views the Water Conservation Center as an opportu- nity to go beyond simply providing conservation information. Through state and local partnerships, he sees real achievements being made. "We had a 75 percent cut in water allocations to farmers in 1992. There is currently more desire from farmers to conserve, and they want to have techniques and methods to make better use of water supplies." 1n effect, major parts of the water conser- vation program goals are to assist USBR Dennis Underwood and Roger Patterson cut the ribbon. Region Water contractors to plan and implement feasible conservation programs such as flexible water delivery, canal lining and irrigation scheduling and to ensure that USBR- provided water is efficiently used. The Mid -Pacific Region of the USBR has a jurisdiction that encompasses portions of California, Oregon, Hawaii, and Nevada. To Californians, this Center symbolizes the Bureau's commitment to active implementation of water management plans that are now required by both state and federal legislation. In recent years, USBR has entered into a cooperative agreement with the Depart- ment of Water Resources, as each supports efforts to provide technical assistance to federal and state water contractors and irrigation districts to review, evaluate, and monitor the imple- mentation of water management plans. As mandated in the Reclamation Reform Act of 1982 and the Agricultural Water Management Planning Act of 1986, these plans must contain definite goals, appro- priate measures, and a time schedule for meeting water conservation objectives. USBR policy requires thatthese plans must be updated every five years. To help districts prepare water conservation plans, the USBR has published Guidelines for Evaluating, Updating, and Monitoring WaterConservadonPlans. Underthe current cooperative agreement, DWR has drafted a guidebook and sample water conservation plan that expands on the information contained in the Guidelines. The USBR is also considering joint funding programs such as Mobile Labs — Mobile Irrigation Management Laborato- ties to help growers evaluate their irriga- don systems. For further information on the Water Conservation Center or the Guidelines, please contact Gordon Lyford at the USBR Water Conservation Center, at (916) 978-5062, or Penny Howard at DWR's Water Conservation Office at (916) 654-6599, 10 July 1992 Community Landscape Development Series Local Landscape Ordinances y s T ` i•» ',,: py+ '.`.s '•�' i',i}'�-,''a;�>ti!};,.a�y�`p't'f ? s' �'i",r ..':,w In t kl/ PM`x� c �,'• w �??� `� •F•� ids R �• � , �•^:» x I i ix M •x{at. _ '.Ma.P q�Mra �4 i e: � . � ..0 � aL"'^a...•....w,•r."a'+....,.,�•-•--• -'—'�x •� � `fS.. ' r/F..�`^• xa- Concept Components During the 1970's and 1980's many local commun- ities throughout the United States and Canada passed ordinances or regulations concerning: preservation of trees and other natural features, street trees landscape requirements between different land uses or activities, buffering objectional views or areas, shading or screening parking and service areas. Each ordinance has somewhat different elements or components depending on local circumstances or situations. An overview and analysis of these com- ponents and the frequency with which they are found in local ordinances shows the following heir- archy: The components which are found in local landscape ordinances, in the order in which they are most These ordinances were largely passed in response to often found in the regulations include: the problems caused by rapid or improper develop- ment which caused destruction of the natural amen- ities and the desire to improve the local quality of life. The initiation, component development and --eadoption- procedures —of ..each ordinance is_different____. depending on local political, economic and ecologic- al considerations. In order to better understand and chronicle the relatively recent phenomena of local regulation, control and encouragement of community landscape development a survey was undertaken to collect and evaluate those ordinances which now exist. This book is the result of that study, it covers the Concept, History, Purposes, Components Options, of these local landscape ordinances. Approaches There are three different philosophical approaches in the various ordinances, these are: 1 1. Develop rigid rules and regulations, z. 2. Prapare variable guidelines 3. Outline performance standards. Z�" WHON4 J Purposes ; �-r�z^ •�' Some of the stated purposes of local landscape ordinances include the following: Protection of public health, welfare and safety, Improvement of local property values, Aid in the reduction of noise, heat and glare, Assistance with stabilizing local ecological balance, Providing for visual buffering, Preservation and protection of the unique local vegetation, Conservation of energy, More efficient utilization of local water resources, improvement of the quality of life in the local community, Encouragement of wildlife in the community, Maintenance requirements, Irrigatlon requirements, Landscape plan requirements, Landscape development required inside parking lots, ___SgELejIftjg requirements, foi:_parking_lots adiacent to rights -of -way, Nlrhlr public Installation requirements before a certificate of occupancy is issued, Trees required in ratio to total sq.ft. of landscape develop- ment, Landscape development required relative to land use, Plant list specified, Buffer or screen required between different land use zones, Minimum percentage of the site with landscape development, Storage and loading areas screened, Plant list required, Landscape plan signed by a registered landscape architect, Preservation of existing trees and natural features, Show existing conditions, Sight triangles specified, Allowance for alternative compliance, Filing fee required, Lighting required, Works of art or water features completed before a certificate of occupancy is issued, Bond or cash escrow required to insure completion, Conflict list given, Natural growth areas suggested. N. You will become better equipped and more knowledgeable about this emerging phenomena. In the future, more and more communities will be involved in some form of insuring or guaranteeing that either the existing environment is better protected or that new landscape development meets certain minimum standards, Local Landscape Ordinances Options Within each of these components there are many options or alternatives as to how each aim or goal is actually supposed to be achieved. For example: In the component dealing with the number of trees required in ratio to the square feet of landscape development, the following options are given in different ordinances: A. 1 tree per 25 sq.ft, of planted area, B. 1 tree per 50 sq.ft, of planted area, C. 1 tree per 100 sq. ft. of planted area, D. I tree per 250 sq.ft. of planted area, E. 1 tree per 375 sq.ft. of planted area, F. 1 tree per 40 linear feet of frontage, G. 1 tree per 70 linear feet of frontage, Illustrations , wuhc rc MW YAW, Arc. flw� euffmwI. P...ANW ww Y..a rr..w• .s; i R—. R • .,.o. Pr wws, 6 w+rrtc+ 'W-"Tn RT N=P TP AR wtPAACC5. cbs Fvo. w. A NMup.I w Nfm°N.»x N.W..wI O ry. »M'L✓w w wv. MrviMw 9w.ry � u.Pl. ..e3NYW.�Iy.�.'.11e 1 n^Fw�l.>r ,. 1•. ..nLM �•wY�l L. ��—� »�• Nw..YY'T w.w. L1M w° 1 Ya{ MNV pG. wf�>NU Cc TW✓.iMf w�✓ wl �..w,�,. � � r'w...wv ✓wow.w. w..N.. wno�; ,.:.T ww.�.'..:� wvn .•e �«A.� m«.« w»,P a...T Lmv-ZAM P. iragis to D5(Am air-u6aTs - f —a 1 1y1�"�'^izaw T Examples fi A� eo° M]iMi.^.+�gOfTdi lC n l°e°el hOrdhlT . rreglEYI Ly-nntC� Q 3'' ♦ Nr �'h.. 1 1plf wd Mf .r. Are..j'hyh Wrm All D heYXrb.m ...14..1. MII»rLl This is the most definitive evaluation of more than 200 local .•i. , landscape ordinances from all regions of the United States. dtaenaP jpj stlaaM 8 019 Mona asuald 9805L suxay'ouuid *;aafgns stq; uo 860898 xog '0'd uopuuuojut jo uopoanoo aetsuagaldu,00 tians;snj alit st stq.L SNOLLVOINf NO3 VHODV :o; japjo s!g; lww (apoa dtZ) (olelp) (�110) aY yYIY»IN �YN>IIK (ssajppV) (uogn;tlsul jo huallu'6uudtuo3) c x� .>.IT>Yn.ea�6-New jr--j :o; sill; pugs aseatd , ❑aPo plea;ipaj0 ou'japjo asmiajnd jo Aauotu jo Xaaga'tisua) 6doa jad 56'4ZS @ ---- ---si pasoiaua 'mo;aq uuogs ssarppe aql of Kooq all; jo (sai)Adoa pugs asuaid 'S30NVNIGHO edVOSGNV'1 '1V307 looq matt atit jo 6doa time Aut enuq o; oTI, pinom I ISO (umogs ssmppe all; 01 aaualIIWal jadold aqI q;!At9uo!a wroj slip !law pue gaelap ascold) If you are involved with: conducting research on local landscape ordinances involved in drafting a new landscape ordinance, administering an existing ordinance, revising or updating an existing landscape ordin- ance or regulation, helping a client adhere to a specific local land- scape ordinance, or have an interest in phenomena of local land- scape regulation, You need a copy of this book" This is the first book length study of this subject. 09 9 Now available for the first time AGORA COMMUNICATIONS P.O. Box 868048 Piano, Texas 7SO86 013549 ZD 01 NEWPORT BEACH PLNG DEPT P 0 BOX 1768 CITY HALL-3300 NEWPORT SL NEWPORT BEACH CA 92663 /-Alt, u ��Iw..u.Y NMY 1.krrcll plY.canF.>ple>n lnm«Inl>hklvgcn _._ _ Dulk Ratc U.S. Postage PAID Pemtit No. q57 Plano, Texas FEBRUARY1991 PAS PLANNI / PLANNING ASSOCIATION Xeriscape: Landscaping to Conserve Water Rapid growth in the freshwater -starved South and West has pushed the)available water supply in those regions to its limit. It is estimated that 40 to 60 percent of residential water is used for landscaping, depending on plant types and the type of watering system used. Yards with a high percentage of lawn are by far the biggest water guzzlers of all landscapes. The introduction of non-native plants and vegetation has further strained those water resources and has threatened native plant species, which are less water demanding. Recognizing that no water means no growth and economic development, communities are developing xeriscape plans and ordinances, which promote water conservation through drought -tolerant landscaping. The term xeriscape comes from the Greek word xeros, meaning dry. The concept is believed to have originated in the Denver Water Department in 1981 in response to drought conditions in Colorado. Since then, xeriscape programs have been developed in 40 states. Two of the most comprehensive programs —the Los Angeles xeriscape ordinance and a model xeriscape code developed for South Florida communities — are discussed here. Los Angeles The Los Angeles xeriscape ordinance was originally adopted in 1988. In late 1991, it will be folded into the city's comprehensive landscape ordinance. The new ordinance will cover everything from water conservation to protecting native plant species to landscape and xeriscape regulations. The existing ordinance defines xeriscape as "a combination of landscape features and techniques that in the aggregate reduce the demand for and consumption of water, including appropriate low -water -using plants, nonliving ground cover, a low percentage of lawn coverage, a high degree of paving permeability, and water -conserving irrigation techniques and systems." The ordinance applies to industrial, commercial, and multifamily projects and is based on a point system. The number of points needed for landscape plan approval is tied to the lot size. Currently, the minimum number of points required is 50 for 15,000-square-foot lots. At the top of the scale, 200 points are required for 150,000-square-foot lots, and anything larger requires an additional 200 points per 150,000 square feet. Almost all landscape plans now meet these point requirements. The new xeriscape provisions will be far more stringent, however, requiring more points for landscape plan approval. They will also include guidelines for single-family homes, which the existing law does not. There are a number of ways that property owners can Xeriscapes don't have to be arid, barren lawns. Mulches, careful use of turf, and drought -tolerant native plants give lush results while conserving fresh water. accumulate points. Ten points are awarded for inclusion of the following items: drip or trickle irrigation systems; lawns of less than 25 percent of the planted area; use of reclaimed water for irrigation; any amount of nonliving ground cover (mulch); and lawn areas that are separated from other planting areas in the irrigation configuration. Five points are awarded for the following features: permeable paving; recirculating water features (per feature); automatic irrigation controllers; and other high-tech sprinkler features. Two points are given for each plant that will survive on natural rainfall after two years of being irrigated. Additional points are awarded for other drought- resistant living ground cover. The ordinance requires that applicants submit landscape plans drawn by a California -licensed landscape architect, architect, or irrigation designer to the planning department. Also required is a sheet summarizing the number and type of points that the applicant is claiming under the ordinance. South Florida's Model Code Responding to the same water constraints as those that exist in the West, the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) in 1987 developed a model xeriscape code to be used as a guide in the development of municipal and county landscape ordinances. The model has been particularly helpful in light of the requirement in the state's 1985 growth management law that communities have water conservation as a goal in their comprehensive plans. Two plant guides were also published, both of which contain discussions of the fundamentals of xeriscape and lengthy lists of drought - tolerant plant species to be used to fulfill local xeriscape requirements. The model code has four basic objectives: to provide guidelines to promote economic.and efficient water use; to protect and conserve water resources; to encourage the use of drought- and flood -tolerant plants; and to establish standards for xeriscape installation and maintenance. The model code is adaptable to all communities. It is Xeriscape Principles Xeriscape programs and ordinances currently in place all subscribe to seven basic principles: Appropriate planning and design. Complete a plan of the new landscape before any planting is done. The plan should take into account the size and shape of the lot, soil type, topography, and building configuration. Decisions about necessary soil improvements and the irrigation system layout should be made in the planning stage and should be based on where certain plants and vegetation are to be installed. Limited turf (lawn) areas. Limit the amount of lawn area and locate it so that it will be used for human activities, such as recreation. Lawn areas should be separate from trees, flowering plants, and other ground covers because the irrigation needs of each can vary greatly. On existing sites, turf areas can be replaced with other less water -intensive materials such as low -water -demand plants and mulches. Lawn areas must not be planted in strips eight feet wide or less, as these portions are virtually unusable but still require irrigation. Efficient irrigation. Install irrigation systems so that they provide an adequate amount of water, at the proper time, to the root zone of plants. Devices are available that measure the amount of Water being supplied to each area of the landscape and should be used to calibrate the irrigation system. Each plant and vegetative type has its structured so that communities can choose a xeriscape standard that takes into account development pressure and water availability. Like most ordinances, the SFWMD model xeriscape code includes a statement of purpose. There are, in fact, nine stated purposes for the code, including water conservation, aesthetics, and protection of land values. The detailed code (it's 100-plus pages) takes a performance -based approach and provides extensive standards in the following areas. Land clearing/vegetation protection and preservation. Preserving existing plant communities reduces the need for irrigation in open areas. Therefore, applicants must be issued a permit to be allowed to remove vegetation, and remaining vegetation must be adequately protected during construction. Applicants must include an inventory and written assessment of the vegetation on the site. A Certificate of Substantial own water needs, and the planting arrangement and irrigation system should be designed to reflect these needs. Use drought -tolerant plants. Use only drought - tolerant native and non- invasive exotic plants in the xeriscape. Xeriscape plans and ordinances usually include lengthy lists of trees, plants, and otter vegetation that are appropriate for the given climate. Soil improvements. Organic matter should be added to existing soils before planting to increase water -holding capacity and provide beneficial nutrients to plants. Soil testing can be done by a commercial soil lab or, in some areas, by a county extension service. Use mulches. Wherever possible, replace lawn areas with mulched planting beds. Inorganic mulches (such as rock and stone) help slow erosion and are aesthetically pleasing, but do not lower the soil temperature. Organic mulches, consisting of wood chips and plant remnants, are able to hold moisture, cool the soil surface, reduce weed growth, slow erosion, and improve existing soil as they decompose. Establish a maintenance program. To be effective, each of these actions needs to be monitored. Compliance (with the ordinance) must be obtained before a building permit can be issued. Thb code includes a list of circumstances that justify issuance of a certificate. Site design. The performance standards allow applicants to choose from a list of creative site development options to achieve water conservation. For instance, an owner could choose to preserve existing plants, limit turf areas, retain on - site stormwater runoff for irrigation use, use shade trees to reduce transpiration rates, or combine several of these actions to meet the standard. ' Landscape design. The ordinance gives minimdm tree - and shrub -planting requirements for single-family and multifamily sites. The bulk of this section, however, pertains to landscaping in off-street parking lots, perimeter strips, and in other vehicular use areas, such as median strips and rights - of -way. Guidelines are included to ensure that safe sight lines are maintained. Lists of allowable and prohibited plant species are also provided. Irrigation design. The recommendations in the model code for irrigation systems also prescribe basic xeriscape ideals. The code stipulates that planted areas and lawns should be separated and watered according to their relative need, no watering should be done after it has rained, recirculated water should be used whenever possible, and water should never be applied to impervious surfaces (such as sidewalks). Plant material and installation. The model code sets forth standards on how to plant the landscape that include improving the soil by adding organic matter and mulches, and using chemical anti-transpirants on plants to reduce transpiration during planting. Maintenance of cultivated landscaped areas and existing native plant communities. Property owners are required to keep planted areas free of debris and to continue to add mulch, mow the lawn, and prune trees as needed. Those property owners who submitted management plans for the native plant communities on their properties must keep them free of exotic plant species and are subject to periodic inspections by the jurisdiction. Administration and penalties. The remainder of the code outlines a landscape credit system, including minimum tree - planting requirements,,and tells a property owner what landscape plans he or she will have to submit. The code also offers some flexibility. Alternative landscape betterment plans using unique landscape designs are possible. Finally, the code contains provisions for fees, code violations, vested rights, and administration of penalties. Other Programs The Marin Municipal Water District in north suburban San Francisco has also recently published a guide to its water conservation requirements. The rules apply to lots of 5,000 square feet or more. While less detailed than the ordinances described above, the requirements contain some interesting specific limitations. Turf or lawn areas may not exceed 40 percent of the landscape area, nonturf areas over 200 square feet must be covered with two inches of mulch, and all irrigation must be done at night or in the early morning. Since 1985, Pima County, Arizona, has had a strict landscape code that, at the time it was passed, was the only one in the state that had the specific goal of water conservation. This ordinance also introduced the "mini - oasis" concept, wherein most of a site's landscape water is allocated to a small, specific area so that it provides maximum benefit in terms of cooling and aesthetics. The remainder of the site is then covered with mulch or nonliving ground cover. The city of Las Vegas adopted an addendum to its Landscape and Wall Buffer System Guidelines in April 1990 to provide additional measures for water conservation. These guidelines are part of the city's overall urban design policies. The addendum includes three sets of recommendations —one each for planning and design, construction and installation, and operation and maintenance. Emphasis is placed on limiting runoff and overspray of irrigation water by reducing slopes and developing a citywide balance of plant types and densities. The rules apply to public areas as well as private yards. Unlike other xeriscape programs, Las Vegas specifically encourages local nursery owners to stock a wider variety of drought -tolerant plants. Problems with Xeriscape Like all new regulatory programs, xeriscape ordinances have found their detractors. Many developers have scoffed at the requirement for submission of a xeriscape plan to have a plat approved. There are also logistical problems. In some areas, nurseries have claimed they are unable to keep adequate inventories of the drought -tolerant plants required in the ordinances. This could create greater problems if native plant communities on public or private lands are raided for use in people's lawns. This problem has occurred in Arizona where many saguaro cactuses have been removed from the desert and planted in front yards. Finally, some plants that may be aesthetically pleasing and drought -tolerant may not be appropriate for all sites. In Southern California, the ice plant, a fast-growing, drought - and fire-resistant ground cover, was planted in recent years on many hillsides. Unfortunately, because the plant is very heavy and has a shallow root system, there have been several instances in which avalanches of ice plants occurred. Barring unforeseen and isolated problems, however, the positives of a xeriscape program will easily outweigh the negatives. The main benefit, of course, is the conservation of our fresh water resources. M.M. For those interested in receiving copies of the ordinances mentioned, or in getting more information, contact: South Florida Water Management District 3301 Gun Club Road P.O. Box 24680 West Palm Beach, FL 33416 407-686-8800 National Xeriscape Council Martha Latta P.O. Box 163172 Austin, TX 78716 512-392-6225 Los Angeles Planning Department Michael O'Brien 200 N. Spring, Room 655 Los Angeles, CA 90012 213-617-2593 Developers Pay for Low -Cost Housing in NJ. The New Jersey Supreme Court has ruled that municipalities may impose impact fees on developers to pay for affordable housing. The court has directed the state's Council on Affordable Housing to prepare guidelines on how to administer the fees. The Mount Laurel decisions in 1975 and 1983 made New Jersey the only state where municipalities . are obligated to provide affordable housing. Since 1985, 75 communities have adopted ordinances that impose a fee on housing development to help fulfill the Mount Laurel requirement. However, the new decision has overturned these ordinances. The court ruled that no standards for the enactment of such fees bad been established by the Council on Affordable Housing. These municipalities will have to return the $30 million raised so far, but, in light of the final ruling, developers will probably have to pay far more overall. According to the attorney for the developers, Henry A. Hill, "it looks like we won the battle but lost the war." In the past, court rulings on impact fees have stipulated that there be a link between the development and the improvements financed by the fee. The New Jersey court stated in its December opinion that "it is fair and reasonable to impose such fee requirements on private developers when they possess, enjoy, and consume land, which constitutes the primary resource for housing." The state's 1985 Fair Housing Act created the Council on Affordable Housing and gave it the power to set criteria for municipalities to develop low-cost housing. The council has focused its activities on projecting need, determining quotas, and evaluating fair housing plans, rather than preparing guidelines to impose impact fees. The state estimates that 160,000 affordable housing units will need to be built or rehabilitated by 1996. To help meet these goals, the council had encouraged the use of density bonuses as an incentive for developers to build more affordable housing or pay a fee for the increased density. Council staff will review the court ruling to see if these negotiated bonuses are affected. Thomas O'Neil, a representative of the National Association of Industrial and Office Parks, said that the ruling does not discuss the question of whether the ordinance should provide something for the developer in return for the fee. Hill warns that if the council does not establish a model ordinance "with some sensitivity to the economic conditions in the industry, the consequences could be devastating." Because the court did not indicate the conditions under which an affordable housing fee may be imposed, the building industry expects that there will be further litigation. A.V.D. Free Ride Gets Boulder Workers on the Bus The city of Boulder, Colorado, has found a way to get downtown workers to use public transportation. For a $10 refundable security fee, 6,000 Boulder workers, whose employers belong to Downtown Boulder, Inc. (a nonprofit commercial development corporation), receive free passes that are good on any city bus route. The plan was initially launched as a pilot program in June 1989. Downtown workers were given free passes, good on any route going downtown. The program had a 25 percent participation rate in its first year; the city had only expected 10 percent of the workers to take advantage of the program. The new passengers led to an almost eight percent increase in overall bus ridership. The program's initial success spurred planners to expand it to include workers throughout the city. Free passes may now be used on all routes that begin and end in the city. The plan is the brainchild of Frank Gray, former executive director of the Downtown Management Commission —a quasi -public agency that promotes the downtown area and finances the construction of parking spaces. Gray, who was recently appointed planning director of Denver, felt that some effort should be made to reduce the need for parking. He noted that the $18,000 initial start-up cost of the program is less than what it costs to build one downtownparking space. Funding for the program came from the commission and from the city itself, which had allocated $600,000 in its transportation budget to pay for alternative modes of commuter travel. An imaginative element of the program is the free package delivery service for downtown shoppers that take the bus. Packages are delivered to the purchasers' homes by bicycle courier or taxi within three hours. This discourages people from driving downtown to work on days when they also plan on shopping. What contributed to the success of the,program? According to Gray, it was that planners were not afraid to fail. "We took failure as a serious possibility," he says. He also credits the city council's willingness to fund the program, the support of the downtown employers, and an environmentally sensitive citizenry with helping the program to succeed. F,D. Call for Information The Planning Advisory Service is looking for examples of neotraditional town planning or new town ordinances. The ordinances collected will be included in a PAS Report. Specifically, we would like ordinances that incorporate the basic concepts of neotraditionalism, such as reduced street widths, mixed uses, unconventional setbacks, and village greens. Please send your ordinances to Marya Morris, Senior Research Associate, American Planning Association, 1313 E. 60th St., Chicago, IL 60637. The PAS Memo Is a monthly publication for subscribers to the Planning Advisory Service, a subscription research service of the American Planning Association: Israel Stollman, Executive Director. Frunk S. So, Deputy ExecutiveDimolur. The PAS Memo is produced at APA, Marys Morris, Editor. David Bergman, Fay Dolnick, Chris Harris, Carolyn Kennedy, Hollis Russinof. Amy Van Damn, Reporters; Paul Thomm. Assistant Editor. Copyright 01991 by American Planning Association, 1313 E. 60th St, Chicago, IL 60637. The American Planning Association has headquarters offices at 1776 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20036. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in my form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the American planning Association. ,5 Community Development Department FA1 City of Irvine, One Civic Center Plaza, PO. Box 19575, Irvine, California 92713 (714) 724-6000 April 30, 1992 Mr. Jim Hewicker Planning Director Planning Department City of Newport Beach 3300 Newport Blvd. Newport Beach, CA 92660 subject: Sustainability Dear Mr. cker. in Landscaping ordinance RECI VLv ,-,. PLANNING DEPARTMENT CITY OF NEWPORT BEACH AM MAY 11992 PM 71819110111112111213141516 A The City of Irvine adopted the Sustainability in Landscaping Ordinance and Guideline Manual in 1991. The Ordinance addresses landscaping and resource use in new development, excluding single family homes, and requires permits for landscape construction. The ordinance and guideline manual were prepared in response to Assembly Bill 325, State Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance, Assembly Bill 939, Source Reduction and Recycling Bill and local concerns about air quality. We are using a "water budget" approach to water conservation which is consistent with the State Model Ordinance where landscapes are designed and maintained to stay within the amount of water budgeted per acre of landscape. I have enclosed a copy of the Sustainable Landscaping Guideline Manual for your information. The Ordinance is included in the manual. Director of Community Development RCJ/TK/ps Attachment cc Bob Storchheim, Manager of Building, Safety & Engineering SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPING Guideline Manual City of. Irvine Community Development Department U 1 i '1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.00 Purpose 1.10 Goal 120 Definition of Sustainability 1.30 State Requirements and Policies 1.40 Amendments to Guideline Manual 2.00 REVIEW PROCEDURES 2.10 Concept Plan/Zone Change 220 Other Discretionary Development Cases 2.30 Landscape Area Defined 3.00 DESIGN GUIDELINES 3.10 Landscape Productivity 320 Plant Associations 3.30 Energy Conservation 3.40 Water Conservation 3.50 Microclimate Improvement 3.60 Soil Management 4.00 -Appendix Text of Ordinance Glossary Plant Association Lists PAGE 2 2 2 3 3 4 45 5 6 6-7 7 7-8 8.9 9 ' Sustainable Landscaping Guideline Manual 1 SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPING GUIDELINE MANUAL 1.00 PURPOSE The City of Irvine Sustainable Landscaping Guideline Manual is a supplementary document, prepared at the direction of the City Council. It identifies the goals, procedures and guidelines For administering the 5ustainability in Landscaping Ordinance. This Manual should be used in conSjuactioa wish the City of Irvine General Plan, Landscape Deaiga Manual, Standard Plans, and the Code of Ordinances of the City o£ Irvine. Should any portion of this Manual be found in conflict with the provisions of the 5ustainability in Landscaping Ordinance, the provisions of the ordinance shall prevail. Any questions arising from this Manual should be directed to the Community Development Department The objectives and guidelines contained in this manual are not standards. They are provided as one method to assist the professionally licensed landscape architect in preparing landscape plans which meet the intent of the City Policies and Ordinances. Alternative methods may be used providing they also meet the intent of the City Policies and Ordinances. These guidelines are not to be used as a basis for rationing water or regulating landscape maintenance. This Manual concerns actions which collectively work to conserve, recycle and reuse resources invested in landscapes and which work to optimize environmental benefits provided by landscapes. Conservation actions are directed toward increasing the efficiency and reducing the consumption of energy, water, and chemicals in landscaping. Recycling and reuse of resources is pursued through use of reclaimed water and composted landscape trimmings. Environmental benefits of landscaping are to be increased• through additional productivity of oxygen to the atmosphere, storage of carbon, developing associations of plants to provide increased wildlife value and microclimate benefits in the form of temperature and pollution mitigation. 110 GOAL It is the goal of the Sustainability in landscaping program to assure that environmental impacts and benefits of landscaping are considered throughout the planning and design process, in coWunction with aesthetic and functional goals, and that decisions will result in increased benefits, decreased impacts to the environment and reduced consumption of resources. 120 DEFINITION OF SUSTAINABILITY Sustainability is a concept which emphasizes the environmental impacts and benefits of ornamental landscapes. Sustainability involves coordination of landscape planning, design and management actions for greater overall environmental benefits within the urban environment. Sustainable Landscaping Guideline Manual Sustainability in urban landscapes can be improved when: landscapes are planned, designed and maintained upon principles of conservation, recycling and reuse of resources with particular emphasis on energy and water conservation. landscapes are planned, designed and maintained to achieve improved levels of carbon storage and oxygen productivity, species diversity, micro -climate benefit and natural habitat value. 1.30 STATE REQUIREMENTS AND POLICIES State Law requires each city to adopt a comprehensive, long term general plan for the physical development of the city and any land outside the city's boundaries which is felt to bear relation to the city's planning. State policies which have bearing on the Sustainability in Landscaping Ordinance include: To maintain, improve and enhance the quality of air, water, and land according to state and national standards and local needs. To conserve water, air and energy by considering the effect of future development on these resources and by encouraging new development which uses public facilities currently available and minimizes the need to travel. To ensure that land use decisions are made with full knowledge of the long- and short-term economic and fiscal implications, as well as environmental effects. Assembly Bill 939: Source Reduction Act Assembly Bill 325: Water Conservation in Landscaping Act Assembly Bill 3222: "Water Conservation Programs Assembly Bill 3142: Water Conservation 1.40 AMENDMENTS TO GUIDELINE MANUAL Pursuant to the Sustainability in Landscaping Ordinance, this manual may be amended from time to time by the City's Standards Committee, provided that such amendments are consistent with the ordinance. Amendments made by the Standards Committee to this manual may be appealed to the City Council. ' Sustainable Landscaping Guideline Manual 3 2.00 REVIEW PROCEDURES ' 2.10 CONCEPT PLAN / ZONE CHANGE ' Concept Plan and village -wide Zone Change applications are planning , tools used to resolve issues for an entire village. Concept plans typically include maps, statistical analyses, policies, special development requirements, conditions of approval and exhibits to ' address at a minimum land uses, phasing, public facilities, parks and open space systems, circulation systems, grading, drainage and landscaping. Applications are approved by the City Council with the intent that they guide decisions on requests for future zoning and ' development within a village. Refer to Section V.E.-801 and V.E: 802 of the Zoning Ordinance for a complete description of these processes. 2.12 In conjunction with the application for a concept plan or zone change, ' the applicant shall, at a millimum, submit proposed landscape design and management objectives which are consistent with adopted City Policies and ordinances. The objectives shall include specific goals ' regarding environmental, functional and aesthetic aspects of the projectlandscaping and efforts to achieve these goals. Implementation of these goals shall be established with specific directives which relate ' to the approval of subsequent development applications. Applicants are encouraged to seek imaginative concepts which meet or exceed the purpose and intent of the Sustainability in Landscaping Ordinance. The objectives and guidelines contained herein are provided as one method to assist in preparing landscape plans which meet the intent of the City Policies and Ordinances. Based on recommendations from landscape professionals, alternative methods ' may be used providing they too meet the intent of the City Policies and Ordinances. If alternative methods are used, the project documents shall include information addressing each of the design guideline ' objectives. 2.13 Objectives and guidelines contained in approved Concept Plan or Zone ' Change applications which are consistent with the Sustainability in Landscaping Ordinance shall take precedence over objectives and guidelines contained herein. 220 OTHER DISCRETIONARY DEVELOPMENT CASES ' 221 Other discretionary development cases include master plans, ' conditional use permits, wall and streetscape plans and tentative maps. These provide a coordinated review and resolution of major project related issues. The issues addressed by each will vary ' depending on the type of project. These applications typically include site plans, conceptual grading, drainage and landscape plans, building elevations, circulation systems, and support information. Applications for Tentative Maps are approved by the Subdivision Committee, all , other applications are approved at the discretion of the Planning Commission. Refer to Section V.F.-401 to V.P: 606 of the Subdivision Ordinance, and Section VX 803 to V.E: 811 of the Zoning Ordinance. ' Sustainable Landscaping Guideline Manual 4 1 222 In conjunction with the application for any discretionary development case, the applicant shall, at a minimum, submit conceptual landscape plans which are consistent with adopted City Policies and ordinances, approved concept plans or zone changes, and conditions of approvals. The landscape plans shall be consistent with the design guidelines contained herein, unless an approved Concept Plan or Zone Change 'application includes specific alternative provisions to be used which achieve or exceed the purpose and intent of the Sustainability in Landscaping Ordinance. 223 Applicants are encouraged to seek imaginative concepts which meet or exceed the purpose' and intent of the Sustainability in Landscaping Ordinance. The guidelines contained herein identify how to achieve the objectives in compliance with the Sustainability in Landscaping Ordinance. The objectives and guidelines contained herein are provided as one method to assist in preparing landscape plans which meet the intent of the City Policies and Ordinances. Based on recommendations from landscape professionals, alternative methods may be used providing they too meet the intent of the City Policies and Ordinances. If alternative methods are used, the project documents shall include information addressing each of the design guideline objectives. 2.30 LANDSCAPE AREA DEFINED 221 Landscape areas subject to review for consistency with City Policies, and the objectives and guidelines contained herein are defined as follows: a. All planted and irrigated areas, mulched areas, pavement used primarily for pedestrians, water features and park areas which do not serve a recreational use which are contained within the development application. Buildings, roadways, parking areas and park recreation areas are excluded. 2.32 In addition, the following areas may be included in determining a landscape area for a project: a. Unimproved areas proposed for dedication which are not required to mitigate an environmental impact resulting from the project as determined by CEQA procedures. h Unimproved open space areas proposed for dedication which are not required as a result of the Conservation and Open Space Element, or the Phased Dedication and Compensating Development Opportunities Program. C. Unimproved areas proposed for dedication which are -not required by the Local Park Code. ' Sustainable Landscaping Guideline Manual 3.00 DESIGN GUIDELINES 3.01 The objectives contained herein are essential to the austainability of landscapes. They are intended to clarify adopted City Policy. 3.02 The objectives and guidelines contained herein are provided as one method to assist in preparing landscape plans which meet the intent of the City Policies and Ordinances. Based on recommendations from landscape professionals, alternative methods may be used providing they too meet the intent of the City Policies and Ordinances. If alternative methods are used, the project documents shall include information addressing each of the design guideline objectives. 3.10 LANDSCAPE PRODUCTIVITY 3.11 Objective: To increase the productivity of landscapes. Increased productivity leads to greater storage of carbon, production of oxygen, and greater air pollution mitigation. This productivity helps to offset the release of carbon and pollutants to the atmosphere resulting from direct and indirect use of fossil fuels in the development and long-term maintenance of the landscape. 3.12 Guideline: a. Achieve a level of planting scale, density and quantity which increases city-wide levels of standing biomass to the extent feasible. Biomass accrual is particularly encouraged within parks, open apace corridors, and along arterial roadways. 320 PLANT ASSOCIATIONS 321 Objective: To improve the productivity, compatibility and vigor of the landscape, reduce the use of energy, water and fertilizers, and increase maintenance efficiency. 322 Guidelines: a. Organize landscape plantings into complementary associations based upon cultural preferences and tolerances for moisture, soils, and microclimates within the site conditions. b. Use the plant lists contained within the Appendix as a reference. Document or describe the preferences and tolerances of the proposed plant species and groupings. Plant selection is not to be limited to the species identified on the lists, or restricted to assigned groups. Plants from various plant groups may be combined when experience shows they can be compatibly planted together, based on the recommendations from landscape professionals. The lists organize plant species based upon climate and cultural preferences. Supplemental water needs are estimated for each Sustainable Landscaping Guideline Manual 3.31 3.32 3.40 3.41 M plant group which can be used to approximate the yearly water needs of landscapes. C. A variety of plant species which enable the landscape to adapt to varying project conditions, resist pests and diseases, limit reliance on fertilizers, and which will contribute to the diversity of species throughout the City and surrounding area is encouraged. Plant species diversity which contributes to enhanced biomass productivity and wildlife value is especially encouraged within parks and open space corridors. ENERGY CONSERVATION Objective: To reduce levels of direct and indirect energy consumption in landscapes. Direct energy consumption occurs with the use of mechanical equipment through fossil fuel consumption, i.e., combustion of gasoline and diesel. Indirect energy use occurs through the use of electricity to supply irrigation water, the manufacturing of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and the cooling of buildings. Guidelines: a. Select and proportion the use of trees, shrubs, groundcovers and turfgrass in a manner to reduce the frequency and volume of pruning, shearing, mowing, and service vehicle operations. h Proportion and locate associations of trees, shrubs, groundcovers and turfgrass in combination with grading and soil amendment programs to reduce the need for water, fertilizer, herbicides, and to allow for ongoing use of composted organic humus. C. Use trees, shrubs, vines and groundcovers to reduce indirect energy use in buildings by reducing solar head load and ambient air temperatures. WATER CONSERVATION Objective: To reduce the consumption of water and to use water with greater efficiency. Water conservation practices result in less indirect energy use, less demand for imported water, loss of water to runoff onto pavement, and more efficient use of reclaimed water supplies. Guidelines: a. Emphasize the use of plants which are more closely adapted to the climate and soil conditions of the site. h Organize landscape plantings into compatible hydrozones. C. Design landscapes to prosper within estimated water budgets. Estimate water budgets upon annual evapotranspiration conditions, landscape water needs, irrigation efficiencies and the size of the landscape area. Sustainable Landscaping Guideline Manual 7 d. Clearly identify and emphasize the functional purpose of all turfgrass and limit the amount of turfgrass used for aesthetic value. e. Turfgrass is particularly discouraged within roadway medians ' and on slopes greater than 5:1. £ Design landscape areas that can be irrigated and maintained ' efficiently. Narrow and extremely small areas of turfgrass are discouraged. g. Design and grade landscape areas to capture and infiltrate , irrigation water and seasonal rainfall where possible and where soil conditions permit without causing potential for damage to other improvements. , h. Design irrigation systems to apply water efficiently to root zones considering hydrozones, soil type, infiltration rates and topography. ' L Design irrigation systems which help conserve water through use of current water saving technology including rain guards, ' check valves, matched precipitation nozzles, and low -volume heads and emitters. j. Incorporate composted organic humus when available and r appropriate during soil preparation stages to improve the relationship between water, nutrients, micro-organisms and oxygen in the soils. ' k. Accommodate surface mulching with use of composted organic humus within the landscape area. ' 3.50 MICROCLIMATE IMPROVEMENT 3.51 Objectives: ' To incorporate passive solar design principles which allow plants to optimize the conditions of sun and wind. , To use landscape plants to manage solar incidence up to 2 stories in height on structures to reduce indirect use of energy and to provide for optimum levels of summer cooling and winter heating. ' To use landscape plants to reduce heat gain from paved surfaces and provide pleasant, shaded pedestrian areas. , To use landscape plants to reduce levels of particulate air pollution. 3.52 Guidelines: I a. Locate trees and/or shrubs to shade west facing windows, walla and outdoor living spaces to provide heat reduction benefits. ' h. Locate trees and/or shrubs to shade east facing windows, walla and living spaces during summer months. Sustainable Landscaping Guideline Manual 8 1 II C. Trees and/or shrubs which provide shade on south facing windows, walls and outdoor living spaces are also encouraged. d. Locate trees with open canopies or deciduous habits along south and east facing walls to provide winter sun exposure on wall surfaces and shade during the summer months. e. Provide within parking areas, at a minimum, the number of canopy trees required by the Zoning Ordinance in a manner which, during the summer months, achieves maximum levels of shading from each tree canopy. £ Include within landscapes along major vehicular routes and within other areas with relatively high levels of particulate air pollutants, a level of planting height, texture and density to maximize the capture of particulate air pollutants to the extent possible. 3.60 SOIL MANAGEMENT 3.61 Objectives: To sustain natural processes of nutrient development and micro- organism, activity for successful establishment and growth of plants. To minimize the use of chemical fertilizers and achieve ongoing recycling and reuse of landscape trimmings which reduces indirect energy use, increases water conservation efficiency and increases the function of natural soil development processes. 3.62 Guidelines: a. Accommodate ongoing surface mulching with use of composted organic humus within the landscape area. Areas within parks, paseos and open space corridors which are not serving a direct recreational function are particularly encouraged to be planned to accommodate composted organic humus. b. Prepare soil preparation specifications based upon a complete agronomic analysis of existing and/or imported soils and available composted humus which reflects the quality and characteristics of the following materials and conditions: Composted organic humus, when available and at reasonable costs, is to be used in replacement of nitrogen stabilized sawdust materials in all landscape planting areas to be amended, unless the agronomic analysis indicates this would be detrimental to plant establishment and growth. Fertilizers which are 100% organic are to be used within landscape areas designed to receive composted organic humus on an ongoing basis. C. Base plant selection upon compatibility with soil preparation specifications with consideration of the limitations due to existing soil characteristics. Sustainable Landscaping Guideline Manual 9 APPENDIX Text of Ordinance Glossary Plant List Sustainable Landscaping Guideline Manual Division G SUSTAINABILUY IN LANDSCAPING Ch. 1. Title, Purpose and Intent, V.G.-100-102 Ch. 2. Sustainable Landscaping Guideline Manual, V.G.--200 Ch. 3. Application and Procedures, V.G.-301-305 V.G.-100. Title. This ordinance shall be known and cited as the "Sustainability in Landscaping Ordinance". V.G.-101. Purpom and Intent The purpose of this ordinance is to provide policies, standards, procedures, and guidelines to achieve long term levels of sustainability in landscapes. Sustainability is a concept which emphasizes the environmental impacts and benefits of landscapes. In most instances, a sustainable landscape is one which provides positive levels of carbon storage and oxygen productivity after all demands for energy, water, soil improvement and maintenance activities to support have been accounted for. This ordinance is intended to promote actions that conserve, recycle, and reuse the resources which are invested in landscapes. V.G.-102. Policies. The following policies are established to achieve the purpose and intent of the Sustaiaability in Landscaping Ordinance. (a) To develop and maintain landscapes that conserve, recycle, and reuse resources to achieve optimum levels of sustainability. (b) To develop and maintain landscapes with increasing levels of conservation and efficiency in energy use. x (c) To develop and maintain landscapes upon principles of water conservation and to optimize the use of reclaimed water resources. (d) To develop and maintain landscapes towards optimum levels of biomass storage which provides increased storage of carbon and production of oxygen. (e) To design landscapes comprised of associations of plant which have similar climate, water, soil, sun exposure and maintenance needs. M To design and maintain landscape for optimum levels of micro - climate benefit to reduce urban heat build-up and energy demand for heating and cooling. V.G. • 200. (g) To design and maintain landscapes with reduced levels of turfgrass. (h) To design and maintain landscapes with incorporate organic soil management practices and which will accommodate composted landscape trimmings. (i) To encourage the minimum use of inorganic fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides in the development and maintenance of landscapes. Q) To design and maintain landscapes which are supportive of the , Conservation and Open Space Element with particular reference to enhancement and preservation of significant biotic resources. (k) To develop and maintain landscapes which, to the greatest extent possible, incorporate a balance in regards to function and aesthetics , to achieve optimum levels of sustainability of the landscape. (1) To develop and sponsor activities and programs to educate residents to the ideas and benefits of sustainable landscapes. CHAPTER 2. SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPING GUMELD(E MANUAL Sustainable Landscaping Guideline ManuaL The Director of Community Development shall formulate such rules, procedures, and interpretations as may be necessary or convenient to administer this division. Such rules, procedures, and interpretations shall be referred to as the "City of Irvine Sustainable Landscaping Guideline Manual" or the "Sustainable Landscaping Guideline Manual" which is subject to approval by the the City Council. The Standards Committee which contains representatives of the community development and public works departments is hereby authorized to incorporate further amendments into the Sustainable Landscaping Guideline Manual provided such amendments are consistent with this division. Compliance with this manual shall be a condition of approval for all discretionary development case applications to which this division applies. Compliance with this manual shall also be demonstrated prior to approval of any non- discretionary development case application to which this division applies and prior to the.issuance of a landscape permit. In the event of any conflict between said manual and this ordinance the provisions of this ordinance shall govern. Copies of the current Sustainable Landscaping Guideline Manual shall be on file in the office of the City Clerk and be made available to the public at a fee auMcient to recover costs. �• • 1• • AO • }: V.G..301. New Development. This ordinance shall apply to all discretionary and non -discretionary development case applications and when landscape permits' are required. Single family home lots and agriculture are exempt. II V.G.-30S. AppitavedPimects ' Approved landscape plans for discretionary and non -discretionary development case applications which are valid on the effective date of this ordinance shall remain valid. Landscapes for these projects may be built in accordance with the development standards and landscape standards in effect at the time of approval provided that the development case or non - discretionary approval is valid at the time landscape permits are issued. Any reapplication for an expired permit, development case, or major ' modification must comply with this ordinance at the time of reapplication or modification. V.G.-M Pr*cts in Progress. Discretionary development case applications which have been received by the City, but have not been publicly noticed for the approval hearing by the effective date of this ordinance shall be subject to the provisions of this ordinance unless waived by the Director of Community Development. ' V.G.-304. Conceptual Landscape Plan. Conceptual Landscape Plans as defined in the Sustainable Landscaping Guideline Manual shall be approved by as approval body in conjunction with discretionary and non -discretionary development case applications. The approval body for development cases may impose conditions and may require evidence that such conditions are being or will be complied with in the form of subdivision agreements and security as it deems necessary to satisfy the•inteat of this ordinance. VG.-30L Landscape Permits. (A) A landscape permit shall be required for the installation of all landscape planting and irrigation. The Director of Community ' Development or his/her authorized representative may determine the following to be exceptions: ' L Alterations to existing landscape within -a parcel which are not required or proposed in conjunction with discretionary or non -discretionary development case applications. 2 Alterations to existing landscape which are a result of routine or necessary maintenance and is consistent with the approved landscape plans, and City regulations pertaining to ' landscapes. (B) To obtain a landscape permit, the applicant must first file as applica- tion is writing on a form prescribed by the City. The permit applica- tion shall be accompanied by information required by the City and as specified in the Sustainable Landscaping Guideline ManuaL ' (C) Funds sufficient to cover the cost incurred by the City is processing applications for landscape permits shall be paid to the City in compliance with the most recent city council resolution pertaining to setting development processing and inspection fees. (D) Applications for which no permit is issued within one hundred eighty (180) days following the date of application shall expire by limitation, and plans submitted for checking may thereafter be returned to the applicant or destroyed. The Director of Community Development or his/her authorized representative may extend the time for action by the applicant for a period not to exceed one hundred eighty (180) days upon written request by the applicant showing that circumstances beyond the control of the applicant have prevented action from being taken. In order to renew action for and application after expiration, the applicant shall resubmit plans and pay a new plan check fee. (E) If a permit holder presents satisfactory evidence that unusual difficulties have prevented work from being started within sixty (60) days, or completed within one (1) year, or continued without being suspended for one hundred twenty (120) days, the Director of Community Development or his/her authorized representative may grant extensions of time reasonably necessary by reason of such difficulties. In no case shall such extensions of time exceed a total on one (1) year. GLOSSARY Acre -Foot (AF) The amount of water sufficient to cover one acre to a depth of one foot, about 326,000 gallons. Biomass The dry weight of accrued in living material. Carbon Storage The fixation of carbon and carbonates from air and water by plants through photosynthesis. Carbon stored in plant tissues remains fixed until released through respiration or combustion. Character An attribute, quality, or property of a place, space, or object. The distinguishing character of a place, space, or object. Chemical Fertilizer Nitrogen fertilizers produced as petrochemicals from crude oil and natural gas feed stocks. An example is anhydrous ammonia for which methane is the base compound. Composted Organic Decomposed organic material including landscape trimmings, Humus sludge, manure, and the like, subjected to internal heating to neutralize pathogens consistent with State of California standards. Usually intended as a soil conditioner. Direct Energy Use The on -site combustion of fossil fuels such as gasoline or diesel in the operation of construction and maintenance equipment. Diversity Indicated by the number of variety of species in a biotic community. Domestic Water See Potable Water. Evaporation Potential The potential for water to be evaporated as vapor from land, water, and vegetation surfaces. Evapotranspiration Water evaporated from soil surfaces as well as water transpirated by plants, in this case tall fescue turfgrass. Fuel Modification Areas adjacent to natural vegetation where planting is managed such that low fuel volume and fire resistant plant species are used. These areas often include hillsides and canyons. Humus Decomposed and partially decomposed organic matter. Hydtonme An area which identifies the supplemental water use for landscape planting areas. Indirect Energy Use Energy which is consumed at off -site locations in order to gererate electricity, and/or to manufacture chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides. Microclimate Climatic conditions in an area small enough and close enough to be affected by natural and built features. Mulch Leaves, straw, and many other organic materials left loose and applied to the soil surface to prevent water evaporation. Sustainable Landscaping Guideline Manual Nonlokable Water which has been reclaimed from treated waste water supplies or from natural sources, but not meeting potable standards. Plant Association Groupings of plants having similar requirements for soils, water, and climate and also similar tolerances for drought, cold, heat, and the like. Potable Water A measure of quality, meaning that the water is safe to drink. Productivity The measurement of total living biomass accrued within landscapes. Reclaimed Water Water from treated wastewater which is of a level of quality for an intended beneficial use. Riparian Corridor Areas of land, water, and biotic communities occupying the banks and beds of water courses. Sub jxAable Water See Non -potable Water. Thermal Mass Any relatively large inert mass capable of absorbing sunlight and radiating heat. Most particularly: parking lots, roads, and the like. Sustainable Landscaping Guideline Manual PLANT ASSOCIATION LISTS Attached on the following pages are species of plants which have been organized into three primary associations: Subtropical, Mediterranean and Temperate. These associations of plants reflect their preferences for temperature conditions, estimated water needs and drought tolerance, soils, and growing season. An abbreviated profile of these associations is presented below. The plant lists further identify species which are native to Irvine, and which are known to provide wildlife and nitrogen fixing benefit. Plant Association Groupings for Landscapes iy; xy�lt_ Length of Natural 365 days growing 220 days growing 180-220 days growing Growing Season season without extended season with drought season is preferred rest period. induced summer rest with cool winter cycle cycle in natural areas. for dormancy & rest. Temperature • Tender to frosts Half hardy to 20F Hardy to 0.20F Adaptationto Many species tolerate Species are adapted to Many species tolerate Water Stress short periods of moisture long cycles of water moisture stress best stress from 1-4 weeks. stress from 4-6 months. during winter cool season. Soil pE(Preferonce pH 4.5.6.5 pH 6.0-7.8 pH 4.5-6.5 SoilTerture Sandy Clay/Loamy Clay Coarse/Well Draining Loam, moist Sunlight & Heat Varies Sun to Shade Sun & Heat Tolerant Varies Sun to Shade Tolerance Prefers warmth & humidity Tolerant Prefers cool fall & winter temperatures. CHARACTER- Large flowers Small flowers Small flowers ISPICS Summer to fall Late winter to spring Deciduous color Fast growth Moderate growth Fast growth Large, heavy leaves Shallow roots Small leathery leaves Deep roots Large papery leaves Deen/Shallow roots *Estimated Water Needs of Plant Associations by Season Subtropical 3" 12" 12" 3" 30" (2 1/2 AF) Mediterranean & 6" 3" 0" 3" 12" (1 AF ) So. Calif. Native Temperate 6" 10" 6" 3" 30" (2 1/2 AF) Cool Season Grass 6" 18" Is" 6" 48" (3 AF) Warm Season Grass 3" 15" 12" 3" 33" (52 AF) **Evapotranspiration data City ofIrvine: 8" 20" 15" 5" 48"/4 AF *Estimated water needs reflect a combined evaluation of controlled field test data and project landscape conditions, including slope, aspect and varying soil conditions. *" Evapotranspiration data represents the needs of cool season grasses within the climate conditions of Irvine. ' Sustainable Landscaping Guideline Manual TREES for TEMPERATE ASSOCIATIONS A - Trees compatible with Turflrri tion B - Drou ht Tolerant Plant C - Native to California D - Native to Irvine E - Nitrogen Fbdng Plant F - Noted for Food Value for Birds SCIENTIFIC NAME SUNSET ZONE A B C D E F Acacia dealbata + 8 914-24 Acacia decurrens + 8 9 14-24 Acacia melano Ion + + + 8 913-24 Acer palmatum + cultivars + 1-9 14.24 Ailanthus altissima + All Albizia'ulibrissin+'Rosea' + + + + 2--23 Alnus glutinosa + + 1-1014-24. Alnus ore na + + 4-616-17 Araucaria araucana + 4-9 14-24 Betula pendula+cultivars + 1-11 14-24 Calocedrus decurrens + cultivars + + 1-12 14-24 Carya illinoinensis + 7-9 12-16 18-23 Catalpa species All Catalpa x Chilo sis + NA Cercis canadensis + cultivars + 1-3 7-20 Chamaec aris species + 4-61b-17 + Chionanthus retusus 2-9 14-24 Cord line australis + b 8-1114-24 Cryptomeria japonica + cultivars 4-9 14-24 X Cupressocyparls le landii + cultivars + + 3--24 Eriobotrya deflexa + 8--24 Eriobo a'a onica 1 4-24 Eucalyptus globulus+'Com acts' + 17-22' Eucalyptus viminalis + + NA Ginkgo biloba + cvs + 1-9 14-24 Gleditsia triacanthos + cultivars + + 1.16 18-20 Ilex x altaclarensis Vilsonir species 3--24 Juni erus chinensis'Torulosa' NA Koelreuteria bi innata + 8-24 Koelreuteria paniculata + 2--21 Le erstroemia indica + cultivars + 7.9 14.21 U=strum lucidum b 6 8-24 Li uidambar st aciflua + cultivars + 1-9 14-24 Liriodendron tuliitem + 1-10 14-23 Ma olia. andiflora + cultivars + 4.12 14-24 11 TREES for TEMPERATE ASSOCIATIONS A - Trees compatible with Turf Irrigation B - Drought Tolerant Plant C - Native to California D - Native to Irvine E - Nitrogen Fixing Plant F - Noted for Food Value for Birds SCIENTIFIC NAME SUNSET ZONE A B C D E F Metase uoia glyptostroboides 3-9 14-24 M o orum laetum 8 9,14-17 19-24 Osmanthus hetero h llus + cultivars 1 3-1014-24 Photinia x fraseri + + 4--24 Photinia serrulata + + 4-16 18-22 Pinus nigra NA Pinus thunber 'ana INA Pistacia chinensis + + 8-16 18-23 Platanus x acerifolia + cultivars + 2--24 Platanus occidentalis + All Podocarpus macro h llus 4-9 14-24 Po ulus ni a'Italica' + All Prunus x blireiana + 2-1214-22 Prunus caroliniana 7--24 Prunus cerasifera + cultivars + 2--22 Pyrus caller ana + 2-914-21 Pyrus kawakamii + 8 912-24 uercus vir 'mans + I I I + 4--24 Robinia x ambi a + cultivars + + + All Robinia pseudoacacia + cultivars + + + I lAll Salix bab lonica + + All Salix matsudana + cultivars + All Sa ium sebiferam + 8 912-16 18-21 Sequoia sem ervirens + cultivars + + 4-914-24 Se uoiadendron giganteum + + 3--24 So hors japonica + cultivar + I + All Taxodium distichum + 1 11-914-24 Taxus baccata + cvs 3-9 14-24 Th 'a occidentalis + cultivars 2-915-17 21-24 Ulmus parvifolia + cultivars + + S 912-24 Zelkova serrata + 3--21 SHRUBS for TEMPERATE ASSOCIATIONS A - Trees compatible with Turf Irrigation B - Drought Tolerant Plant C - Native to California D - Native to Irvine E - Nitrogen Fixing Plant F - Noted for Food Value for Birds SCIENTIFIC NAME SUNSET ZONE A B C D E F Abelia x'Edward Goucher' 12--24 Abelia x grandiflors. + cultivars 5.24(156) Acer palmatum + cultivars 1-9 14.24 Aspidistra elatior 149 12-24 Aucuba'a onica+cultivara 4-11 14-23 Berberis species + + 1-1114-17 Buddleia species 1-9 12.24 Buxus micro h ]la japonica + cultivars 8--24 Buxus micro h lla koreana All Buxus sem ervirens + cultviars 3-618-17 Camellia reticulate 4-9 14.24 Camellia sasan ua + varieties 49 14.24 Carpenteria californica + + 6-9 14.24 Chaenomeles species 1--21 Chamaecyparis species + 4-6 16.17 + Cord line australis + cultivar + 6 8-11 14-24 Corokia cotoneaster 4--24 Cotoneaster a iculatus + cultivars + All Cotoneaster species + 4-24 C tisus x praecox + cultivars + 2.9 12.22 Dietes ve eta 8 913.24 Elaeagnus x ebbin ei + 6»24 Elaeagnus pungens + cultivars + + 4-24 Escallonia species 4-914-17 20-24 Etionymus japonica + cultivars 2-20 Fatsiajaponica +'Vane ate' 49 13-24 Hebe species + cvs 14-24 Hemerocallis species JAR Hibiscus sytiacus 1--21 Hydrangea macro h lla + cultivars 2--24 Hypericum beanii + 4--24 Hypericum x moseranum + 4-24 Ilex species + 49 14.24 SHRUBS for TEMPERATE ASSOCIATIONS A - Trees compatible with Turf Irrigation B - Drought Tolerant Plant C - Native to California D - Native to Irvine E - Nitrogen Fixing Plant F - Noted for FoodValue for Birds SCIENTIFIC NAME SUNSET ZONE A B C D E F Jasminum mesn ' + 4--24 Juni erus s ecies + NA La erstroemia indica + cultivars + 7-9 14-21 Li strum 'a onicum + cultivars 4-24 Ligustrum lucidum 5,6 8-24 Li tram ovalifolium 4--24 Magnolia x soulan Tana + cultivars 1-10, 12-24 Magnolia stellata + cultivars 1-9, 14-24 Mahonia a uifolium + cultivars + 1--21 Mahonia bealei + All Mahonia lomariifolia + 6-9 14-24 Nandina domestica + cultivars 5--24 Osmanthus fragrans 8 912-24 Osmanthus hetero h llus 3-10 14-24 Phormium tenax + cultivars 7--24 Photinia x fraseri + 4-24 Photinia glabra 4--24 Photinia serrulata + 4-16 18-22 Pittos orum crassifolium + cultivars I + 1 9 14-17 19-24 Pittos orum eugenioides 9 14-1719-22 Pittos orum tenuifolium 9 14-1719-24 Pittos orum tobira + cultivars + 8--24 Plat cladus orientalis + cultivars All Podocarpus macro h llus + cultivar 49 14-24 Prunus caroliniana + cultivars + 1 7--24 Pyracantha species + cultivars + 3--24 Rhododendron spp. + cultivars - Azalea INA Ribes san eum + cultivars + 4-914-24 Rosa banksiae + cultivars + + NA Sarcococca rascifolia 4-914-24 Taxus baccata + cultivars 1 3-914-24 Ternstroemia gymnanthera 4-9 12-24 Thu'a species . 2-915-17 21-24 Viburnum species + 5-914-24 X losma con esrum + 1 18-24 VINES for TEMPERATE ASSOCIATIONS A - Trees compatible with Turf Irrigation B - Drought Tolerant Plant C - Native to California D - Native to Irvine E - Nitrogen Fixing Plant F - Noted for Food Value for Birds SCIENTIFIC NAME SUNSET ZONE A B C D E F Actinidia chinensis 4-9 14-24 Akebia qUinata All Am elo sis brevi educulata + All Campsis grandiflora 2.12 14-21 Campsis radicans 1--21 Campsis x to liabuana ALL Clematis species 49 12.24 Euonyinus fortunei radicans + cultivars 1--17 X Fatshedera lizei 4-10 12-24 Ficua ptunila+'Minima' 8--24 Gelsemium sem ervirens 8-24 Jasminum grandiflorum + 8-912-24 Jasminum polyanthum 5.9 12-24 Lonicera heckrottii + 2-24 Polygonum aubertii All Trachelos ermum jasminoides 8--24 Wisteria floribunda + cultivars + + All Wisteria sinensis + cultivars + + All GROUNDCOVERS for TEMPERATE ASSOCIATIONS SCIENTIFIC NAME SUNSET ZONE Abelia grandiflora'Prostrata' 5--24 u a re tans + cultivarsa All Arctosta h los uva-ursi + + 1-914-24 Ber enia cordifolia 1 1 11-9,14-24 Ber enia crassifolia 1 11-914-24 Campanula species lAll Cerastium tomentosum All Ceratostigma plumbaginoides 2.9 14-24 Cotoneaster species All Duchesnea indica All GROUNDCOVERS for TEMPERATE ASSOCIATIONS A - Trees compatible with Turf Irrigation B - Drought Tolerant Plant C - Native to California D - Native to Irvine E - Nitro en Fixing Plant F - Noted for Food Value for Birds SCIENTIFIC NAME SUNSET ZONE A B C D E F Huonymus fortunei radicans + cultivars + 1--17 Fra aria chiloensis 4--24 Hedera helix + cvs All Hypericum cal cinum 2--24 Iberis sem ervirens All Juni erns chinensis'Procumbens' I All Juni eras conferta All Juni erus horizontalis All Juni eras h. 'Bar Harbor' All Juni eras h. 'Wilton' All Juni erus sabina'Tamariscifolia' + NA Lirio a muscari + cultivars 5-10 12-24 Lirio e s icata All Lonicera'a onica'Halliana' + + 2--24 Mahorda a uifolium 'Com acta' + + + 1--21 Mahonia re ens + + + 1--21 0 hio 0 on 'a onicus 5-10 12-24 Oxalis species 4-914-24 Pachysandra terminalis 1-1014-21 Potentilla tabernaemontanii All Sedum species + 8 914-24 Trachelos ermum asiaticum 6--24 Trachelos ermum 'asminoides 8--24 Vinca major 5-24 (15) Vinca minor + cultivars END Temperate Plant List TREES for MEDITERRANEAN ASSOCIATIONS INFORMATION COLUMNS A -frees compatible with Turf Irrigation B - Drought Tolerant Plant C - Native to California D - Native to Irvine E - Nitrogen Fixing Plant F - Noted for Food Value for Birds SCIENTIFIC NAME SUNSET ZONE A B C D E F Acacia bails ana + ov + + + 7-9 13-24 Acacia pendula + + 13.24 Acacia salia + + 14-24 onis flexuosa 15-17 20-24 Alnus cordata + 8 914.24 Alnus rhombifolia + + 1 914-21 An o hora costata + 1617 21-24 Arbutus unedo + cvs + + 4-24 Brach chiton populneus + 1 1 12-24 (18°F) Callistemon citrinus + + 8 912-24 Casuarina cunnin hamiana + + + 8 912-24 Casuarina stricta + + 8 912-24 Cedrus atlantica + cvs + + 4--23 Cedrus deodara + cvs + + 4 12 14-24 Ceratonia sill ua + + + 9 13-16 18-24 (22°F) Cercis occidentalis + + + 2-24 Chamaero s humilis + 5-24 Cu ressus forbesii + 8-1418.20 Cu ressus macroca a + 17 only Cu ressus sem ervirens + cvs + 4-24\beat 8-15 18-20 Eucalyptus cassia NA Eucalyptus calo h lla + + NA Eucalyptus camaldulensis + + 12-15OF Eucalyptus cinerea 14-170F Eucalyptus citriodora + INA Eucalyptus cladocal + + 23-286F Eucalyptus de lu to + NA Eucalyptus erythrocorys + 23-26OF Eucalyptus ficifolia + + NA Eucalyptus grandis + NA lEucalyptus lehmannii + 25-28°F 11 TREES for MEDITERRANEAN ASSOCIATIONS A - Trees compatible with Turf Irrigation B - Drought Tolerant Plant C - Native to California D - Native to Irvine E - Nitrogen Fixing Plant F - Noted for Food Value for Birds SCIENTIFIC NAME SUNSET ZONE A B C D E F Eucalyptus leuco Ion + 14-18OF Eucalyptus macroca a + 8-12°F Eucalyptus maculata + + 19-23OF Eucalyptus microtheca + 5-10OF Eucalyptus nicholii 12-15OF Eucalyptus polyanthemos + 14-18°F Eucalyptus pulveralenta + I 15-21OF Eucalyptus robusta 11-15OF Eucalyptus rudis + 12-18OF Eucalyptus siderox lon + 10-15OF Eucalyptus for uata NA Fraxinus uhdei + cvs + 9 12-24 Fraxinus velutina + cvs + 8 910-24 Gei'era parviflora + 8 9,13-24 Laurus nobilis 5-9 12-24 (20°F) Le tos emum laevi atum + cvs + 14-24 lAthocarpus densiflorus 4-7,14-24 L onothamnus floribundus var. as lenifolius + + + 15-17 Melaleuca armillaris 1 9, 12-24 Melaleuca linariifolia 9 13-23 Melaleuca quinguenervia + 9, 13 16 17 20-24 Melaleuca styphelioides 9 13-24 Nerium oleander + 8-16 18-23 Mea euro aea + cvs + 8,911-24 Phoenix canariensis + 9,12-24 Phoenix dac lifera + + 9,12-24 Pinus canariensis + 10-20OF Pinus eldarica + NA Pinus hale ensis + NA Pinus patula 15OF Pinus pinea + NA Pinus radiata + + 150F Pinus torre aria + + + 120F Pittos orum pj#Hyraeoides + 9 12-24 TREES for MEDITERRANEAN ASSOCIATIONS A- Trees compatible with Turf Irrigation B - Drought Tolerant Plant C - Native to California D - Native to Irvine E - Nitrogen Fixing Plant F - Noted for Food Value for Birds SCIENTIFIC NAME SUNSET ZONE A B C D E F Platanus racemosa + + + + 4-24 Prunus 1 onii + 7-912.24 Punica granatum + cvs + 7--24 uercus agrifolia + + I + 7-101214-24 uercus dumosa + 4-914-24 uercus en elmannii + 18-24 uerous ilex + 4--24 uercus suber + 8-7 8-16 18-21 Rhus lances 8 912-24 Sambuicas mexicana + + + + lAll Schinus molle 8 912-24 Trachyearpus fortunei 4-24 Umbellularia californica + + + 4-1012-24 Vitex a us-castus 4-24 Washingtonia filifera + 8 911-24 Washingtonia robusta + + 8 911-24 SHRUBS & PERENNIALS for MEDITERRANEAN ASSOCIATIONS SCIENTIFIC NAME SUNSET ZONE B C D E F G Acacia cultriformis + + 13.24 Acacia c clo s + + 8 913-24 Acacia Ion ' olia + + 8,9 U-24 Acacia redolens + cv + I + 1 18,912-24 Acacia salia I + 1 114-24 Alyogyne hue lii + cvs 15.17 20-24 (23°F) Ani ozanthos species 16-24 Arbutus unedo + cvs + + 4-24 Arctosta h los species + + NA Baccharia pilWaris var. Conan 'nea + + + + 5-1114-24 Callistemon citrinus + 8 912-24 Cal canthus accidentalis + 4-9 14-22 Ceanothus species + + + 1 + 4-714-24 SHRUBS & PERENNIALS for MEDITERRANEAN ASSOCIATIONS A - Trees compatible with Turf Irrigation B - Drought Tolerant Plant ' C - Native to California D - Native to Irvine E - Nitrogen Fixing Plant F - Noted for Food Value for Birds SCIENTIFIC NAME SUNSET ZONE ' A B C D E F Centranthusruber 7-9 14-24 Cercis occidentalis + + 2--24 Cistus species 7-9 12-24 Comarosta h lis diversifolia + + + 7-9 14-24 Convovulus cneorum 7-9 12-24 ' Cytisusspecies + 8 912-24 Dendromecon species + + 5-8 14-24 Dodonaea viscosa + cv + 7-9 12-24 Echium fastuosum 14-24 Encelia californica + + + + NA Erica species 15-17 21-24 ' Erio onum species + + + + NA Eucalyptus lehmannii + 25-28OF Fremontodendron species + + + 7--24 ' Galvezia s eciosa + cvs + + + 14-24 Garrya elli tica + + 5-914-21 Grevillea species + NA ' Hakea suaveolens 9 12-1719-24 Heteromeles arbutifolia + + + + 5--24 Iva ha esiana + + NA Lavandula species 4-24 Le tos ermum laevi atom + cvs + 14-24 Le tos ermum sco arium + cvs 14-24 ' Limonium perezii 1 113,16,17 20-24 Lu inus species + + + 14-17 22-24 Mahonia'GoldenAbundance' + + 1--21 Malosma laurina + + .+ 14-24 Melaleuca armillaris 9 12-24 Melaleuca peso h lla 9 13-24 M o orum laetum 15-17 19-24 Myrica californica + + + 4-614-17 20-24 AbTtus communis + evs + 8--24 Nerium oleander + 8-16 18-23 Pennisetum setaceum'cu reum' All Prunus ilicifolia + + + 7-912-24 SHRUBS & PERENNIALS for MEDITERRANEAN ASSOCIATIONS A - Trees compatible with Turf Irrigation B - Drought Tolerant Plant C - Native to California D - Native to Irvine E - Nitrogen Fixing Plant F - Noted for Food Value for Birds SCIENTIFIC NAME SUNSET ZONE A B C D E F Prunus 1 onii + + + 7-912-24 Punica granatum + ova + 7-24 Ra hiole is indica + cvs 8-1012.24 Rhamnus alaternus + cvs 4-24 Rhamnus californica + cvs + + + + 4-24 Rhus inte ' olia + + + + 15-17 20.24 Rhus ovata + + + + 7--24 Ribes s eciosum + + 8 914-24 Romne a coulteri + cv + + 5-1012-24 Rosmarinus ofiicinalis + cvs + 4-24 Salvia greggii All Salvia species + I + + + + 10--24 Sandolina chamaecyparissus + cv All Sandolina virens All Senecio cineraria All Sall a heteroh lla + cv 8 914-24 Teuchrium fruiticans 4-24 Trichostema lanatum + + 14-24 Viburnum tinus + cvs 4.1012,13 14-23 Vitex a us-castus 4-24 Westringia rosmariniformis + 15-1719-24 VINES for MEDITERRANEAN ASSOCIATIONS SCIENTIFIC NAME I ISUNSETZONE Hardenber 'a violaceae + ev + 9-24 Hedera canariensis 8 912-24 Hedera helix All I! GROUND COVERS for MEDITERRANEAN ASSOCIATIONS A - Trees compatible with Turf Irrigation B - Drought Tolerant Plant C - Native to California D - Native to Irvine E - Nitrogen Fixing Plant F - Noted for Food Value for Birds SCIENTIFIC NAME SUNSET ZONE A B C D E F Acacia redolens + cv + + 8,912-24 Arctosta h los species + 6-9 14-24 Armeria maritima + All Artemisia cali£ornica'Can on Grey' + + 12--24 Artemisia pyenocephala + All Baccharis pilularis + cvs + + + 5-11.14-24 Ceanothus giiseas var. horizontalis + cvs + + + 4-714-24 Cistus x h bridus (corbariensis) 7-912-24 Cistus salviifolius 7-9,12-24 Convovulus mauritanicus 4-9, 12-24 Erio onum species + + + + + 14-24 Eu horbia ri'da (bi landulosa) 4--24 Hedera canariensis 8 912.24 Hedera helix All Heuchera maxima 16-24 Iva ha esiana + NA M o orum parvifolium 14-16 18-24 Pennisetum setaceum 'cu reum' All P racantha species + NA Ribes viburnifolium + + 8 9 14-24 Rosmarinus officinalis'Prostratus' + 4-24 Salvia mellifera + cvs + + + + NA Salvia sonomensis + cv + NA Santolina chamaec arissus + cv I All Santolina virens All Teucrium chamaedrys All END Mediterranean Association List I TREES for SUBTROPICAL ASSOCIATIONS A - Trees compatible with Turf Irrigation B - Drought Tolerant Plant C - Native to California D - Native to Irvine E - Nitrogen Fixing Plant F - Noted for Food Value for Birds SCIENTIFIC NAME SUNSET ZONE A B C D E F - Abutilon h bridum + cvs 16-24 athis robusta + 16 16 20-23 Araucaria species + 7-9 12-24 Archonto hoenix cunnin hamiana + 21-24 Arecastrum romanzoffianum + 121315-1719.24 Bauhinia blakeana + + 119,21,23 Bauhinia forficata + + 9 12-23 Bauhinia vane to + cv + + 13 18-23 Brach chiton acerifolius + ov + 16-21 23 Brach chiton discolor + I INA Calodendrnm ca ense + 19 21-24 Cassia excelsa + + 12 13 19-24 Cassia le to h lla + + 21-24 Casuarina a uisetifolia + + + 8 912-24 Chorisia insi is 19.24 Chorisia s eciosa + cvs 16-24 Cinnamomum cam hors + 1 1 18,912-24 Cocculus laurifolius + 8 912-24 Cu anio sis anacardio sis + 16 1-7 1-9-2-4 (22') Erythrina caffra + 21.24 Eryftna coralloides + 12 1319-24 Erythrina crista- li + + 7-9 12-17 19-24 Eryffirinahumeana + + 121320-24 Fe" oa sellowiana + 7-9 12-24 Ficus auriculata 20.24 Ficus ben'amina 13 23 24 Ficus elastica + cvs + 16 1719-24 Ficus macro h lla + 17 19-24 Ficus microca a + 9 16-24 Ficus microcarpa var. nitida + 1 19,15-24 Ficus rubi inosa + cvs + 18-24 Grevillea robusta + + + 8 912-24 IHarDePhyllum caffrum + 17 19 21-24 TREES for SUBTROPICAL ASSOCIATIONS ' A - Trees compatible with Turf Irrigation B - Drought Tolerant Plant C - Native to California D - Native to Irvine E - Nitrogen Fixing Plant F - Noted for Food Value for Birds SCIENTIFIC NAME SUNSET ZONE Hibiscus rosa-sinensis + cvs 9 12 13, 16 19-24 H enos orum flavum + + 8 914-23 Jacaranda mimosifolia + cv + 15-24 Lagunaria patersonii + 13 15-24 Leucodendron argenteum + 1 17 20-24 gqytenus boaria + cv + 8 914-21 Metrosideros excelsus + 17 23.24 Olmediella betschlerana + 914-24 Phoenix reclinata + 23,24 Pittos orum rhombifolium + 12--24 Pittos orum undulatum + 14-17 21-24 Pittos orum viridiflorum 15-17 20-24 Podocarpus gracilior + 1 13-24 Podocarpus henkehi 8 914-24 ' Psidium littorale var. lon ' es 9 15-24 Schefilera actin h lla 21-24 Schinus terebinthifolius + + 15-17 19-24 Stenocarpus sinuatus 16 17 20-24 Strelitzia nicolai 22-24 Syzygium paniculatuin + I + 161719-24 Tabebuia species + 15 16 20-24 Tecoma stans 12 13 21-23 Thevetia peraviana 12-14 21-24 71 uana ti u + + 1 13-1618-24 Tristania conferta + 19-24 Tu idanthus calyptratus 19-24 SHRUBS and PERENNIALS for SUBTROPICAL ASSOCIATIONS A- , Trees compatible with Turf Irrigation B - Drought Tolerant Plant C - Native to California D - Native to Irvine E - Nitrogen Fixing Plant F - Noted for Food Value for Birds SCIENTIFIC NAME SUNSET ZONE A B C D E F Abutilon species 1315.24 a anthus africanus + cva 7.9 12-24 a anthus orientalis 7-912.24 Agave attenuata 20-24 Asparagus densiflorus M ers' 12--24 Asparagus d. '5 ren erf + cv + (24') Bauhinia punctata ( al inii) + 13 18-23 Bou ainvillea s ecies + cva + 12 13 15-17 19 21- Bougainvillea glabra + 12 13 15-17 19 21-2 Brugmansia species 16.24 Brunfelsia auciflora'Floribunda' 13-17 20-24 Calliandra haematoce hala + ev + 22-24 Calliandra tweedii + 15-21 22-24 Carissa grandiflora + cva + 12 13 16.21 22-24 Cassiaspecies + 13 22 24 Cestram species 13 1719-24 Choir a ternata 7-9 12-17 Cocculus laurifolius 8 912-24 Co rosma re ens + cvs 15-17 21-24 Cord line indivisa 16 17 20-24 Cord line atricta 16 17 20-24 Correa species 14-24 Corynocarpuslaevi ata 16,23 17,24 Crassula species + 1617 22-24 Dizygotheca ele antissima 1 1617 22-24 Dombea species 21-24 Dracaena draco + 16 17 21-24 Duranta re ens + cvs 13 16 17 21-24 Eu horbia species NA FQoa sellowiana + + 7-9 12-24 Felicia amelloides 8 913-24 Ficus elastica + ova 16 1719-24 Fuchsia spp. + hybrids 16 17 22-24 I I u I I 11 SHRUBS and PERENNIALS for SUBTROPICAL ASSOCIATIONS A - Trees compatible with Turf Irrigation B - Drought Tolerant Plant C - Native to California D - Native to Irvine E - Nitrogen Fixing Plant F - Noted for Food Value for Birds SCIENTIFIC NAME SUNSET ZONE A B C D E F Gardenia jasminoides + cvs 7-9 12-16 18-23 Grewia occidentalis 8 9 14-24 Hibiscus rasa-sinensis + cvs 9 12 13 16, 19-24 Justicia brande eana + cvs 16 17 21-24 Justicia carnea 8 913-24 Kalanchoe species 21-24 Kni hofia uvaria + vars + 1-9 14-24 Leucodendron argenteum 17 20-24 Monstera deliciosa 21-24 Murra a paniculata 21-24 Ochna serrulata + 1 1 14-24 Pelargonium species 15-17 22-24 Philadel hus species 8 914-24 Philodendron selloum 8 914-24 Phoenix robelinii 23,24 Pittos orum rhombifolium 12--24 Pittos orum undulatum + 14-17 21-24 Pittos orum viridiflorum 15-17 20-24 Plumba o auriculata + 8 9 12-24 Podocarous gracilior 13-24 Podocarpus henkelii 8 914-24 Polygala virgata 8 9 12-24 Portulacaria afra + 13, 16 17 22-24 Psidium littorale var. lop ' es 9, 15-24 Russelia a uisetiformis 19-24 Schefllera arborecola 23--24 Solanum ratonnetii 12 13,15-24 Strelitzia re 'nae 22-24 Syzygium aniculatum'Com acta' + 161719-24 Tecomaria ca ensis 12131618-24 Thevetia peraviana 12-14 21-24 Tibouchina urvilleana I 1 1 16 17 21-24 Tulba hia viWacea + 14-24 Tu idanthus calyptratus 19-24 II VINES for SUBTROPICAL ASSOCIATIONS A - Trees compatible with Turf Irrigation B - Drought Tolerant Plant C - Native to California D - Native to Irvine E - Nitrogen Fixing Plant F - Noted for Food Value for Birds SCIENTIFIC NAME SUNSET ZONE A B C D E F Anti non le to us 121318-21 Asp ragus setaceus + (24') Beaumontia grandiflom 12 13 16-17 21-24 Bougainvillea species + cvs + 121316-1719 2122- Cissus antarctica 13 16-24 Cissus hypoglauca 13.24 Cissus rhombifolia 13 16 16 21-24 CI stoma calliste 'oides 9 13-24 Distictis buccinatoria + 8 914-24 Distictis laxiflora 16 22-24 Distictis'Rivers! 16 22-24 Hibbertia scandens 1817 21-24 Jasminum nitidum 1216 19-21 Lonicera hildebrandiana 9 14-1? 19.24 Macfad ena un 's-cati + 8--24 Mandevilla'Alice du Pont' 21-24 Monstera deliciosa 21-24 Pandorea 'asminoides 16-24 Pyrostegia venusta (Bignonia v.) 1316 21-24 Rhoicissus ca ensis 1617 21-24 Solandm maxima 17 2-24 Solanum 'asminoides + 8 912.24 Stephanotis floribunda 23--24 Stigmaphyllon ciliatum 19-24 Tetrastigma voinerianum 17 20-24 Thunbergia grandiflom 16 21-24 Thunber 'a a orii 21-24 rigna camcalla + 12--24 ' GROUNDCOVERS for SUBTROPICAL ASSOCIATIONS ' A - Trees compatible with Turf Irrigation B - Drought Tolerant Plant C - Native to California D - Native to Irvine E - Nitrogen Fixing Plant F - Noted for Food Value for Birds SCIENTIFIC NAME SUNSET ZONE a anthus africanus + cvs 7-9 12-24 orientalis 7-9 12-24 'Agapanthus A tenia cordifolia 17 21-24 Arctotheca calendula 8 913-24 Asparagus densiflorus'M ers' 12--24 Carissa grandifloraProstrateC + 22-24 Carpobrotus chilensis + 12--24 Carpobrotus edulis + INA ' Catharanthus roseus + All Ce halo h llum 'Red Spike' 8 9 14-24 Clivia miniata 15-17 19-24 ' Co rosma x kirkii + 8 914-17 21-24 Delos erma alba + 12--24 Drosanthemum floribundum + 14-24 ' Drosanthemum his idum + 1 14-24 Gazania species + 8--24 Gazania riens leucolaena + 8--24 Kalanchoe species 21-24 Lantana montevidensis + cvs + 17 23 24 Maleo hors crocea + 11--24 ' Maleo hors luteola + 15-24 M o orum x ' acifica NA Osteos ermum fruticosum 8 9 14-24 Pelargonium peltatum 1 15-17 22-24 Ph la nodiflora + 8--24 Polygonum ca itatum 8 912-24 t Senecio mandraliscae 113,16,17 21-24 Soleirolia soleirolii 8--24 Thunber •a gregorn 21-24 ' Tulba hia violacea 14-24 Verbena peruviana + 1 8--12 ' END Subtropical List NO POSTAGE NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE UNITED STATES BUSINESS REPLY MAIL FIRST CLASS MAIL PERMIT NO.420 NEWPORT BEACH, CA POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY ADDRESSEE THE PLANNING CENTER 1300 DOVE ST STE 100 NEWPORT BEACH CA 92660-9765 Please send me the following water management information: ❑ Department of Water Resources Model Efficient Landscape Ordinance ❑ Assembly Bill 325 Text Name: Organization: Address: City/Stalelzip: Phone: How AB 325 Might Affect You Under current law, municipalities must adopt their own water efficient landscape ordinance by January 31, 1993 or the Model Efficient Landscape Ordinance prepared by the Department of Water Resources will be mandated. These regulations imposed by the Department of Water Resources may not be necessary and could restrict your jurisdiction to standards and requirements which do not respond to the geographical, economic, or environmental conditions of your region. For a free copy of the DWR model efficient landscape ordinance, please contact David Dodson at (714) 851-9444, or fill out and return the attached business reply card. Important Deadlines January 1, 1992: Department of Water Resources adopted a model water efficient landscape ordinance. January 1, 1993: Local agencies must adopt a water efficient landscape ordinance. If a local agency does not adopt their own ordinance, the state -mandated model water efficient landscape ordinance prepared by the Department of Water Resources will take effect. January 31, 1993: Local agency must file a copy of their own water efficient landscape ordinance with the Department of Water Resources. What Can You Do? The Planning Center and Water Management Group have joined forces to work with local agencies in developing a cost effective and viable program for managing your water needs. Water Management is something that cannot be solved with a simple ordinance or a list of water management practices. Our approach has been to develop a water management process and model, which at both the state and local level, satisfy the state mandated AB 325 and: • allows you to retain control of the process • is measurable and quantifiable • does not restrict plant material • does not restrict the landscape designer • does not add any costs to the existing processes • is market driven • does not mandate consumption • divides and directs the role of water purveyor and the water user • addresses individual circumstances • recognizes the fact that water management is a complex process from planning through design and operation We have been extremely successful in our efforts to pull together a water management program and have developed a model that incorporates the various components of landscape function to achieve a water management plan which will work for you. Our Experience l # The Planning Center is a private consulting firm ��providing multi -disciplinary planning and landscape architectural services to both governmental agencies and the private sector. Since its founding in 1975, The Planning Center has been devoted to the development of viable planning solutions to the physical, social and environmental problems that arise from urbanization. The firm embodies a full complement of professional disciplines, including environmental analysis; landscape architecture; EIR and EIS preparation; policy and regulatory specific plan preparation; land use planning; site planning; design guidelines; redevelopment and rehabilitation plans; grading studies and plans; biological assessments, cultural resource surveys; and computerized planning system applications. Water Management Group is a full service water management consulting firm providing comprehensive water management services. Since 1988, the firm has produced landscape irrigation water reports, irrigation master plans, landscape irrigation ordinances, maintenance and operation guidelines, system design, CADD production documentation and citywide irrigation master plans for cities and municipalities throughout California. Vi Water Management Services Our team will gladly assist you and your agency in preparing a water management program. We offer the following products and services: • Water Management Policy Development • Water Efficient Landscape Ordinances • Landscape Irrigation Design Guidelines • City/Municipality-Wide Irrigation Master Planning • Coordination between water supplier and consumer ®ro; County of Orange DATE: November 30, 1990 TO: Distribution Vii2u(i ) File: Water FROM: George Britton, Acting Manager, Advance Planning Division SUBJECT: Zoning Code Amendment This amendment to the Zoning Code (Attachment 1) was approved by the Board of Supervisors on October 24, 1990. The amendment addresses landscaping and landscape irrigation procedures for common areas exceeding one cumulative acre in multi -family and non-residential developments. The specific development criteria are included in the Water Conservation Resolution (Attachment 2). Sections 7-9-77.8, 7-9-78.8, 7-9-79.8 and 7-9-132.2 of the code are affected by the amendment which will take effect on November 23, 1990. As this is.a County holiday, the actual date of implementation will be Monday, November 26, 1990. By copy of this memo, the Manager, Current Planning Division is requested to update the Zoning Code. If you have any questions regarding these materials, please contact Michael Wellborn at 834-2486. MW:tk 0102915233934 Distribution: Executive Management Pat Stanton- Bob White Floyd McLellan Ken Winter Bob Collacott Tim Neely Bill Grant Bob Hamilton Bill Eckles Denny Turner Jim Williams Steve Hogan Herb Nakasone Bob Rende Jim Johansen John Buzas Bill Reiter F850-188(3/84( ndis . 1 2 3 4I 5 6 7 8 9 10 it 12 I 13 14 i N 19 Fla 21 22 23 24 25 A 2 26 N N 27 28 ORDINANCE No, 3802 AN ORDINANCE OF THE COUNTY OF ORANGE, CALIFORNIA AMENDING VARIOUS PROVISIONS OF THE ZONING CODE REGARDING THE CONSERVATION OF WATER IN LANDSCAPING FOR COMMON AREAS OF MULTIFAMILY AND NON-RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT The Board of Supervisors of the County of Orange, Cal-ifornia ordains as follows: SECTION 1: Section 7-9-77.8(h) of the Codified Ordinances (R2 "Multifamily Dwellings" District Regulations) is hereby added to read as follows: th) Landscaping. For multifamily projects of five or more units and common areas of planned developments. Per section 7-9-132.2. SECTION 2: Section 7-9-78.8(h) of the Codified Ordinances (R3 "Apartment" District Regulations) is hereby added to read as follows: (h) Landscaping. For multifamily projects of five or more units and common areas of planned developments. Per section 7-9-132.2. SECTION 3: Section 7-9-79.8(h) of the Codified Ordinances (R4 "Suburban Multifamily Residential" District Regulations) is hereby added to read as follows: (h) Landscaping. For multifamily projects of five or more units and common, areas of planned developments. Per section 7-9-132.2. SECTION 4: Section 7-9-132.2 of the Codified Ordinances (Landscaping) is hereby amended to read as follows: Section 7-9-132.2 Landscaping Landscaping, consisting of trees, shrubs, vines, ground cover, turf or anv combination thereof, shall be installed and maintained subject to the following standards: (a) Boundary landscaping is required for a minimum depth equal to the required setback distance or ten (10) feet (whichever is less) along all property lines abutting streets except for the required street openings. (b) Landscaping along all streets and boundaries shall be in compliance with Section 7-9-137.5, "Fences and walls." 2 3 4 5 6 7 8I9 10 11 12 13 14 i z, 15 0" W0u W W 16 4 + 0 Iw" Z 0D, oa 1, u 18 19 20 a N m 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 (c) Any landscape(; area shall bfe separated from an adjacent parking or vehicular area by a wall or curb at .least six (6) inches higher than the adjacent narkine, or vehicular area. (d) Permanent watering facilities shall be provided for all .landscaped areas. (e) F.eyuired landscaping shall be maintained in a neat, clean and healthy condition. This shall include proper pruning: mowing of lawns, weeding, rsmovol of litter., fertilizing and watering as needed and the replacement of plants when necessary. (f) for projects wiih landscaping of more than one cumulative acre, a landscape and irrigation system plar shall be submitted and approved prior to the issuance of building permits (with implementation reports submitted and approved prior to the issuance of use and occupancy permits) to comply with criteria approved by Board of Supervisors' 'Water Conservation Fesolutior.. (Y,) In addition to other projects that may be subject to section 7-9-132.2, the following projects shall be subject to these regulations regardless of the district, planned community or specific plan in which lhe:; ore located: 1) Multifamily projects of five or more Units; 2) Residential planned development; (common a,.cas only); and 3) Com:ner(:ial/Office/Ind projects involv)ng lands cap inF/irrigation of more than one cumual lative ustriustri 2. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 SECTION 5 . This Ordinance shall take effect and be in full force thirty (t0) days from and after its passage and, before the expiration of fifteen (15) days after the passage thereof, shall be published once in the Saddleback Valley News , a newspaper published in the County of Orange, State of California, together with the names of the members of the Board of Supervisors voting for or against the same. Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Orange Cou:ity, California SIGNED AND CERTIFIED THAT A COPY OF THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN DELIVERED TO THE CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD LINDA D. tH % "ar of the Boar Supervisors !County of Ora , California STATE OF r.,AL!:r ORNIA ) ss. COUNTY OF ORANGE ) I, LINDA D. RUTH, Clerk of the Board of Supervisors, do hereby certify that at a regular meeting of the Board of Supervisors of Orange County, California, held on the 24th day ur" October 19 , the foregoing ordinance containing five sections was passed and adopted by the following vote: AYES: SUPERVISORS* HARRIETT M. WIEDER, GADDI H. VASQUEZ, ROGER R. STANTON, DON R. ROTH AND THOMAS F. RILEY NOES: SUPERVISORS: NONE ABSENT: SUPERVISORS NONE - IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and official seal of the Board of Supervisors of the County State of California, this 26th day of October DATED: October 26, 1990 PUBLISH: Saddleback Valley News November 2, 1990 affixed the of Orange 19 96 D. RUTH - �— Clerk of the Board o.' :Apervisors of Orange Cous)t:y, i=Pornia 3. c •5 6 8 9 10 11 12, 13 i 14 15 16 17 1 18 I 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 l 28 RESOLUTION OF THE BOARD OF SUPERVISORS OF ORANGE COUNTT CAUFORNIA OCTOBER 24, 1990 On motion of Supervisor Wieder , duly seconded and carried, the following Resolution was adopted: WHEREAS, the County of Orange has an adopted General Plan and Comprehensive Zoning Code; and WHEREAS, on June 5, 1990 this Board received Guidelines for conserving water utilized in landscape irrigation from the Water Conservation Task Force; and WHEREAS, this Board supports the goals of conserving water in landscaping irrigation as identified by the Water Conservation Task Force members; and WHEREAS, the State of California has received less than normal levels of precipitation for the past four years resulting in a common need to conserve available potable waters and encourage utilization of reclaimed water; and WHEREAS, this Board has complied with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), the CEQA Guidelines and the County environmental procedures by reviewing and considering Negative Declaration IP 90-40 and has determined that the proposed program will not have a significant effect on the environment; and Page 1 Resolution- No. "-1341 Public Hazing -Zoning Code Amendment No. 90-5, Water Conservation Implementation Program :eb Y 0 r 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101 15 16 17 18 20 II 21 n 23 24 WHEREAS, this Board has reviewed the recommended criteria for the Water Conservation Implementation Program and has considered the ENA reports dated September 25, 1990 and the comments and responses received at the Planning Commission hearing. NOV, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that this Board hereby approves this Resolution of Water Conservation Criteria for use in•landscaping projects as identified in the Codified Ordinances of the County of Orange. (1) Landscape and irrigation system plans required by Zoning Code section 7-9-132.2 shall be prepared and certified by.a licensed landscape 0 architect or licensed landscape contragtor.pr.ior to,the issuance of building permits and include but•no.t'be limited to: 25 26 ''7 28 (i) A site analysis study which includes evaluation of macro and micro climates, solar exposure, prevailing wind conditions, seasonal temperature patterns, soils and drainage, grade and slope analysis and street visibility; (ii) utilization of1the best available irrigation technology to maximize efficient use of water. This could include the use of historical evapo-transpiration rates, weather station (CIHIS) data, moisture sensors, rain shutoff devices, drip systems, multi -program electronic timers and matched output sprinkler heads; (iii) project characteristics including visibility, adjacent development, activity and usage and focus area; (iv) availability and special conditions for use of reclaimed water; (v) consideration of planting zones or "hydrozones" to facilitate a zoned irrigation system; Page 2 I I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 13 14 i 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 27 23 24 25 26 27 C 28 (vi) Landscaping plant palette selections utilizing potable water sources shall include low water using or drought -tolerant species. (vii) A minimum of two inches (2") of mulched chip and fiber material shall be added to the soil surface after planting (slopes exceeding 25% from horizontal, 4 to 1, or areas planted with turf or full coverage ground cover are exempt). (viii) The use of turf should not be included on slopes exceeding 25% (4, to 1) from horizontal or on area$ vhere irrigation systems do not deliver 100% of their output to the turf and other landscape. Landscape project plans which include turf on slopes exceeding 25X shall include design features for the prevention of run-off. (2) Implementation reports required by Zoning Code Section 7-9-132.2 shall include but fiot be limited to the submittal of the following prior to the issuance of use and occupancy permits: . (i) an Irrigation Management Report for each landscape irrigation system shall be prepared and certified by a licensed landscape architect or licensed landscape contractor prior to the issuance of final certificates of use and occupancy to identify appropriate long term use and maintenance of the system. This report shall include a watering schedule which incorporates the specific water needs of the plant material throughout the calendar year, a hardvare component list for all materials used in the system and a recommendation of regular maintenance schedules for the irrigation system; Page 3 ' 0 G (ii) certification by a licensed landscape architect or licensed landscape contractor that the irrigation system was installed in accordance with the certified plan and shall furnish said certification in writing prior to the issuance of final certificates of use and occupancy and the release of the financial security guaranteeing the landscape improvements to the Manager, Building Inspection Division; (iii) a Certified Water Audit for the irrigation system prior to the issuance of final certificates of -use and occupancy to verify that the irrigation design coverage and conservation goals are met. Subsequent water audits are recommended to be prepared each year. / / Page 4 1 2 3 4 S C 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 18 1 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 I 27 28 Chairman of the Board of Supervisors SIGNED AND CERTIFIED THAT A COPY OF THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN DELIVERED TO THE CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD LINDA D. RUT Clerk of the Board of Supervisors County of Orange, California AYES: SUPERVISORS HARRIETT M. WIEDER, GADDI H. VASQUEZ, ROGER R. STANTON, THOMAS F. RILEY, DON R. ROTH NOES: SUPERVISORS NONE ABSENT: SUPERVISORS NONE STATE OF CALIFORNIA ) ) ss. COUNTY OF ORANGE ) I, LIMA D. RUTH, Clerk of the Board of Supervisors of Orange County, California, hereby certify that the above and foregoing Resolution was duly and regularly adopted by the said Board at a regular meeting thereof held on the 24th day of October , 1990 and passed by a unatiimOuS vote of said Board. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and seal this 24th day of -October, 1990. 1 ^". / LINDA D. RUTH Clerk of the Board of Supervisors of Orange County, California Page 5 I LEDO NEWMAN CALIFORNIA ' Chairman of the Board ' Redwood Landscaping Santa Ro sa LANDSCAPE (707)528-3013 PAX (7071528-3883VTMASSOCIATION ONTRACTORS PresmenERTOTTT ^ITY OF NEWPORT EAiCP A. Bermai Landscaping Inc. Novato (415) 897-8517 OCT 71992 FAX• (415) 897-7314 A� PM 71819110A141A8141516 PETE DE•RGHUIS Vice President October 1, 1992 Environmental Care Inc. Sacramento (916) 381.2800 FAX (()1(,)381-7285 JON EWING Dear Planning Director: Vice President Landmends San Diego (619)-153-1755 If the California drought continues, cities and counties may FAX. (619) 453-7197 contemplate increased water restrictions during the coming months. If your city mandates water cutbacks, the California RICHARD JARK Vice President Landscape Contractors Association believes you may not single South Coast Landscaping Lo+Alamitos out landscaping for this purpose. The burden must be shared by (213)596.6666 FAX: (213) 431-6386 other users, such as car washes, restaurants, and manufacturers. Indoor water use must be targeted as well. JIM EVERL"IT Vice tt La ent Landscape Landscape If our ci 's proposed water ordinance has the potential to result y ty p p WooEverett (415) 3 3- tg15) 363-0461 in a significant environmental effect, compliance with the g 17 FAX 015) 363-1236 California Environmental Quality Act is required. Such analysis must must include examination of impacts, examination of all feasible JOHN REDMOND Trta+urcr measures and to the extent required examination of i r , Cypress landscape Inc. Fairfield all feasible project alternatives (see Public Resources Code section (70714253338 21000 et. seq.). FAX, (707)428-1280 THOhf MAXWELL-MILLER Landscaping provides our communities with many Secretary Ecosystems Imagery Inc. environmental benefits. Plants reduce carbon dioxide and other Encinitas gaseous pollutants. They provide a habitat for animals. They (619)436-2094 FAX: (610) 436-4010 reduce our need for air conditioning, which in turn reduces the burning of fossil fuels. They encourage water penetration into Associate Member RED HANKER Assoc the soil and ultimately the groundwater. They reduce erosion. Representative And, they can be used to protect homes from wildfires. Cities; Delta Bluegrass Company Stockton therefore, must achieve a delicate balance between saving water (209)464-8355 FAX- (2091464-1701 and safeguarding our urban environment. Any water ordinance must contain provisions which allow landscapes to survive and SHARON MCGUIRE Executive Director grow. CLCA urges your city to consider the many alternatives to drastic cutbacks for landscaping. Among these alternatives are the following: water transfers, use of reclaimed water, graywater use, desalinization, expanded on -stream and off -stream storage capacity, conjunctive use, conservation incentives, market - driven pricing, promotion of efficient landscape irrigation California Landscape management, and adoption of the Model Water -Efficient Contractors Association, Inc 2021 N Street, Suite 300 Landscape Ordinance (AB 325). Sacramento, CA 95814 (916) 448-CLCA PAX: (916) 446-7692 October 1,1992 Page 2 California's population, which increased by some 6 million in the 1980s, continues to grow by 800,000 a year. Cities and counties have had decades to plan for this well known demographic trend and six years to plan for the drought. The state's urban environment must not be sacrificed for an "emergency" that could have been averted by simple planning. Please send copies of your city's water ordinances and related environmental review to CLCA at 2021 N Street, #300, Sacramento, CA 95814. If you would like CLCA's assistance in preparing a balanced ordinance, please contact our governmental affairs director, Larry Rohlfes, at (916) 448-2522 or the above address. Sincerely yours, pv /64a-2�;�3 PAT MARION Chairman, Water Management Committee 71 10 p10005 omN VE SCALE va+ r-m [PARING A 1ANDSCAPING ORDINANCE Wendelyn A. Martz with Marya Morris r American Planning Association PAS Advisory Service P" S Report Number 431 This PAS Report is based on the experience of the staff of the Maryland -National Capital Park and Planning Commission (M-NCPPC)na Prince George's County. The Prince George's County Landscape Manual, the basis for this report, was produced by a 22- member steering committee established by the county council. The council formed the committee to exam- ine certain land development regulations and proce- dures, including landscape standards, and to recom- mend alternatives to existing practices. To arrive at its recommendations, the committee conducted extensive research and analyzed standards from across the nation. The steering committee included a balanced cross-section of land development profes- sionals and civic representatives. Park and planning staff provided background research and technical assistance. W endelyn A. Martz, AICP, a senior planner with M-NCPPC, was the staff liaison to the committee. Marya Morris is a senior research associate with the American Planning Association. Cover design by Toni Thanasouras Ellis. Cover drawings taken from the Prince George's County Woodland Conservation Manual and the plan for Laguna West, California, by River West Developments, AKT Development Corp., and SKK Enterprises. This report is printed on recycled paper. The Planning Advisory Service is a subscription research service of the American Planning Association. Eight reports are produced each year. Subscribers also receive the PAS Memo each month and have use of the Inquiry Answering Service. Israel Stollman, Executive Director; Frank S. So, Deputy Executive Director; Sylvia Lewis, Publications Director. Planning Advisory Service Reports are produced at APA. James Hecimovich and James Schwab, Editors; Marya Morris and Paul Thomas, Assistant Editors. Copyright December 1990 by the American Planning Association,1313 E. 60th St., Chicago, IL 60637. APA has headquarters offices at 1776 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20036. i Preparing a Landscaping Ordinance Wendelyn A. Martz, AICP, with Marya Morris TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Landscaping and the Built Environment.....................................1 Chapter 2. Common Land -Use Problems and Landscaped Solutions ......................4 Land -Use Incompatibility..............................................................4 Parking Lot Landscaping..............................................................66 Landscaped Commercial Strips ...................................................... Residential Landscaping..............................................................9 Chapter3. Making the Ordinance Complete...........................................12 Purpose............................................................................12 Definitions.........................................................................12 Applicability........................................................................12 Approval Process....................................................................13 Alternative Methods of Compliance....................................................13 Plant Substitutions...................................................................13 PlanPreparation....................................................................13 Submittal Requirements..............................................................14 Enforcement and Maintenance........................................................14 Plant Lists and Other Information.....................................................14 Appendix. Xeriscape: Landscaping to Conserve Water.................................17 LosAngeles........................................................................17 South Florida's Model Code..........................................................17 Other Programs.....................................................................18 Problems with Xeriscape.............................................................19 Excerpts from the Highland Beach, Florida, Xeriscape Ordinance ..........................20 Chapter 1. Landscaping and the Built Environment At first glance, the terms landscaping and built environment appear contradictory. But they are not — large metropolitan cities and small towns alike have enjoyed the visual, environmental, and psychological benefits of attractively landscaped environs. Indeed, the seductive appeal and aesthetic power of plant materials may be used to soften the harshness of the modern urban environment. Very often, the presence or absence of plant material determines whether a neighborhood, shopping center, or office complex is popular, well used, and perceived as one of quality. Trees and plants unquestionably contribute to an overall sense of community and bring aesthetic, environmental, and economic benefits. Besides the rather obvious advantages of provid- ing summer shade, adding seasonal color, and lending texture to the winter landscape in a northern climate, appropriately designed vegetation offers numerous benefits. Visually, plants add interest and variety. Landscaping lends texture and a human scale to large structures, inviting entry. Certain plants may also be used to screen incompatible adjacent uses. For example, evergreens, with their year-round foliage, are suitable to block views of parked cars. Plants may be artfully arranged to define special views, emphasize focal points, and complement a development's man-made or natural features. Land- scaping unifies and organizes disparate site elements, creating visual continuity. For example, using one type of tree to line a street creates coherence among adjacent buildings, even if the architectural styles are vastly different. In this instance, the very form or color of trees establishes a particular identity. By themselves, then, plants offer simple visual beauty and possess a special ability to create a mood or tone. Environmentally, plants play a significant role in modifying the climate of the immediate vicinity (i.e., the microclimate). Trees and other plants, as well as landforms, such as berms, improve air quality and moderate daily temperatures. A landscape plan, for example, may be designed to partially obstruct sunlight when overheating is a problem or to allow it when warmth is desirable. Vegetation moderates daytime air temperatures by absorbing sunlight and releasing moisture. Night-time temperatures rise when plants slowly release the heat they absorbed during the day. Vegetation improves air, quality by absorbing pollutants, thereby reducing unpleasant odors and filtering impurities. Plants with rough leaf surfaces are suitable for removing noxious particles from the air. In removing gaseous pollutants, species with a high tolerance for harsh urban environments will do best. Plants also reduce reflection or glare from the sun, street lights, or automobile lights, making the area more hospitable and safe. In addition, trees, grass, leaves, shrubs, and even twigs and branches absorb and disperse sound energy, reducing overall noise levels. Evergreens and other plants character- ized by dense foliage are best suited for year-round noise abatement. Noise is further mitigated with vegetative ground cover such as shrubs. Soil erosion and water pollution in developing or developed areas are common problems caused by construction, neglect, or overuse of land. Trees and other plants reduce erosion by binding soil particles with their roots and holding the soil together against the effects of wind and water. When development increases the amount of impervious surface on a site, it greatly increases water flow across exposed soils, causing serious water pollution problems. Vegetation slows this runoff by acting as a sponge, gradually releasing snow or rain. This improves water quality and reduces the need for engineered drainage solutions. From an economic point of view, certain arrange- ments of plants around buildings may help to con- serve energy. Vegetation planted close to exterior walls traps air, creating an insulating effect. Trees, providing shade and filtering sunlight, lower indoor temperatures during the summer, reducing the need for air conditioning. Deciduous trees are best suited for providing summer shade. They also shed their leaves during the winter when sunlight and warmth are desirable. During the colder months, trees can serve as windbreaks, slowing wind velocity, and reducing heating costs. Deflection of wind is best achieved by using thicker plants or planting a double or triple row of trees and shrubs. Plants with dense, low branches are preferable because they provide more resistance to airflow. Developers also benefit financially from land- scaped projects; shade trees, major evergreens, and other plant material add value to property. Residen- tial developers, for example, have learned that landscaping positively influences the prices of suburban homes. Lots with trees sell faster and at higher prices than properties without trees. Most home buyers, including those with moderate incomes, prefer some degree of front -yard landscaping, even if it adds to the home's cost. In brand new develop- ments, trees and other landscaping temper the land's rawness, add character as they mature, and contribute to a sense of place. Trees and plants also make commercial areas more appealing to shoppers. As previously mentioned, the benefits of land- scaping extend beyond measurable physical or economic qualities. Plants possess a special ability to set a mood or tone and may affect people's emotions or their enjoyment of their surroundings. Most people simply like trees and grasses. Psychologically, plants create serenity; noise "sounds" less bothersome, the air "smells purer", and the area "looks' better. While elected officials, developers, and citizens may all agree that landscaping is an important W.Randonphrtykbarg component of any new development, insufficient landscaping is often a problem. To ensure that project plans incorporate some minimum quantity of vegeta- tion, landscaping ordinances are typically part of a jurisdiction's zoning regulations. Landscape require - (Top) In new developments in nonforested flatlands, landscaping can temper the land's rawness. When these tress nnature, this street in Boyne City, Michigan, will took dramatically different. (Right) In Reston, Virginia, the preservation of existing natural features Hakes a new town look like an old town. There is mn immediate sense of place and character. (Bottom) This cluster development in Memphis, Tennessee, was built "around" the existing copse of trees. As is dear in the photo, the trees provide enough shade to effectively cool the buildings and instill a feeling of peace. ments are generally enacted while a jurisdiction is experiencing rapid growth and development and the loss of vegetation becomes apparent. While develop- ment is economically desirable, it often generates a host of environmental concerns. For example, native Alan Rarchmer ground cover is removed, and natural landforms are graded, often replaced by concrete, brick, and pave- ment. There may be a reduction in overall open space. Residential developments may find that adjacent lots, once vacant, are replaced with a parking lot, gas station, or a convenience store. Individual retail establishments may spring up along roadways, lending an uncoordinated look to the area. In such cases, a landscape ordinance is needed. Landscape ordinances require, rather than suggest, that builders and developers plant specified vegetation in and around their projects. They estab- lish standards regarding spacing, location, size, and species. Landscape regulations may also set forth screening requirements to soften the visual impact of unsightly or incompatible land uses. Landscape ordinances should reflect the interests, concerns, and values held by the community. In other words, the ordinance should be tailored to meet local needs. Communities differ in four major ways: physical environment, community values and inter- ests, the legal framework within which the commu- iolnls McCwdon nity operates, and the political/economic climate. The landscape ordinance best suited for and most likely to be approved in a community will consider these four factors. The first element, physical environment, includes such variables as weather, climatic conditions, soils, degree of urbanization, and size of contiguous vacant land. There is no one plant species or specific amount of vegetation appropriate to all jurisdictions; standards should conform to the area's unique environmental characteristics. While specific standards are stated throughout this report, the concepts are more important than the numerical requirements. The standards developed for Prince George's County may not be relevant for other jurisdictions. For instance, for a community in which water conservation is a very high priority, a xeriscape ordinance, which is discussed in the appen- dix to this report, will be more appropriate. In either case, if you need to determine jurisdiction -specific requirements, local arborists, nurseries, and land- scape architects are good sources of information. While preparing the Prince George's County landscape manual, staff at the Maryland -National Capital Park and Planning Commission first compiled a list of plants frequently submitted on landscape plans. They then mailed this list to horticulture professors teaching at a local university, nurseries that supply local developers with plants, and land- scape/planning consultants active in the county. These individuals were asked to recommend species in terms of durability and hardiness. Nurseries were also asked about cost and availability. The staff then used this information to help determine the appropriate species and number required for the various regulations. In addition, the ordinance's last section consists of seven plant lists including "Recommended Shade, Ornamental, and Evergreen Trees'" as well as '"frees Not Recom- mended for General Use." The manual also included helpful anecdotal information, such as disease resistance and branching characteristics. Such information should assist landscape architects and others preparing landscape plans to use species that will fulfill their design intent, meet the landscape regulations, and grow well in the region. The second factor, community values and inter- ests, basically concerns aesthetics. Developing an ordinance requires feedback from community groups, civic organizations, and local businesses in order to determine their needs, concerns, and ideas regarding how the community should look —what its character should be. In Prince George's County, the county council, which expressed concern with the quality of recent development, appointed a committee com- posed of citizens, business leaders, and local develop- ers, architects, landscape architects, attorneys, and other professionals. This committee, working in conjunction with planning department staff, devel- oped landscape regulations that incorporated homeowners' concerns, respected business interests, and wrestled with obstacles voiced by the group of local professionals. Extensive research must also be conducted in order to determine what local and state laws allow and what courts have upheld in the past and may uphold in the future. This research is critical because the proposed ordinance should be free of legal snares that may delay or permanently block its passage. The political/economic climate refers to elected officials and business leaders and begs the question, What will the political/economic institutions accept? In other words, the proposed ordinance should respect the current political wills and economic winds. To become law, it must be adopted by the local legislative body. This process requires extensive review of the proposed law, as well as feedback from the ordinance drafters and general public, with (Top) The landscaping in the Carnegie Center in Princeton Township, New Jersey, lends texture and a human scale. (Right) Bannockburn Green, a shopping center in a Chicago suburb, uses landscaping and design to make its parking area and its stores more inviting. Dennis WClendon compromise and consensus as the goal. In order to adopt its landscape manual, Prince George's County held several meetings that included county council members, planning commission staff, appointed committee members, and special interest groups, such as the chamber of commerce. The purpose of the meetings was to iron out differences of opinion. For example, citizens deemed many of the plant require- ments too lenient, and businesses identified many as causing economic hardship. Standards were conse- quently modified to reflect these perspectives and to satisfy the council's goal of ensuring "quality" development. Taking these community factors into account, a landscape ordinance should establish minimum landscape standards and identify the appropriate authority to enforce those standards. The next chapter will discuss standards in detail. Dennis McClendon Chapter 2. Common Land -Use Problems and Landscaped Solutions The adage, Greenery hides a multitude of sins, is a truism! Landscape architects, city planners, and homeowners alike use plants to block views of unsightly parking lots, screen residential backyards from busy streets, and establish visual continuity among architecturally diverse buildings. These common problems and their corresponding land- scaped solutions are discussed in this chapter. LAND -USE INCOMPATIBILITY Euclidean planning and zoning emphasize the strict separation of land into various districts. Today, planners are moving away from conventional tech- niques, as areas groin and develop, it is common to see a mix of land uses. In fact, it makes good plan - for a day care center to be located adjacent to residences. A gas station may be conveniently sited adjacent to an office complex, and a shopping center can successfully locate next to residential development, provided that regulations are in place to ensure land -use compatibility. A narrow strip of crab- grass, chain link fencing, or sparsely planted shrubs are inadequate to screen incompatible adjacent uses or soften the transition from one use to another. An incompatible land use is defined as one that is more intensely developed than its neighbor. A bufferyard system, which can accommodate a variety of uses at a variety of intensities, is needed. A buffer, sometimes referred to as a "transitional yard," consists of horizontal space (land) and vertical elements (plants, berms, fences, or walls). As the name implies, the purpose of buffers is to physically separate and visually screen adjacent land uses that are not fully compatible, such as townhouses and a convenience store. While most zoning ordinances recognize the need for buffering incompatible uses, more often than not the requirements are inadequate. Generally, buffer- ing regulations translate into a predetermined for- mula. For example, codes may state that "any indus- trial use must be Separated from any residential use by a transitional yard of exactly'x' feet with exactly 'x' number of trees." This approach is inflexible, often yields monotonous design solutions, and may cause hardship for owners of small or unusually shaped parcels. The degree of incompatibility and the use of flexible standards are important considerations when developing buffer requirements. As hopping center and a funeral parlor are both classified as commercial uses, and a single-family development and high-rise aparhnents are both residential uses. Doesn't it make sense that a shopping center adjacent to single-family homes should require a greater buffer than a funeral parlor adjacent to high-rise apartments? To determine the size of the buffer or transitional yard, two variables should be considered: the nature of the adjacent uses and the amount of required vegetation. A very minimal bufferyard may be needed to separate a library from single-family homes. However, a much larger yard, planted with dense vegetation or including a berm or wall, may be necessary to adequately buffer single-family homes from a shopping center. Bufferyard requirements should also be simple and easy to administer. The requirements in Athens/ Clarke County in Georgia establish three standard options from which the developer may choose: a 50- foot natural buffer, a 10-foot heavily planted strip, or a 10-foot strip with a landscaped solid wall or fence. The first step, then, is to determine the method of establishing required yards. The landscape manual for Prince George's County sets forth clear and flexible requirements by first categorizing all land uses by degree of intensity of development. All conventional zones, other than single-family and multifamily residential zones, are designated for either low-, medium- or high -impact uses. Second, a hierarchy of buffers was created, corresponding to the degree of incompatibility. In other words, the more incompatible the proposed use, the more physical space and vertical elements are required. For example, if townhouses are proposed adjacent to existing single-family detached homes, the smallest bufferyard is required. However, if a shopping mall is the proposed use, the largest bufferyard is required. Accordingly, the landscape manual establishes four bufferyard types of varying intensities, as shown in Table 1. Bufferyard variables include minimum building setback (in feet), minimum landscaped yard (in feet), and the amount of vegetation required (set forth in terms of "plant units"). A plant unit is simply a measurement tool that translates the amount of required fauna into a quantifiable but flexible unit. For example, in Prince George's County, one shade tree equals 10 plant units, one evergreen or ornamental tree equals five plant units, and each Table 1. Bufferyard Types Number of Plant Units` Required Minimum Minimum per 100 Linear Feet Building Landscaped of Property Line or Type Setback Yard Right -of -Way A 20 feet 10 feet 40 B 30feet 20feet 80 C 40feet 30feet 120 D 50feet 40feet 160 • Sea text for dosaipWn of what aoruuwas a plant unit. Table 2. Minimum Required Bufferyard Adjoining Use Multifamily: Single -Family, Townhouses, Garden Apartments, Low Medium High Proposed Use Detached Multiplexes Midrise, High-rise Impact Impact Impact Single -Family, None A' B* B' C. D* Detached Townhouse, A None A* B' C* D* Multiplexes Multifamily: B A None A' B* D* Garden Apartments, Midrise High-rise Low Impact B B A None A* C* Medium Impact C C B A None B* High Impact D D D C B None ' The maximum buffer that may be required. It all or any part of the buffer has been provided on the adjacent property, the proposed use must provide only that amount of the buffer which has not been provided on the adjacent property. shrub equals one plant unit. Instead of specifying a shows land -use categories for the proposed and certain number of trees and shrubs, the plant -unit adjoining uses along the appropriate axis. A required method gives the applicant flexibility to develop minimum bufferyard is assigned to each potential individual, creative site solutions. However, the development scenario. If the property has a mix of number of plant units proposed must equal or exceed land uses, the highest intensity of use determines the the required number. bufferyard's required size. Buffer requirements for Queen Anne's County in To ensure that all plants are large enough to serve Maryland and Clemson, South Carolina, are also as an effective buffer, regulations for Raleigh, North expressed in terms of plant units, but a slightly Carolina, require that all trees, when planted, be at different approach is used. These codes define a plant least eight feet high, have a minimum circumference unit as any combination of trees and shrubs needed to of 6.25 inches, and have an expected height of at least screen noise and glare or other visual intrusions. One 35 feet at maturity. Spacing requirements are also plant unit equals a mix of understory vegetation and detailed. Trees must be spaced between 10 and 30 canopy trees, such as one large canopy tree, two feet apart. Shrubs must be at least 1.5 feet tall when understory trees, and 10 shrubs. planted, with an expected mature height of at least six The smallest buffer established in the Prince feet within five years. Evergreen shrubs must be George's County landscape manual requires a planted to form a contiguous row, no further than 50 minimum 20-foot building setback and a minimum feet from the property line. Shrubs must be planted 10-foot landscaped yard to incorporate 40 plant units. at least 10 feet apart in staggered rows. The largest buffer, by contrast, sets forth a 50-foot The requirements for both Raleigh and Prince minimum building setback and a 40-foot landscaped George's County give the developer credit for pre - yard with 160 plant units. serving existing woodlands. The Raleigh landscape The precise number of plant units and minimum ordinance states that, if woodlands are located within standards for the required yard were established after the minimum landscaped yard, preservation may much field work. Projects both successfully and substitute for the required plants. If existing wood - inadequately buffered were carefully examined. In lands are located in only part of the minimum land - addition, hypothetical projects were sketched to scaped yard, the number of plant units required may ensure that enough plants and land are proposed to be proportionally reduced. For additional flexibility, achieve the purpose of buffering without causing an if a five -foot -high berm or six -foot -high opaque fence undue hardship for the owner of the developing or wall is located within the bufferyard, the number properties. Table 2, Minimum Bufferyard Required, of required plant units may be reduced by 50 percent. PARKING LOT LANDSCAPING* Surface parking lots are often described as a "necessary evil." Not many people would argue that vast expanses of unbroken pavement are pretty, but most agree that they are needed. But parking lots don't have to be ugly. They don't have to be unbear- ably hot during the summer or windswept expanses during the winter. Plants, especially trees, mitigate the visual blight associated with most parking lots. For example, appropriate landscaping may be used to buffer rows of parked cars from the roadway. Land- scaping internal to the parking lot adds color, shade, and variety to unbroken pavement. Planting aisles also facilitate traffic flow. Plants along the perimeter of the surface lot separate and define parking areas and screen parked cars from pedestrians or motorists outside. The Raleigh code refers to parking lots as "ve- hicular surface areas." Among other things, the regulations' intent is to filter and reduce glare from car headlights, separate pedestrians from automobile fumes and dust, modify the rate of stormwater runoff, provide shade and noise attenuation, and evenly distribute plantings in and around parking areas. Parking lot regulations established for Prince George's County apply to all parking lots of 20 spaces or more. Requirements are established for three areas: along the public right-of-way, along the parking lots perimeter, and in the lot's interior. Prior to the landscape manual, county regulations were bare -boned: a six-foot landscaped strip along the right-of-way and five percent interior green. There were no perimeter requirements. The new standards represent not only an increase in required vegetation, but consider lot size and adjacent uses, The Landscaped Strip The landscaped strip serves two primary pur- poses. When a parking lot is located adjacent to a public right-of-way, a strip of landscaping may shield views of parked cars to passing motorists and pedes- trians. It may also establish coordination among architecturally diverse buildings, which creates a pleasing, harmonious appearance along the roadway. The strip requirements for Prince George's County apply to all parking lots except those used in association with single-family, dwellings. The stan- dards are flexible; applicants may choose from five options, as shown in Figures 1 through 5. Depending upon site constraints and opportunities, an applicant may provide a minimum 10-foot-wide strip between a right-of-way and the parking lot, planted with a minimum of one shade tree and 10 shrubs for every 35 feet of frontage, excluding driveway openings. If the applicantprovides a berm that is at least 2.5 feet higher than the finished elevation of the parking lot, 'ncc subject of landscaping in and around parkinglots is treated in depth in Planning Advisory service Report No. 411, TJteAaffictia of parking. An flhtsimied Guide (Novamberl988). Tint report discusses aesthetic probleas associated with surfare puking lots, presents site planning Ideas forparking lots, and briefly discusses parking structures. Thtareportfocuses on landscaped solutions that may alleviateproblems associated with surface parkinglots. Figure 1. Parking Lot Landscaped Strip, Option 1 m(nimwn 90'-wide landscaped strip —planted with a m(nbnwn of one shade tree and'10 shrubs per 35 linear feet of street frontage. Figure 2. Landscaped Strip, Option 2 clevalien 9700 \ .I I I I I\. earl! bennf Jens' ofreof frontage earth hewn planted wish a minimum of one shade tree and five shrubs per 35 linear feet. Figure 3. Landscaped Strip, Option 3 plant landscaped strip along street frontage wick a minbnwn of one shade free and five shrubs pop 35 linear feet. Figure 4. Parking Lot Landscaped Strip, Option 4 C- Wheel 54op s • landscaped strip plan+ landscaped strip along street frontage wiik a minimum of one shade+Pee per 35 linear fee+ Figure 5. Parking Lot Landscaped Strip, Option 5 J'105 existing woodlands Figure 6. Parking Lot Perimeter t• 5' minimum perimeter strip I'I,VI r "10' landscaped strip rnaximurn tree planting area planting requirements are reduced to one shade tree and five shrubs for every 35 linear feet of frontage. Another option allows a six-foot landscaped strip with a minimum three-foot grade drop from the right-of-way to the parking lot. One shade tree and five shrubs are required for every 35 linear feet. The applicant may also choose to provide a three -foot - high fence of brick,,stone, or finished concrete to screen the lot. In addition, a four -foot buffer strip must be provided, planted with one shade tree per 35 linear feet of frontage. Finally, if existing woodlands are available, the applicant may preserve a 25-foot- wide strip in lieu of the landscaping requirement. The ordinance also allows for plant substitutions. For example, two ornamental or two evergreen trees may substitute for one required shade tree. hi Raleigh, any parking area within 50 feet of any right-of-way must provide a screen or barrier between the lot and right-of-way. The applicant may use plants, fences or walls, earthen berms, or any appropriate combination to meet the screening requirements. Basically, the screen must incorporate 75 percent of the "vertical plane" and be at least 42 inches high. The vertical plane excludes driveways and sight lines. Gaps greater than six feet are not allowed. Specifications for materials used to meet this screening requirement are set forth in detail. For example, all fences or walls must be constructed of materials compatible with the principal building. One-third of all fences or walls must be screened with plants, and 40 percent of that landscaping may be deciduous. Berms must be at least 1.5 feet high with a minimum side slope of 2:1. The minimum crown width must be two feet. In addition, berms must be covered with live vegetation. Plants used exclusively for screening must reach a minimum height of 30 inches within three years of installation and be at least 18 inches high when planted. Up to 40 percent of all installed plants may be deciduous. Perimeter Landscaping Perimeter landscaping requirements define parking areas and prevent two adjacent lots from becoming one large expanse of paving. For example, in primarily commercial or industrial areas, it is common to see parking lots lined up, one next to another, with no relief. When small -to -medium lots are adjacent, the perimeter requirement will eliminate unnecessarily long stretches of solid pavement. Developments in Prince George's County must include a perimeter landscaped strip, as illustrated in Figure 6. The strip must be at least five feet wide for sites larger than 10,000 square feet, or two feet wide if the site is smaller. One tree and three shrubs are required for 35 linear feet of perimeter. Alternatively, the applicant may preserve at least 25 feet of existing woodlands. Requiring perimeter landscaping be- tween adjacent parking lots does not preclude the need to provide vehicular access between lots. Interior Parking Lot Landscaping While perimeter requirements are fast becoming universal, most jurisdictions already require some degree of interior landscaping. There are numerous benefits to landscaping a parking lot's interior. On other things, the addition of greenery adds color and interest, providing relief from row upon row of parked cars or asphalt. Trees also add shade and serve as windbreaks. Planting islands assist with vehicular circulation. Interior parking lot regulations in Prince George's County are required for any lot 7,000 square feet or larger. Figure 7 illustrates how to calculate required interior lot planting. All areas within the lot's perim- eter are counted, including the planting islands, curbed areas, corner lots, parking spaces, and all interior driveways and aisles except those with no parking spaces located on either side. Landscaped areas outside the parking lot may notbe used to meet the interior planting requirement. The required amount of landscaping is based on a sliding scale, as shown below: Percent of the Total Area of Lot That Must Be an Total Area of Lot Interior Planting Area 7,000 - 49,999 sq. ft. 5% 50,000-149,999 sq. ft, 8% 150,000 sq. ft. or larger 10% The decision to develop a sliding scale based on the parking lot's size recognizes that larger lots have a greater visual and environmental impact than smaller lots. Previously, the county required a universal percentage for all developments, regardless of size. Citizens argued that this amount was too small for large projects and suggested a flat 10 percent interior planting requirement. Developers, on the other hand, maintained that a 10 percent requirement would render small projects infeasible. Hence, the sliding scale was established. Another way to reduce the negative characteris- tics associated with very large parking lots is to require a minimum size for all planting islands. Establishing a minimum dimension for planting islands is also critical to healthy tree growth. Suffi- cient space is mandatory because plantings in parking lots are subject to adverse growing conditions and may not receive consistent care. The tree species chosen should be slow to moderate growing, require Figure 7. Parking Lot Interior Calculations © interior Planting area ® total area of Parking lot little maintenance, and be able to tolerate harsh growing conditions such as sun, wind, glare, reflected heat, drought, and salt and other chemicals. In Prince George's County, 60 square feet of continuous pervious land area is required for each tree. No tree -planting area may be less than five feet wide in any dimension. Wider dimensions are required in other jurisdictions, but five feet is gener- ally the minimum. Most ordinances also recommend that planting islands be evenly spaced throughout the lot to consistently reduce the visual impact of long rows of parked cars. The Raleigh ordinance requires that no parking space shall be further than 50 feet from the trunk of a shade tree or farther than 75 feet from two or more shade trees. The regulations for Fairfax County, Virginia, recommend one planting island for every 10 to 15 parking spaces. The Prince George's manual suggests that islands be distributed approximately once every 10 spaces for residential sites and once every 15 spaces for commercial devel- opments. In very large parking lots, fewer but larger islands may be appropriate to provide greater visual relief and create an enviromnent more conducive for healthy tree growth. Trees are required in Prince George's County for each 300 square feet of interior planting. For pur- poses of safety and visibility, trees must have a clear trunk at least six feet above the finished grade to allow vehicular circulation beneath the tree canopy without causing any damage. Deciduous shade trees planted with ground cover or low shrubs are recom- mended as the primary plant materials. Shrub varieties should either be evergreen or, if deciduous, should be dense (i.e., have a lot of limbs and twigs) for winter screening, creating an attractive appear- ance year-round. Good visibility in the parking lot is important for security and traffic safety reasons. Plants that restrict visibility, such as tall shrubs or low -branching trees, should be avoided. To prevent cars from parking too close to trees or damaging shrubs, a curb or wheelstop must be provided, as was shown in Figure 4 above. Planting islands parallel to parking spaces must be at least nine feet wide to allow car doors to swing open. This is illustrated in Figure 8. Plant materials at vehicular entrances should be located so as to maintain safe sight dis- Figure 8. Planting Island Parallel to Space 9' is 31f llell t d p dt sfoo Bland raea tances. Raleigh's regulations require that planting areas adjacent to further parking or other vehicular circulation areas be protected from "vehicular intru- sion or damage from excessive vehicular lubricants or fuels." LANDSCAPED COMMERCIAL STRIPS** Commercial, office, and industrial strips are often characterized by excessive signage, numerous curb cuts, various traffic signals, and rows of parked cars, all of which compete for the motorist's attention. Imagine if trees replaced the utility poles that march down many strip or corridor developments! The landscaped strip, while not a panacea for all urban ills, serves a variety of purposes: to lend continuity among disparate architectural styles, create a streetwall, shield unsightly views, establish a pleasing view for motorists, and create a safe and pleasant corridor for pedestrians. The Prince George's County landscape manual establishes landscaped strip requirements for all commercial and industrial zones, as well as nonresi- dential uses in residential zones. The strip must be located on the property, adjacent to the public right- of-way, and may not include any paved surfaces, with the exception of pedestrian sidewalks or trails that cross the strip. The landscape manual offers three options that may be used singly or in any appropriate combina- tion, as shown in Figures 9 through 11. The first alternative requires that the landscaped strip be at least 10 feet wide, planted with one shade tree and 10 shrubs for every 35 feet of linear street frontage. Another option allows for a strip of varying width, between a minimum of 10 feet and a maximum of 20, averaging 15 feet wide. Again, one shade tree and 10 shrubs per 35 linear feet are required. The third option gives credit for preserving woodlands, which must be at least 25 feet wide and appropriately located. For further flexibility, if the required plantings would result in an inappropriate or imprac- tical design due to underground utilities, overhead wires, or other related factors, specified substitutions are allowed. Two ornamental or two evergreen trees may also substitute for one shade tree; one shade tree may substitute for five shrubs. RESIDENTIAL LANDSCAPING We live in a crowded, busy, noisy world, which increases the need for personal space and privacy. The purpose of residential landscaping is to foster opportunities for outdoor privacy in backyards, front yards, and along neighborhood streets. People prefer privacy for activities such as sunbathing, gardening, relaxing, and picnicking with family and friends. In his book, A Pattern Language, Christopher Alexander **For further information, see Planning Advisory Service Report No. 418, Designing Urban corridors (September 1989), which describes ways to improve the appearance of commercial road corridors, including sign controls, streetscape improvements, and architectural gwdebnes, as well as landscaping and screening techniques. Figure 9-11. Commercial and Industrial Landscaped Strips (Three Options - a, b, c) a. 0 b b. C. -150' s+reef frontage +he planting strip is a minimum of 10' wide -- plan+ed Wilk one skode+ree and 10 shrubs per 35 linear fee+. 'I50' sfeeat frontage 7?•�•W the planting s+rip is a minh"w" of 10' wide and a maximum of 20, wide, and an average wid+H of '15' -- plan+one shade tree and 5 shrubs per 35 linear fee+. eXIStME WOOd1110LIS recognizes this need when he describes "Quiet Back;' which refers to the area, away from noise and activity. All too often, residential developments spring up on land that has been extensively graded and left bereft of trees or any native vegetation. Homes are placed in fairly close proximity on winding streets, and perhaps —if you are lucky —a few skimpy trees are planted in front of each home. This is the Ameri- can dream? Backyards exposed to the main roadway? Streets with little or no greenery? Prince George's County has minimum planting requirements and mandates the buffering of rear yards from collector streets or higher road classifications. The landscape manual recommends that trees in residential subdivisions be grouped together to simulate natural tree stands; linear or symmetric tree designs are not encouraged. It is common for devel- opers to plant the same tree species in approximately the same location, lot after lot. To prevent this easy method of planting, the manual recommends that the relative location of trees in single-family subdivisions should vary from lot to lot. It encourages subdivi- sions with common open space to provide landscap- ing there. It also recommends trees where rear yards backup to each other or are visible from other rear yards. This sort of buffering is appropriate on individual lots or on intervening common space. Residential planting standards require that a minimum number of shade and evergreen or orna- mental trees be planted on each lot, the number is a function of lot size. As shown in Table 3, a single- family detached home located on a 30,000-square-foot lot is required to have at least three shade trees and two ornamental or evergreen trees. For townhouses and other attached housing units, the number of required trees must be planted on both individual lots as well as on common open space. Multifamily dwellings in any zone must have one shade tree for each 1,600 square feet or fractionthereof of required green area. The amount of green area is set forth elsewhere in the zoning code. To allow for flexibility and creativity, the manual allows certain plant substitutions. One-half of the number of required shade trees may be satisfied on a two -to -one basis with ornamental and evergreen trees. Lakes and other water features, required parking lot landscaping along a right-of-way, and interior planting in parking lots are not included when determining the amount of green area required. Figure 12 illustrates this calculation. Trees fulfilling the requirement for the perimeter landscape standard may be counted as part of the green area. Existing trees and woodlands may fulfill part or all of the required residential landscape requirements. For example, subdivisions of single-family attached or detached, two-family, or three-family dwelling units may substitute existing shade trees for the required trees on that lot. The trees must exceed 2.5 inches in diameter and must be located on an indi- vidual lot within 75 feet of a dwelling unit. Existing shade trees that exceed 2.5 inches in diameter and that are located anywhere in the green area may fulfill the requirement for shade trees for multifamily dwellings. Ornamental and evergreen trees must still be planted. For any subdivision, existing shade trees larger than 2.5 inches in diameter located on an individual lot or common green may fulfill all of the shade tree requirement for that site. Whereas these regulations are based on the lot size and type of dwelling unit, the landscape regula- tions for Baltimore County, Maryland, simply require one tree to be planted for every proposed dwelling unit. At least half of the required trees must be deciduous; 30 percent must be evergreen trees. Credit of up to 50 percent of the minimum requirement may be given for retaining existing trees, provided that they are withinthe permissible limits of clearing. Baltimore County also requires that all residential development be screened from trash dumpsters, trash pads, and service areas. Where the rear of a dwelling unit faces a public street, the tract or lot must be screened with material at least five feet high. Ever- green shrubs planted three feet on center or evergreen trees planted six feet on center may be used to fulfill this requirement. A fence, wall, or berm, in addition to plantings, may also be permitted, subject to ap- proval by the planning and zoning director. Screening is also required where residential dwelling units are proposed within 100 feet of the right-of-way of an interstate highway. One evergreen tree is required for every four feet of land abutting the highway. Staggered planting rows are preferred. In the Prince George's County landscape manual, screening requirements apply more broadly. Accept- able screening materials include evergreen trees and shrubs, walls, fences, and berms. Fences and walls may not consist of corrugated metal, corrugated fiberglass, sheet metal, or chain -link or wire mesh. Delineating specific screening materials was impor- tant in Prince George's County because unsightly walls and fences emerged as a problem. The county's manual offers options to developers so that monotonous, linear designs are -not provided as screening solutions. Variety is encouraged through the use of elevation changes and a diversity of plant materials. For example, the manual requires that loading areas consisting of two or more loading Figure 12. Multifamily, Dwelling Calculations Green,area CJcvInfion (R.O.W. ® 10' landscape strip © interior parking lot green area ' IF green area provided 10 Table 3. On -Site Residential Planting Requirements Residential Type Minimum Number of Shade Trees Minimum Number of Ornamental or Evergreen Trees Notes Single -Family, Detached 4 per lot 3 per lot — Lots 40,000 sq. ft. or larger Single -Family, Detached 3 per lot 2 per lot — Lots 20,000-39,999 sq. ft. Single -Family, Detached 2 per lot 1 per lot — Lots 9,500-19,999 sq. ft. Single -Family, Detached 1 per lot 1 per lot — Lots smaller than 9,500 sq. ft. Single -Family, Detached Cluster Subdivision R-R Zone 3 per lot 2 per lot Total number of trees to be located on R-80 Zone 2 per lot 1 per lot lots and In common open space R-55 Zone 1 per lot 1 per lot Townhouses; Single -Family 1.5 per dwelling 1 per dwelling Total number of trees to be located on Semi -Detached; Two -Family; lots and in common open space Three -Family Multifamily Dwellings 1 per 1,600 sq. ft. or See [ordinance] for explanation of fraction of green area green area and permissible plant substitutions spaces, loading docks, and service or maintenance areas be screened from land in a residential zone and all adjacent public roads. Three alternative solutions include a six -foot -high, completely opaque fence or wall, a six-foot berm, or a six -foot -high evergreen screen planted nine feet on center in a double stag- gered row. The landscape manual also includes special requirements that residential development be buff- ered from collector streets and higher road classifica- tions. These requirements received the broadest base of support. Citizens and businesses clearly recog- nized the need to protect residential communities from noisy, dangerous, high-speed roads. The rear yard and the lowest story of the rear outside wall of any single-family attached or de- tached dwelling must be screened from the view of any street classified as a collector, arterial, freeway, or expressway. This buffer is required either on indi- vidual lots or as an easement, or as part of the com- mon open space owned and maintained by a homeowners' association. The required buffer area width and plants are as follows: Collector. A minimum of 35 feet wide with the following plants per 100 linear feet of right-of-way: 4 shade trees;15 evergreen trees; 30 shrubs Arterial. A minimum of 50 feet wide with the following plants per 100 linear feet of right-of-way: 6 shade trees;18 evergreen trees; 40 shrubs Freeway and Expressway. A minimum of 75 feet wide with the following plants per 100 linear feet of right-of-way: 8 shade trees; 20 evergreen trees; 48 shrubs For design flexibility, half of the required shade trees may be substituted on a two -to -one basis with ornamental and evergreen trees. The total number of ornamental trees may not exceed one-fourth of the required number of shade trees. The same applies to evergreens as well. If woodlands are located entirely in the buffer area, preserving the trees may satisfy all plant requirements. If existing woodlands are par- tially located within the buffer area, the number of shade trees, evergreen trees, and shrubs may be proportionately reduced. The landscape manual recommends that bufferyards include a variety of species, arranged to create varied and attractive views. Fences, walls, or berms may be used, but long stretches of a single fence or wall design are not recommended. Height changes, offset angles, different materials, and other design techniques are encouraged so as to create variety. Taken together, the residential planting and buffering requirements help establish and define a sense of community. 11 Chapter 3. Making the Ordinance Complete While specific standards for plantings comprise the bulk of most landscape ordinances, other impor- tant information must also be included. This informa- tion should answer such questions as: Are all devel- opment projects subject to landscape requirements?; How are the regulations enforced?; What about cases of hardship?; and When must a landscape plan be submitted and to whom? PURPOSE Generally speaking, the purpose of most land- scaping regulations is to enhance a community's environmental and visual character for its citizens' use and enjoyment. More specifically, jurisdictions may want to maintain their "green" heritage by requiring new plantings when development occurs, particularly in those instances when new trees and greenery preserve and enhance an area's image. Without legal protection, trees and other vegetation most certainly will be threatened when development pressures increase. Preservation or stabilization of an area's ecological balance may also form a basis for landscape regulations. Establishing a more healthy environment by using plants to mitigate pollution's ill effects is another common goal. Regulations are an effective way to ensure that landscaping is an integral part of development, not an afterthought. Safeguard- ing property values, protecting public and private investments, and promoting high -quality develop- ments are implicit goals for many jurisdictions. All the above stated purposes are valid and are not mutually exclusive. Unless specifically defined elsewhere in the zoning ordinance, definitions are needed to clarify technical terms. Commonly defined terms include the following: berm An earthen mound designed to provide visual interest, screen undesirable views, and/or decrease noise. buffer A combination of physical space and vertical elements, such as plants, berms, fences, or walls, the purpose of which is to separate and screen incompatible land uses from each other. deciduous A plant with foliage that is shed evergreen A plant with foliage that persists and remains green year-round. ornamental tree A deciduous tree planted primarily for its ornamental value or for screening purposes; tends to be smaller at maturity than a shade tree. screen A method of reducing the impact of noise and unsightly visual intrusions with less offensive or more harmonious elements, such as plants, berms, fences, walls, or any appropriate combination thereof. shade tree Usually a deciduous tree —rarely an evergreen —planted primarily for its high crown of foliage or overhead canopy. shrub A woody plant, smaller than a tree, consisting of several small stems from the ground or small branches near the ground; may be decid- specimen tree A particularly impressive or unusual example of a species due to its size, shade, age, or any other trait that epitomizes the character of the species. tree A large, woody plant having one or several self-supporting stems or trunks and numerous branches. May be classified as deciduous or evergreen. woodlands, existing Existing trees and shrubs of a number, size, and species that accomplish the same general function as new plantings. APPLICABILITY The precise scope of most landscape regulations is usually noted up front. Do the requirements apply to all land uses, very intense land uses, or nonresiden- tial uses? Some cities, such as Dallas, have regula- tions that apply to nonresidential zones; other ordi- nances apply only to those projects involving residen- tial development. Some jurisdictions have found it useful to require landscaping plans for larger, more intense projects that may have a greater impact on the community than smaller projects. In most cases, landscape regulations apply to public as well as private developments. Some juris- dictions like to set a standard with public projects, using well -landscaped developments as a model for private development to follow. In Austin, Texas, it was noted that the city's public works department inadvertently bulldozed a number of mature pecan trees while preparing ground for a channelization project. The landscape regulations had been clearly violated, and the city had to not only replace the trees, but had to financially compensate adjacent property owners for the loss. The Prince George's County landscape manual applies to all public, private, and institutional devel- opment, with certain exceptions. Exceptions include previously approved development, development of individual single-family detached dwellings, and additions to existing structures that are under 10 percent of the gross floor area or 5,000 square feet, whichever is less. Exceptions are important and should be noted for two reasons. First, whenever a new law is enacted, a grace period must be established so that projects approved under previous regulations are exempt from new, different regulations. There is no way around this. Second, for small projects, such as minor renovations or additions, full compliance with all landscape regulations may render the project uneconomical or infeasible. The definition of a small project may vary from one jurisdiction to another. When formulating applicability parameters for Prince George's County, hardship questions were asked: Should an addition that totals less than a certain percentage of the existing building be subject to these regulations?; At what point should regulations apply?; Are there advantages to be gained from requiring the builder of one single-family home to prepare a landscape plan?; and Do the time and expense involved outweigh the expected benefits? APPROVAL PROCESS Landscape plans are generally required in con- junction with a building permit or a site plan. Ap- proval of the landscape plan may be tied to release of the building permit or approval of the site plan by the procedures set forth in the jurisdiction's ordinance. ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF COMPLIANCE It is not the intent of any landscape ordinance to establish arbitrary or onerous regulations or to inhibit creative solutions to land -use problems. Most ordi- nances recognize that, under certain site conditions, a strict interpretation of requirements may be either physically impossible or economically impractical. In other words, in cases of hardship, maintaining the spirit rather than the letter of the law is appropriate. Alternative compliance is a procedure that allows certain modifications to existing regulations; this process is not a departure or waiver. The proposed solution must equal or exceed existing requirements. In Prince George's County, an application for alternative compliance is accepted as part of an existing review case. Requests for use of alternative landscaping schemes are justified only when one or more of the following conditions apply: 1. The sites involve space limitations or unusually shaped parcels; 2. Topography, soil, vegetation, or other site conditions are such that full compliance is impossible or impractical; 3. Due to a change of use of an existing site, the required bufferyard is larger than can be pro- vided; and 4. Safety considerations are involved. Similarly, the landscape manual for Baltimore County identifies certain conditions that merit alternative compliance. These circumstances include improved environmental quality, traffic safety considerations, and the use of alternative construction methods, techniques, and materials that are significantly better than those required by law. The heart of the alternative compliance applica- tion in the Prince George's process is the "justification statement." Here, the applicant must describe which of the requirements set forth in the manual will be met with modifications, which project conditions justify using alternatives, and.how the proposed measures equal or exceed normal compliance. A five -member staff committee reviews alterna- tive compliance applications and recommends approval, approval with conditions, or denial of the proposal to the planning director. With certain exceptions, the director will make the final decision. Raleigh's landscape ordinance also recognizes the need for flexibility in certain situations, such as preserving significant natural features. The code allows alternative materials or methods of construc- tion, provided that the proposed alternative equals the prescribed regulations in terms of "quality, effectiveness, durability, hardiness, and performance." PLANT SUBSTITUTIONS Due to seasonal planting problems and a lack of plant availability, approved landscape plans may require minor revisions. In Prince George's County, there is a simple, staff -level substitution process. Minor revisions to planting plans are accepted if there is no reduction in the quality of plant material or no significant change in size or location of plant materi- als, and if the new plants are of the same general category (i.e., shade, ornamental, or evergreen trees) and have the same general design characteristics (mature height, crown spread) as the materials being replaced. Proposed materials must also be compat- ible with the area to ensure healthy tree growth. If these criteria are not fulfilled, changes to approved plans must be resubmitted and reviewed anew. PLAN PREPARATION Preparing a landscape plan requires special skills. Landscaping involves more than a simple arrange- ment of plants with irrigation; plants are not haphaz- ardly placed in a way that fills up leftover space. Landscape plans should reflect a theme so that site elements are artfully and technically organized in a way that conveys meaning, coherence, and spatial organization. In other words, landscaping should enhance the physical environment as well as the project's aesthetic character. At a minimum, most jurisdictions encourage landscape architects to prepare all landscape plans, at most, a landscape architect's seal is required. The code for Prince George's County requires either a Maryland state -registered landscape architect or any other licensed professional authorized by the state to prepare landscape plans. On the other hand, Balti- more County allows only a registered landscape architect to prepare landscape plans, unless the planning and zoning director waives that restriction. Developments of four to 20 single-family detached dwellings in Baltimore County are exempt from this requirement because of cost concerns and because of the lesser visual impact of developments of that scale. In order to be fair to the small landowner/ developer, some jurisdictions do not require a land- scape architect seal. Much of the opposition to requiring such a seal relates to cost. The small 13 developers maintain that an architects participation will drive up the projects costs, which are ultimately passed on to the consumer. Thus, the ordinance for Lexington/Fayette County, Kentucky, requires a landscape architects seal only for large, complex projects. Other jurisdictions tie involvement of a landscape architect to the size of the developments parking lots. In this manner, the small property owner may use any licensed professional; large projects, which have a greater impact on the commu- nity, require a landscape architect's seal. In states that do not have a title and practice registration law, an ordinance requiring a landscape architects seal maybe considered inappropriate. SUBMITTAL REQUIREMENTS An applicant needs to know what constitutes a complete application. Most jurisdictions require at least a schedule of plants and basic site information. In Prince George's County, the application must include a description of the site as well as a list of plant -related elements, including: 1. Location, general type, and quality of existing vegetation, including specimen trees, 2. Existing vegetation to be saved; 3. Methods and details for protecting existing vegetation during construction and the approved sediment control plan, if available, 4. Locations and labels for all proposed plants; 5. Plant lists or schedules with the botanical and common name, quantity, and spacing and size of all proposed landscape material at the time of planting; 6. Plant lists or schedules showing the required and proposed quantities; 7. Location and description of other landscape improvements, such as earth berms, walls, fences,screens, sculptures, fountains, street furniture, lights, and courts or paved areas; and 8. Planting and installation details as necessary to ensure conformance with all required standards. Sample schedules for Prince George's County are shown in Figures 13 through 15. ENFORCEMENT AND MAINTENANCE In order to be effective, landscape requirements must be enforceable and must be enforced by the appropriate authority. The ordinance or manual should clearly assign responsibility for overseeing the installation and maintenance of required plants. Typically, disobeying the zoning ordinance is a punishable offense, usually in the form of a fine. However, most fines are minuscule compared to the cost of landscaping —and since most inspectors do not equate landscaping violations with "health, safety, and welfare" issues, fines are rarely levied and rarely paid. Many jurisdictions are now developing more immediate and direct incentives to ensure compli- ance. In Dallas, for example, certificates of occupancy may be held until allrequired plants are properly installed to the inspector's satisfaction. Other jurisdictions simply demand a one-year guarantee on all required plant material; if any required trees or shrubs die within the first year, the owner must replace them. In Herndon, Virginia, a growing Washington, D.C., suburb, the developer must guarantee all required landscape material for two years. For the first year, this is enforced through a cash escrow; the inspector ensures that all required material is installed. For the second year, the devel- oper must post a maintenance bond to guarantee that all plants are maintained in a healthy condition. In Fairfax County, Virginia, a landscape plan for nonrental residential developments will not be approved until the applicant posts a bond acceptable to the county, conditioned upon the satisfactory installation of the proposed landscaping. The plan- ning director establishes the exact sum. hi Prince George's County, within 30 days of installing the required plants, the individual who prepared the plan must submit written certification that healthy plants were properly installed. This confirmation is sent to the Department of Environ- mental Resources. The manual further states that failure to replace dead or diseased plants constitutes a zoning violation, subject to penalty provisions. PLANT LISTS AND OTHER INFORMATION Increasing the availability of public information to the applicant makes mistakes less likely. The Figure 13. Buffering Residential Development from Streets (Sample Schedule) 1) Type of street adjacent to rear yards: 2) Minimum width of required buffer: 3) Linear feet of street frontage toward which rear yards are oriented: 4) Number of plants required: —shade trees _, evergreen trees _ shrubs 5) Percentage of required buffer strip occupied by existing woodland: 6) Six-foot fence or wall or five -toot berm employed in buffer strip: _ Yes _No 7) Number of plants provided: _ shade trees _ evergreen trees _ shrubs 14 Figure 14. Parking Lot Landscaped Strip (Sample Schedule) 1) Linear feet of street frontage of parking lot: 2) Option selected (1, 2, 3, 4, or 5)": 3) Number of plants required: _ shade trees (or equivalent ornamental or evergreen trees) _ shrubs 4) Number of plants provided: _ shade trees _ ornamental trees _evergreen trees shrubs See Figures 1-5 In Chapter of this report. property owner has many decisions to make, from selecting appropriate plant materials to identifying trees to save. Plant Lists Plant lists identifying recommended tree types and salient characteristics help the applicant deter- mine which species will thrive in the local climate and perform their intended function. The Prince George's County manual includes several plant lists. The information was gathered from local nurseries, landscape consultants, and park and planning staff. The lists include recommended shade, ornamental and evergreen trees, trees not recommended for general use, and recommended shrubs. The botanic name, common name, and comments comprise the charts. For example, sweetgum is a recommended shade tree although "fruit can be a maintenance problem." Landscape Standards and Specifications Landscape specifications detail requirements for materials, minimum plant measurements, and planting methods. There are no "universals"; climate plays a big role in determining the numerical stan- dards appropriate for areas. But establishing stan- dards for plant measurements, installation, and maintenance is important. Excerpts from the Prince George's manual are typical for the region and include the following: 1. The landscape contractor shall furnish and install and/or dig, ball, burlap, and transplant all plant materials listed on the plant schedule. Bare -root is typically not permitted for any tree. 2. Plant materials shall conform to the require- ments described in the latest edition of American Standard for Nursenj Stock, which is published by the American Association of Nurserymen. Plants shall be nursery grown. Neither heeled -in plants nor plants from cold storage shall be acceptable. 3. Plants shall conform to the measurements specified in the plant schedule. a. Caliper measurements shall be taken six inches above grade for trees under four inches in diameter and 12 inches above grade for trees four inches in diameter and larger. b. Minimum branching height for all shade trees shall be six feet. c. Minimum size for shade trees shall be 2.5 to three inches in diameter;12 to 14 feet in height. d. Minimum size for minor shade trees shall be 1.5 to 1.75 inches in diameter, seven to nine feet in height. e. Minimum size for evergreen trees shall be six to eight feet in height. 4. A professional horticulturist/nurseryman shall be consulted to determine the proper time to move and install plant material so that stress to the plant is minimized. Planting of decid- uous material may be continued during winter months provided there is no frost in the ground and frost -free topsoil planting mixtures are used. 5. A landscape contractor shall excavate all plant pits, vine pits, hedge trenches, and shrub beds as follows: a. All pits shall be generally circular in outline, with vertical sides. The tree pit shall be deep Figure 15. Parking Lot Perimeter Area (Sample Schedule) 1) Linear feet of parking lot perimeter adjacent to property line: 2) Number of plants required between parking lot and property line: shade trees (or equivalent ornamental or evergreen trees) _ shrubs 3) Number of plants rovp ided between parking lot and property line: shade trees _ ornamental trees _ evergreen trees _ shrubs 15 enough to allow one -eighth of the ball to be above the existing grade. Plants shall rest on undisturbed existing soil or well -compacted backfill. The tree pit must be a minimum of nine inches larger on every side than the ball of the tree. b. If areas are designated as shrub beds or hedge trenches, they shall be cultivated to at least 18 inches in depth. Areas designated for ground covers and vines shall be culti- vated to at least 12 inches in depth. 6. Each tree, shrub, or vine shall be pruned in an appropriate manner, in accordance with accepted standard practice. Broken or bruised branches shall be removed with clean cuts made on an angle from the bark ridge to the branch collar, no flush cuts, to minimize the area cut. All cuts shall be made with sharp tools. Trim all edges smooth. No tree wound dressings shall be applied. 7. All trenches and shrub beds shall be edged and cultivated to the lines shown on the drawing. The areas around isolated plants shall be edged and cultivated to the full diameter of the pit. Sod that has been removed and stacked shall be used to trim the edges of all excavated areas to the neat lines of the plant pit saucers, the edges of shrub areas, hedge trenches, and vine pockets. 8. After cultivation, all plant materials shall be mulched with a two- to three-inch layer of tan bark, peat moss, or another approved material over the entire area of the bed or saucer. Tree Preservation and Care During Construction Each year, thousands of healthy, mature trees are lost unnecessarily to new construction. This unfortu- nate practice occurs because existing trees are not always regarded as a resource or amenity to be preserved but as an obstacle to development that must be removed. Even when a developer plans to preserve trees, "save" areas are not always clearly marked, and site clearance crews or utility workers may inadvertently remove them. Construction practices in the field must also respect existing trees; compaction of the soil, changes in grade, and sloppy use of machines may easily damage or kill trees. As attention to the environment intensifies, more and more developers, consumers, and policy makers realize the importance and good sense of tree preser- vation. Most landscape regulations now credit developers for saving existing trees, provided they are larger than a certain caliper and meet certain locational requirements. Designating trees for preservation and ensuring that they survive grading and construction proce- dures require special attention. For example, all tree - save areas should be unmistakably delineated in the field so that it is obvious to all equipment operators and other construction personnel. All field personnel who work directly around or in the vicinity of pro- tected tree areas should know the techniques for preventing damage. Harmful practices include grading or trenching within a save area, placing backfill near trees, driving or parking equipment in save areas, and dumping trash, oil, or paint in close proximity to tagged trees. In Prince George's County, the special needs, skills, and knowledge associated with the selection and care of existing trees before, during, and after construction was recognized. Consequently, the landscape manual refers to The Woodland Conservation/ Tree Preservation Technical Manual, which carries the effect of law. The preservation policy was developed concurrently with the landscape manual, so the regulations complement one another. For example, the manual allows the preservation of trees to fulfill certain landscape requirements. The manual especially encourages preservation of trees and vegetation of special significance due to size, age, habitat, or historical importance. Existing vegetative buffers should also be preserved when possible. The manual further notes that trees to be saved should be selected prior to siting the building and paving. In fact, grading should'be minimized because it usually destroys trees and damages tree stands. Critical areas, such as floodplains, steep slopes, and wetlands should be left undisturbed, when possible. As a general guide, the manual suggests several factors that may assist in selecting which trees to save: existing and proposed grading; age, condition, and type of tree; and location of site improvements and utility connections. The Baltimore County landscape manual also encourages developers to save the maximum number of trees when feasible. Credit is given for preserva- tion if the trees meet certain landscape requirements. For example, preserving a specimen tree counts toward the total site tree count at the rate of one less new tree for each four inches (diameter) of tree preserved. 16 Appendix. Xeriscape: Landscaping to Conserve Water By Marya Morris Rapid growth in the freshwater -starved South and West has pushed the available water supply in those regions to its limit. It is estimated that 40 to 60 percent of residential water is used for landscaping, depending on plant types and the type of watering system used. Yards with a high percentage of lawn are by far the biggest water guzzlers of all landscapes. The introduction of non-native plants and vegetation has further strained those water resources and has threatened native plant species, which are less water demanding. Recognizing that no water means no growth and economic development, communities are developing xeriscape plans and ordinances, which promote water conservation through drought -tolerant landscaping. The term xeriscape comes from the Greek word, xeros, meaning dry. The concept is believed to have originated in the Denver Water Department in 1981 in response to drought conditions in Colorado. Since then, xeriscape programs have been developed in 40 states. Two of the most comprehensive programs — the Los Angeles xeriscape ordinance and a model xeriscape code developed for South Florida communi- ties are discussed here. LOS ANGELES The Los Angeles xeriscape ordinance was origi- nally adopted in 1988. In late 1991, it will be folded into the city's comprehensive landscape ordinance. The new ordinance will cover everything from water conservation to protecting native plant species to standard landscape and xeriscape regulations. The existing ordinance defines xeriscape: Xeriscape shall mean a combination of landscape features and techniques that in the aggregate reduce the demand for and consumption of water, including appropriate low -water -using plants, nonliving ground cover, a low percentage of lawn coverage, a high degree of paving permeability, and water -conserving irrigation techniques and systems. The ordinance applies to industrial, commercial, and multifamily projects and is based on a point system. The number of points needed for landscape plan approval is tied to the lot size. Currently, the minimum number of points required is 50 for 15,000- square-foot lots. At the top of the scale, 200 points are required for 150,000-square-foot lots, and anything larger requires an additional 200 points per 150,000 square feet. Almost all landscape plans now meet these point requirements. The new xeriscape provi- sions will be far more stringent, however, requiring more points for landscape plan approval. They will also include guidelines for single-family homes, which the existing law does not. There are a number of ways that property owners can accumulate points. Ten points are awarded for inclusion of the following items: drip or trickle irrigation systems; lawns of less than 25 percent of the planted area; use of reclaimed water for irrigation; any amount of nonliving ground cover (mulch); and lawn areas that are separated from other planting areas in the irrigation configuration. Five points are awarded for the following fea- tures: permeable paving; recirculating water features (per feature); automatic irrigation controllers; and other high-tech sprinkler features. Two points are given for each plant that will survive on natural rainfall after two years of being irrigated. Additional points are awarded for other amounts of drought -resistant living ground cover. The ordinance requires that applicants submit landscape plans drawn by a California -licensed landscape architect, architect, or irrigation designer to the planning department. Also required is a sheet summarizing the number and type of points that the applicant is claiming under the ordinance. SOUTH FLORIDA'S MODEL CODE Responding to the same water constraints as those that exist in the West, the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) in 1987 developed a model xeriscape code to be used as a guide in the development of municipal and county landscape ordinances. Highland Beach is one of many Florida communities that has adopted a xeriscape ordinance based on the SFWMD model code. (See below.) The SFWMD model has been particularly helpful in light of the requirement in the state's 1985 growth management law that communities have water Xeriscapes employ drought -tolerant native plants and other natural materials to provide greenery and diversity in what would otherwise be barren landscapes. 17 conservation as a goal in their comprehensive plans. Two plant guides were also published, both of which contain discussions of the fundamentals of xeriscape and lengthy lists of drought -tolerant plant species to be used to fulfill local xeriscape requirements. The model code has four basic objectives: to provide guidelines to promote economic and efficient water use; to protect and conserve water resources; to encourage the use of drought- and flood -tolerant plants; and to establish standards for xeriscape installation and maintenance. The model code is adaptable to all communities. It is structured so that communities can choose a xeriscape standard that takes into account develop- ment pressure and water availability. Like most ordinances, the SFWMD model code includes a statement of purpose. There are, in fact, nine stated purposes for the code, including water conservation, aesthetics, and protection of land Xeriscape Principles Xeriscape programs and ordinances currently in place all subscribe to seven basic principles: Appropriate planning and design. Complete a plan of the new landscape before any planting is done. The plan should take into account the size and shape of the lot, soil type, topogra- phy, and building configu- ration. Decisions about necessary soil improve ments and the irrigation system layout should be made in the planning stage and shouldbebased on where certain plants and vegetation are to be installed. Lftnitedtttt f (lawn) areas. Limit the amount of lawn and turf area and locate them so that they will be used for human activities, such as recreation. Lawn areas should be separate from trees, flowering plants, and other ground covers because the irrigation needs of each can vary greatly. On existing sites, turf areas can be replaced with other less water -intensive materials such as low -water -demand plants and mulches. Lawn areas must notbe planted in strips eight feet wide or less, as these portions are virtually unusable but still require irrigation. Efficient Irrigation. Install irrigation systems so that they provide an adequate amount of water, at the proper time, to the root zone of plants. Devices are available that measure the amount of water being supplied to each area of the landscape and should be used to calibrate the irriga- tion system. Fach plant and vegetative type has its own values. The detailed code (it's 100 pages) takes a performance -based approach and provides extensive standards in the following areas. Land clearing/vegetation protection and preservation. Preserving existing plant communities reduces the need for irrigation in open areas. Therefore, applicants must be issued a permit to be allowed to remove vegetation, and remaining vegetation must be adequately protected during construction. Applicants must include an inventory and written assessment of the vegetation on the site. A Certificate of Substantial Compliance (with the ordinance) must be obtained before a building permit can be issued. The code includes a list of circumstances that justify issuance of a certificate. Site design. The performance standards allow appli- cants to choose from a list of creative site development options to achieve water conservation. For instance, an owner could choose to preserve existing plants, limit Water needs, and the planting arrangement and irrigation system should be designed to reflect these needs. Use drought -tolerant plants. Use only drought -tolerant native and non-invasive exotic plants in the xeriscape. Xeriscape plans and ordi- nances usually include lengthy lists of trees, plants, and other vegetation that are appropriate for the given climate. Soil improventents. Organic matter should be added to existing soils before planting to increase water -holding capacity and provide beneficial nutrients to plants. Soil testing can be done by a commercial soil lab or, in some areas, by a county extension service. Use mulches. Wherever possible, replace lawn areas with mulched planting beds. Inorganic mulches (e.g., consisting of rock and stone) help slow erosion and are aesthetically pleasing, but do not lower the soil temperature. Organic mulches, consisting of wood chips and plant remnants, are able to hold moisture, cool the soil surface, reduce weed growth, slow erosion, and improve existing soil as they decompose. Establish a maintenance program. To be effective, each of the above-mentio; actions needs to be moni- tored. 18 turf areas, retain on -site stormwater runoff for irrigation use, and use shade trees to reduce transpi- ration rates, or combine several of these actions to meet the standard. Landscape design. The ordinance gives minimum tree- and shrub -planting requirements for single- family and multifamily sites. The bulk of this section, however, pertains to landscaping in off-street parking lots, perimeter strips, and in other vehicular use areas, such as median strips and rights -of -way. Guidelines are included to ensure that safe sight lines are main- tained. Lists of allowable and prohibited plant species are also provided. Irrigation design. The recommendations in the model code for irrigation systems also prescribe basic xeriscape ideals. The code stipulates that planted areas and lawns should be separated and watered according to their relative need, no watering should be done after it has rained, recirculated water should be used whenever possible, and water should never be applied to impervious surfaces (e.g., sidewalks). Plant material and installation. The model code sets forth standards on how to plant the landscape. These standards include measures to ensure that the soil is improved by adding organic matter and mulches and transpiration is reduced during planting through the use of chemical antitranspirants. Maintenance of cultivated landscaped areas and existing native plant communities. Property owners are required to keep planted areas free of debris and to continue to add mulch, mow the lawn, and prune trees as needed. Those property owners who submit- ted management plans for the native plant communi- ties on their properties must keep them free of exotic plant species and are subject to periodic inspections by the jurisdiction. Administration and penalties. The remainder of the code outlines a landscape credit system, including minimum tree -planting requirements, and tells a property owner what landscape plans he or she will have to submit. The code also offers some flexibility. Alternative landscape betterment plans using unique landscape designs are possible. Finally, the code contains provisions for fees, what to do in the event of code violations, vested rights, and administration of penalties. OTHERPROGRAMS The Marin Municipal Water District in north subur- ban San Francisco has also recently published a guide to its water conservation requirements. The rules apply to lots of 5,000 square feet or more. While less detailed than the ordinances described above, the requirements contain some interesting specific limitations. Turf or lawn areas may not exceed 40 percent of the landscape area, nonturf areas over 200 square feet must be covered with two inches of mulch, and all automatic irrigation must be done at night or in the early morning. Since 1985, Pima County, Arizona, has had a strict landscape code that, at the time it was passed, was the only one in the state that had the specific goal of water conservation. This ordinance also introduced the "mini -oasis" concept, wherein most of a site's landscape water is allocated to a small, specific area so that it provides maximum benefit in terms of cooling and aesthetics. The remainder of the site is then covered with mulch or nonliving ground cover. The city of Las Vegas adopted an addendum to its Landscape and Wall Buffer System Guidelines in April 1990 to provide additional measures for water conservation. These guidelines are part of the city's overall urban design policies. The addendum in- cludes three sets of recommendations —one each for planning and design, construction and installation, and operation and maintenance. Emphasis is placed on limiting runoff and overspray of irrigation water by reducing slopes and developing a citywide balance of plant types and densities. The rules apply to public areas as well as private yards. Unlike other xeriscape programs, Las Vegas specifically encourages local nursery owners to stock a wider variety of drought - tolerant plants. PROBLEMS WITH XERISCAPE Like all new regulatory programs, xeriscape ordi- nances have found their detractors. Many developers have scoffed at the requirement for submission of a xeriscape plan to have a plat approved. There are also logistical problems. In some areas, nurseries have claimed they are unable to keep adequate inventories of the drought -tolerant plants required in the ordinances. This could create greater problems if native plant communities on public or private lands are raided for use in people's lawns. This problem has occurred in Arizona where many Saguaro cactuses have been removed from the desert and planted in front yards. Finally, some plants that may be aesthetically pleasing and drought -tolerant may not be appropriate for all sites. In Southern California, the ice plant, a fast-growing, drought- and fire-resistant ground cover, was planted in recent years on many hillsides. Unfortunately, because the plant is very heavy and has a shallow root system, there have been several instances in which avalanches of ice plants occurred. For those interested in receiving copies of the ordinances mentioned or in getting more information, contact: South Florida Water Management District P.O. Box 24680 3301 Gun Club Road West Palm Beach, FL 33416-4680 (407)686-8800 National Xeriscape Council, Inc. Martha Latta P.O. Box 163172 Austin, TX 78716-3172 (512) 392-6225 Los Angeles Planning Department Michael O'Brien 200 N. Spring, Room 655 Los Angeles, CA 90012 (213) 617-2593 19 EXCERPTS FROM THE HIGHLAND BEACH, FLORIDA, XERISCAPE ORDINANCE (Editor's Note: Slight changes have been made to the outline notation it: t)te followittg ordinance, but its substance has not beeit altered.) SECTIONI. PURPOSE The purpose... is to establish minimum standards for the provision, installation, and maintenance of landscape plantings in order to achieve a healthy, beautiful, and safe community by the following means: A. Water conservation through xeriscape principles, Promote the conservation of potable and nonpotable water by encouraging the preservation of existing plant communi- ties, encouraging the planting of natural or uncultivated areas, encouraging the use of site -specific plant materials, and establishing techniques for the installation and mainte- nance of landscape materials and irrigation systems. B. Aesthetics. Improve the appearance of all areas through the incorporation of open space into development in ways that harmonize and enhance the natural and built environ- ment. C. Envirounueutalquality. Improve environmental quality by recognizing the numerous beneficial effects of landscap- ing upon the environment, including: Improving air and water quality through such natural processes as photosynthesis and mineral uptake; Maintaining permeable land areas essential to surface water management and aquifer recharge; Reducing and reversing air, noise, heat, and chemical pollution through the biological filtering capacities of trees and other vegetation; Promoting energy conservation through the creation of shade, reducing heat gain in or on buildings or paved areas; Reducing the temperature of the n-icroclimate through the process of evapotranspiration; and Encouraging the conservation of limited fresh resources through the use of site specific plants and various planting and maintenance techniques. D. Land values. Maintain and increase the value of land by requiring landscaping to be incorporated into development, thus becoming by itself a valuable capital asset. E. Human values. Provide direct and important physical and psychological benefits to human beings through the use of landscaping to reduce noise and glare, and to break up the monotony and soften the harsher aspects of urban development. F. Preservation of vegetation. Preserve existing natural vegetation and the incorporation of native plants, plant communities, and ecosystems into landscape design, where possible. G. Removal of nuisance species. Eradicate or control certain exotic plant species that have become nuisances because of their tendency to damage public and,ptivate works, to have a negative effect upon public health, or to disrupt or destroy native ecosystems. H. Improved design. Promote innovative and cost- conscious approaches to the design, installation, and maintenance of landscaping, encouraging water and energy conservation. I. Improved administration and enforcement. Establish procedures and standards for the administration and enforcement of this [ordinance]. SECTION 2. DEFINITIONS antitranspirant A protective coating, generally applied to plant materials prior to or immediately after transplanting, that reduces water loss through the leaf surface. buffer, perimeter landscape A continuous area of land ... set aside along the perimeter of a lot in which landscaping is used to provide a transition between and to reduce the environmental, aesthetic, and other impacts of one type of land use upon another. cultivated landscape area Planted areas that are fre- quently maintained by mowing, irrigating, pruning, fertilizing, etc. development Any proposed material change in the use or character or the land, including, but not limited to, land clearing or the placement of any structure or site improve- ments on the land. drip line A vertical line extending from the outermost branches of a tree to the ground. ecosystem A characteristic assemblage of plant and animal life within a specific physical environment, and all interactions among species, and between species and their environment. ground cover Plants, other than turf grass, normally reaching an average maximum height of not more than 24 inches at maturity. hedge A landscape barrier consisting of a continuous, dense planting of shrubs, incompatibility of land uses An issue arising from the proximity or direct association of contradictory, incongru- ous, or discordant land uses or activities, including the impacts of noise, vibration, smoke, odors, toxic matter, radiation, and similar environmental conditions. irrigation system A permanent, artificial watering system designed to transport and distribute water to plants. landscaping Any combination of living plants (such as grass, ground cover, shrubs, vines, hedges, or trees) and nonliving landscape material (such as rocks, pebbles, sand, mulch, walls, fences or decorative paving materials). mulch Nonliving organic and synthetic materials custom- arily used in landscape design to retard erosion and retain moisture. open space Open space shall be interpreted to mean: 1) All areas of natural plant communities or area replanted with vegetation after construction, such as revegetated natural areas; tree, shrub, hedge or ground cover planting areas; and lawns; and 2) Other areas allowed to be counted as open space as per the Highland Beach Town Code. plant community A natural association of plants that are dominated by one or more prominent species, or a charac- teristic physical attribute. plant species, controlled Those plant species which tend to become nuisances because of their undesirable growth habits, but which, if properly cultivated, may be useful or functional as elements of landscape design. plant species, prohibited Those plant species which are demonstrably detrimental to native plants, native wildlife, ecosystems, or human health, safety, and welfare. 20 preserve areas Vegetative areas required to be preserved bylaw. shrub A self-supporting woody perennial plant of low to medium height characterized by multiple stems and branches continuous from the base, usually not more than 10 feet in height at its maturity. site specific planting The selection of plant material that is particularly well suited to withstand the physical growing conditions that are normal for that location. shade tree, small A self-supporting woody plant or species normally growing to a mature height of at least 20 feet and a mature spread of at least 15 feet in Highland Beach. Clusters of more than one tree may be used when it is demonstrated to the Community Appearance Board that the grouping of trees will, at maturity, surpass the 15-foot diameter requirement and that the grouping of trees is suitable for the proposed location. substantial change in land use: 1) A change in land use that increases the intensity of land use; or 2) A change in land use that creates an incompatibil- ity or increases the incompatibility of adjacent land uses; or 3) An increase in the total floor area of multiple dwellings or nonresidential buildings that results in increased traffic generation. tree Any self-supporting woody perennial plant which has a DBH of two inches or more and which normally attains an overall height of at least 15 feet at maturity, usually with one main stem or trunk and many branches. It may appear to have several stems or trunks as in several varieties of oak. understory Assemblages of natural low-level woody, herbaceous, and ground cover species which exist in the area below the canopy of the trees. vegetation, native Any plant species with a geographic distribution indigenous to all or part of the state of Florida. Plant species which have been introduced by man are not native vegetation. viable When referring to a tree, shrub, or other type of plant, is a plant that, in the judgement of the building official, is capable of sustaining its own life processes, unaided by man, for a reasonable period of time. xeriscape Landscape methods which conserve water through the use of drought -tolerant plants and planting techniques. SECTION 3. APPLICABILITY This [ordinance] shall apply to new property development or to any cumulative permitted landscaping renovation in excess of 20 percent on existing individual lots. No depart- ment shall issue a permit provided for herein in violation of the regulations set forth herein. SECTION 4. CONFLICTS If the provisions of this [ordinance] conflict with other ordinances or regulations, the more stringent limitation or requirement shall govern or prevail to the extent of the conflict. SECTIONS. LANDSCAPE DESIGN STANDARDS The following standards shall be considered the minimum requirements for the installation of all plant materials within Highland Beach: A. Minimum tree and shrub planting or preservation requirements: 1. General. Trees shall not be placed where they interfere with site drainage or where they shall require frequent pruning in order to avoid interference with overhead power lines. A minimum of 75% of all required trees shall be shade trees. 2. Standards for Landscape Materials. a. Quality of Plants. All plant materials shall be a minimum of Florida Number One as defined in Grades and Standards Revised, Part 2, as published by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Exceptions and substitutions from this regulation may be reviewed and approved by the Community Appearance Board in order to promote the use of slow -growing or native plant ' materials. b. Tree Planting Standards. Immediately upon plant- ing, trees shall be a minimum of 14 feet in height and shall have a minimum caliper of three inches. c. Tree Species Mix. When more than 10 trees are to be planted to meet the requirements of this [ordinance], a mix of species shall be provided. The number of species to be planted shall vary according to the overall number of trees required to be planted. The minimum number of species to be planted are indicated in [Table 1 below]. Species shall be planted in proportion to the required mix. This species mix shall not apply to areas of vegetation required to be preserved by law. Table 1. Required Species Mix A B Required Number Minimum Number of Trees of Species 11-20 2 21-30 3 31-40 4 41+ 5 d. Hedge Planting Standards. Hedges, where required, shall form a solid continuous visual screen of at least three feet in height immediately upon planting and shall be spaced 18 inches on center. Hedge plantings shall be maintained so as to not exceed a height of six feet. Exceptions and substitutions from this regula- tion may be reviewed and approved by the Commu- nity Appearance Board in order to promote the use of slow -growing or native plant materials. 3. Landscaping the Interior of Off -Street Parking Areas. a. Landscaping the interior of off-street parking areas is required. b. All rows of parking spaces shall be provided a terminal island to protect parked vehicles, provide visibility, confine moving traffic to aisles and driveways, and provide space for landscaping. In addition to providing such terminal islands, there shall be provided within each row of parking spaces, landscaped islands located so as to prevent more than five vehicles from being parked side -by -side in an abutting configuration. Such islands shall measure not less than five feet in width and 15 feet in length. Three or four spaces in excess of a multiple of five spaces shall constitute a requirement for one additional island. A terminal island for a single row of parking spaces shall be landscaped with at least one tree and vegetative ground cover or grass. A terminal island for a double 21 row of parking spaces shall contain not less than two trees and vegetative ground cover or grass. c. Off-street parking areas designed to provide double rows of abutting side -by -side spaces shall include a continuous landscaped divider strip centered on the dividing line between such rows of spaces. The divider strip shall have a width of not less than five feet, shall be surrounded by a raised curb or wheel stops to preventvehicular encroachment and shall be maintained in grass or other landscaping materials. Not less than one tree shall be installed in the landscaped divider strip for each five abutting parking spaces counted on one side of the divider strip. Three or four spaces in excess of a multiple of five shall constitute a requirement for one additional tree. d. Not less than 10 percent of the interior of off-street parking areas shall be landscaped and maintained with grass or other living vegetative materials. Landscaped divider strips, terminal islands, and other Islands as required in paragraphs b. and c. above may be included in computing the minimum landscaped area. e. Additional Landscape Treatment. All interior landscaped areas not dedicated to trees or to preserva- tion of existing vegetation shall be landscaped with grass, ground cover, shrubs, or other appropriate landscape treatment. Sand or other pavement shall not be considered appropriate landscape treatment. I. Curbing Requirements. Mandatory terminal islands and islands required to separate each five abutting parking spaces shall be surrounded with a continuous, raised curb which meets the standards established below [in Section 5.5c.] Divider strips as required in paragraph c. above shall be protected from encroach- ment of motor vehicles as provided in [Section 5.5c] below. 4. Landscaping the Perimeter of Lots. Landscape strips shall be provided around the perimeter of lots, as follows: a. Perimeter landscape strips separating vehicular use areas from abutting rights -of -way: I. General requirements. Wherever a vehicular use area abuts a right-of-way, public or private, a perimeter landscape strip shall be created which meets the minimum standards established inthe subsection. The perimeter strip shall extend along the length of the boundary between the right-of-way and the vehicular use area. A perimeter landscape strip may be pierced by accessways to the extent necessary to comply with the provisions of this code or other applicable ordinances. b. Minimum Dimensions of Perimeter Landscape Strip. I. Minimum width. Unless otherwise provided in this [ordinance], the minimum width of the perimeter landscape strip separating a vehicular use area from abutting rights -of -way shall be: a-b) [Here the ordinance lists lots by street name and number specific to Highland Beach.] c) For all remaining lots with a depth of less than 50 feet —five feet. d) All remaining lots with a depth of50feet or more —five feet on side property lines; 10 feet on front property lines or more If determined to be necessary to adequately buffer the parking at the discretion of the Community Appearance Board. e) All rear lot lines-10 feet or more if determined to be necessary to adequately buffer the parking at the discretion of the Community Appearance Board. f) All publicly owned parking lots-25 feet. B. Minimum length. The perimeter landscape strip shall extend along the length of the boundary between the vehicular use area and the abutting right-of-way. The landscape strip may be pierced by accessways as necessary to comply with the requirements of this [ordinance] or other applicable ordinances. c, Minimum Planting Requirements. One tree shall be planted for each 30lineal feet (or fraction thereof), or as may be determined by the Community Appearance Board, of a perimeter landscape strip separating a vehicular use area from an abutting right-of-way. The width of accessways which pierce the strip shall be included in the calculation of lineal dimensions. d. Supplemental landscape requirements: 1. Spacing of trees. Trees in a perimeter landscape strip may be planted singly or in clusters. ii. Landscape barrier: a) General. Ahedge, wall, fence, berm, or other landscape barrier shall be located within the perimeter landscape strip. Unless otherwise provided in this [ordinance], the barrier shall be not less than three feet in height. b) Hedges. If a hedge is used as an element of the landscape barrier, plants shall be selected which comply with the requirements of Section 5,A.2.d. c) Living and nonliving barriers. If walls, fences, or other nonliving barriers are used as elements of the landscape barrier, shrubs or vines shall be planted as determined by the Community Appearance Board to be required to meet the purposes of this [ordinance]. d) Earth berms. Earth berms may be usedonly when installed in conjunction with sufficient plant material to satisfy the provisions of this [ordinance]. The slope of a berm shall not exceed a ratio of 3:1. 5. Additional Landscape Treatment, The remainder of the perimeter landscape strip shall be landscaped with grass, ground cover, or other appropriate landscape treatment. Sand or pavement shall not be considered to be appropriate landscape treatment. 6. Parking Garage Openings. All parking garage apertures shall be provided with decorative, ventilated walls to effectively obscure automobile and interior lighting from the exterior, and further shall be screened along all sides by vegetation which shall be a minimum of 20 feet in height and 10 feet on center at the time of planting and by continuous living shrubs and/or hedges, a minimum of three feet in height and a maximum of six feet in height, planted 18 inches on center that must not obstruct access to fire and other emergency vehicles. The roofs of garages which are accessory to multifamily dwellings but which are not used for parking or active recreation purposes shall be covered with artificial turf or other appropriate material approved by site plan review. B. Maintaining safe sight distance at intersections and points of access. 1. Applicability. The regulations established for Visibility Triangles in Chapter 30, (zoning) Section 5.8(e) and (f) shall apply. 22 2. "Green Book" Standards. Landscaping shall be located in accordance with the roadside recovery area provisions of the State of Florida Department of Transportation's Manual of Uniform Minimum Standards for Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Streets and Highways, (commonly known as the "DOT Green Book') as amended. C. Curbing and encroachment of vehicles into landscape areas. 1. Curbing Requirements. Except as provided in Subsection 5 (c)(2), below, all landscape areas shall be seperated from vehicular use areas by nonnrountable, reinforced concrete curbing of the type characterized as "Type D" in the current edition of the "Roadway and Traffic Design Standards" Manual prepared by the State of Florida Department of Transportation, or curbing of comparable durability. Unreinforced extruded curbing shall be prohibited. 2. Use of Wheel Stops. All landscaped areas at the front line of off-street parking spaces may be protected from en- croachment or intrusion of vehicles through the use of wheel stops. Wheel stops shall have a minimum height of six inches above finished grade of the parking area. Wheel stops shall be properly anchored and shall be continuously maintained in good condition. Where wheel stops are located two feet from the front of a parking space, that two feet need not be paved. However, the area between the wheel stop and the landscape area shall receive appropriate landscape treatment, including planting of grass or ground cover. Wheel stops shall not be placed in locations of anticipated intense pedestrian traffic in accordance with provisions of Chapter 30, (Zoning) Section 5.80). 3. Width of Curbing Excluded from Calculation of Minimum Dimensions of Required Landscape Areas. The width of curbing shall be excluded from the calculation of the minimum dimensions of all required landscape areas. D. Use of site -specific planting materials. Trees and other vegetation that are prohibited from use in meeting the landscape requirements of this [ordinance] are so indicated in the Xeriscape Plant Guide and Pruning Manual maintained by the town. Trees and other vegeta- tion shall be planted in soil and climatic conditions which are appropriate for their growth habits as set out in the [manual]. Plants used in the landscape design ... shall to the greatest extent be: Appropriate to the conditions in which they are to be planted; Have noninvasive growth habits, Encourage low maintenance, high -quality design; Be otherwise consistent with the intent of this chapter. E. Use of adapted plant materials. The use of plant materials adapted to the vicinity of the development is encouraged in order to reduce water consumption, general maintenance, and the dependence on fertilizers and insecticides. F. Replacement requirements. Vegetation that is required to be planted or preserved by this [ordinance] shall be replaced with equivalent vegetation if it is not living within one year of issuance of a certificate of occupancy. Preserved trees for which credit was awarded, [but] which subsequently die, shall be replaced by the requisite number of living trees according to the standards estab- lished in Section 5A. G. Controlled plant species. The following plant species have a tendency to become nuisances if they are not properly cultivated. These species maybe planted under controlled conditions provideded that they are installed and maintained according to the following supplemental regulations: [A list of specific plants and their characteristics that are considered nuisances in South Florida are provided in this part of the ordinance.] H. Selection of grass species. 1. General. All lawn areas shall be planted with species suitable as permanent lawns in Highland Beach. Effective erosion control is mandatory in swales, rights -of -way, or other areas subject to erosion. In areas where grass seed is used, a nursegrass appropriate to the season of installation shall be sown for immediate effect and maintenance shall be provided until coverage is complete. 2. Primary Grass Types. [Here the ordinance specifies two primary types of grass for residential, commercial, and industrial areas in the Central and South Florida areas.] 3. Other Grass Types. Nothing in this Section is meant to negate the use of other appropriate grass types for their specific -site uses in accordance with accepted horticultural practices. SECTION 6. XERISCAPE PRINCIPLES It is the intent of this [ordinance] to assist the town in achieving water conservation through proper plant selec- tion, installation, and maintenance practices. The following xenscape principles serve as the primary means of achiev- ing water conservation: Appropriate planning and design; Limiting turf to locations where it provides functional benefits; Efficient irrigation systems; The use of soil amendments to improve water -holding capacity of the soil; The use of mulches, where appropriate; The use of drought -tolerant plants; and Appropriate and timely maintenance. SECTION 7. SITE DESIGN STANDARDS A. Creative site development concepts for water conservation. Creative site development concepts shall be used in order to promote water conservation. Water requirements may be reduced by providing for: The preservation of existing plant communities; The reestablishment of native plant communities; Limited amount of lawn grass areas; The use of site -specific plant materials (see definitions); The use of shade trees to reduce transpiration rates of lower story plant materials; Site development that retains stormwater runoff on site; The use of pervious paving materials, Site development that addresses the carrying capacity of the land in its present form; and Other environmentally sensitive site development concepts. B. Minimum open space requirements. Minimum open space requirements shall be as required by [the zoning ordinance]. C. Preservation of existing plant communities. When existing natural plant communities occur on a parcel of land to be developed, at least 20 percent of the required open space shall be in the form of preserved natural plant communities (see Xeriscape Plant Guide and Pruning Manual). If natural plant communities are present, a 23 minimum of 35 percent of required open space must be in the form of preserved natural plant communities. D. Lawn grass areas. 1. General. A major portion of water demand used for landscape purposes is required -for the irrigation of lawn areas. Portions of landscaped areas that have been customarily designed as lawns should be: Preserved as natural plant communities; Planted as redeveloped native areas; and/or Planted in traditional mixes of trees, shrubs, and ground covers. Ptoper hy managednon-grass landscape developments of site specific plantings Will typically be able to survive on a reduced water requirement and survive drought conditions better than lawn areas. 2. Maxinuun Use Regnirentents for Allowable Lawn Grass. No more than 35 percent of the required green space area shall be planted in lawn grass. E. Required ManagennentPlan. 1. General. For all areas of preserved plant communities larger than one-half acre in area, the owner shall submit for the approval of the Community Appearance Board, a narrative management plan indicating the manner in which the owner will preserve the native plant communities. The narrative shall include: Whether the existing vegetation is to be preserved in the existing species composition; If applicable, the manner in which the composition of existing plant material is to be preserved (hand removal of invasion species, prescribed burning, etc.); The maintenance schedule for the removal of exotic species; The maintenance schedule for the removal of debris; and Other information that may be required by the Commu- nity Appearance Board that is reasonable and necessary to a determination that the management plan meets the requirements of this [ordinance]; 2. Reguirennent for Owners Covenant with Highland Beach for the Maintenance of Preserved Plant Connnunities. The owner shall covenant with Highland Beach, In a form acceptable to Highland Beach that the pre- served plant community will be maintained as per the accepted management plan. SECTION 8. IRRIGATION DESIGN STANDARDS A. Irrigation systems. Irrigation systems can be beneficial in efficiently adding water to the cultivated landscape. The following practices shall be imple- mented by those developing or maintaining Irrigation installations. 3. Cultivated landscape Areas. Irrigation systems, either manual or automatic, may be used for the cultivated landscape areas. Application of water through a properly maintained and regulated irrigation system can be the most efficient method of watering the landscape. a. Small Irrigation Systems. Small residential and commercial areas may be irrigated with a manually controlled irrigation system if sufficient time and labor is available for its operation. Landscape plantings and lawns shall be watered on an as -needed basis only. b. Large Irrigation Systems. When irrigated, cultivated areas in larger residential, commercial, and industrial areas shall be irrigated by the use of an automatic irrigation system with controllers set to apply water as noted in this Section. Wherever practical, high-water and low-water use areas shall be circuited as noted below. Rainfall or moisture -sensing devices should be used to avoid operation of the system during periods of increased rainfall. B. Zoning ofirrigationSystenns. The water demand of lawn areas Is significantly greater than the water demand of most shrubbery or ground cover areas. Typical residen- tial irrigation system design does not provide for the option of irrigating lawn or other high -water -demand areas on a separate schedule from that of shrubbery or other reduced areas on a separate schedule from that of shrubbery or other reduced -water -demand areas. This results in the irrigation of the entire controlled area at the rate that the most water - demanding plant material requires. Therefore, the following standards shall be considered the minimum requirements for landscape irrigation design within the Jurisdiction of the South Florida Water Management District. 1. Sprinkler Zoning. Wherever feasible, sprinkler head irrigating lawns or other high -water -demand landscape areas shall be circuited so that they are on a separate zone or zones for those irrigating trees, shrubbery or other reduced -water -requirement areas. 2. Control Systems. Automatically controlled irrigation systems shall be operated by an irrigation controller that is capable of watering high -water -requirement areas on a different schedule from low -water - requirement areas. C. Elimination of overthrow onto noupervious areas. Landscape Irrigation systems shall be designed so that, to the greatest extent practical, water being applied to nonpervious areas is eliminated. 1. Impervious Areas. Sprinkler heads shall be placed as required to reduce direct overthrow onto nonpervious areas. 1. Irrigation of Existing Plant Communities. Existing plant 2. Wind Control. The use of low -trajectory -spray nozzles is communities and ecosystems, maintained in a natural state, encouraged in order to reduce the effect of wind velocity on do not require and shall not have any additional irrigation the spray system. water added in any form. 3. Low-Vohune Systems. As technology for underground 2. Reestabtished Native Plant Areas. Native plant areas that and low -volume applicators of water is Improved, their use is encouraged. are supplements to an existing plant community or newly installed by the developer may initially require additional 4. Moisture -Sensing Devices. As technology for moisture - water to become established. Where newly planted native sensing devices is improved, their use is encouraged. areas have been installed in soils appropriate to the proposed native system, additional irrigation water (after wa D. Use o f ttonpotable water. Use of nonpotable ter waal the period of establishment) is unnecessary and probably for use in the irrigation of lawn and plant enable s required when determined to be available. harmful. The water required during the establishment period shall be applied from a temporary irrigation system, E. Water application rates. Since deep -watering promotes a water truck, or by hand watering from a standard hose deep root growth and healthier plant material, water shall bib source. not be applied at a precipitation rate of less than.5 inches 24 per application. F. Requirements for irrigation systems. No significant overthrow shall be allowed onto nonpervious areas. Irrigation circuits shall be zoned to apply water onto lawn areas on a different schedule than those irrigating the planting beds. Low -trajectory heads or low -volume -water - distributing devices shall be used. Irrigation controllers shall be capable of irrigating grass and shrub/tree zones on separate schedules. Moisture -sensing devices shall be installed to regulate the frequency of controller operation. SECTION 9. PLANT MATERIAL AND INSTALLATION STANDARDS [Sections 9A, 9B, and 9C of the ordinance direct the user to "Grades and Standards for Nursery Plants, Part I and II," prepared by the State of Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, for plant -quality standards.] D. Antitranspirants. In order to reduce the transpiration rate of plant material during the installation process, antitranspirants shall be used. Antitranspirants reduce the amount of water loss through the leaves of plant material during installation, thereby reducing the amount of water required for the survival of the plants. Antitranspirants shall be used on all permitted landscape installation projects. E. Use of planting soil. All required landscape materials shall be installed using planting soil of a type appropri- ate to the individual plant material and the soil condi- tions in which the planting is occurring. F. Use of organic mulches. The use of organic mulches reduces the growth of weeds and adds nutrients to the soil as well as retains moisture over the root zones of plant materials. 1. Application Specifications. When appropriate, a minimum of three inches of organic mulch shall be placed over all newly installed tree, shrub and ground cover planting areas. 2. Types of Mulch. The use of melaleuca, rather than cypress (or other valuable species), mulch is encouraged. 3. Requirements for the Installation of Organic Mulch. The required mulch layer shall be installed on all landscape projects. G. Amending existing soil prior to sodding or seeding. 1. General. The organic content of the top four inches of the lawn bed for all areas to be seeded or sodded shall be a minimum of five percent. 2. Requirements for the Amending of Existing Soil Prior to Sodding or Seeding. The required soil amendments for the lawn bed shall be provided on all landscape projects. SECTION 10. MAINTENANCE STANDARDS FOR CULTIVATED LANDSCAPE AREAS A. General. The owner or assigns of land subject to this [ordinance] shall be responsible for the maintenance of said land in good condition so as to present a healthy, neat, and orderly landscape area. B. Use requirements for maintenance of mulch layers. The required mulch layer shall be maintained on all landscape projects. C. All required plants shall be maintained in a healthy, pest free condition. Within six months of a determina- tion by the Building Official that a plant is dead or severely damaged or diseased, the plant shall be replaced by the property owner or owners in accordance with the standards specified in this [ordinance]. D. Tree Removal. It shall be the responsibility of each private property owner to remove any dead, diseased, or dangerous trees or shrubs, or parts thereof, which overhang or interfere with traffic control devices, public sidewalks, rights -of -way, or property owned by the town. The town shall have the authority to order the removal of any such trees or shrubs. E. Pruning. All pruning should be accomplished according to good horticultural standards. Trees shall be pruned only as necessary to promote healthy growth. Unless special approval is provided by the Community Appearance Board, trees shall be allowed to attain their normal size and shall not be severely pruned or "hat -racked" in order to permanently maintain growth at a reducedheight. Trees may be periodically pruned or thinned in order to reduce the leaf mass in preparation for tropical storms. All pruning shall be accomplished in accordance with the National Arborists Standards as set forth in the Xeriscape Plant Guide and Pruning Manual maintained by the town. F. Mowing. Grass shall be mown as required in order to encourage deep root growth and therefore the preservation of irrigation water. G. Edging. All roadways, curbs, and sidewalks shall be edged when necessary in order to prevent encroachment from the adjacent grassed areas. Do not use weed -eaters to trim lawn grasses around a tree since they will quickly remove bark causing the deterioration and eventual death of the tree. H. Watering. 1. General. All watering of planted areas shall be managed so as to: Maintain healthy flora; Make plant material more drought tolerant; Avoid excessive turf growth; Minimize fungus growth; Stimulate deep root growth; Minimize leaching of fertilizer, and Minimize cold damage. [Subsections 2 and 3 describe standards for watering specific types of grasses.] 4. Promoting Deep Root Growth of Trees and Shrubs. Watering of plants and trees should always be in a suffi- cient amount to thoroughly soak the root ball of the plant and the surrounding area, thereby promoting deep root growth and drought tolerance. 5. Operation of Automatic Irrigation Systems. Whenever possible, automatic irrigation systems should be operated between the hours of midnight and 6:00 a.m., or as desig- nated by the Town of Highland Beach. Irrigating during these hours reduces fungus growth and loss of water due to evaporation. 6. Maintenance of Irrigation Systems. Irrigation systems shall be constantly maintained to eliminate waste of water due to loss of heads, broken pipes, or misadjusted nozzles. SECTION 11. MAINTENANCE OF NATURAL PLANT A. General. All open space areas that are to be preserved as natural plant communities shall be trimmed [at least once a year] of all exotic vegetation, lawn grasses, trash, or other debris. B. Natural plant communities. All natural plant communi- 25 ties shall be managed in order to maintain the plant community for the purpose it was preserved. 1. Required Management Plan. When applicable, the Building Department shall make periodic inspections of the natural areas to verify the owner's adherence to the approved management plan as specified in [Section M. 2. Mechanical Equipment Shall Not Be Used. There shall be no use of mechanical equipment in accomplishing the mainte- nance of preserved plant communities unless specifically authorized in writing by the Building Department. SECTION 12. LANDSCAPE PLAN REQUIRED A. General. Prior to the issuance of any building permit, a landscape plan shall be submitted to, reviewed by, and approved by the Community Appearance Board. B. Nature of required plan. A landscape plan for each lot shall be prepared by and bear the seal of alandscape architect. C. Contents of landscape plans. The landscape plans shall: Be drawn to scale, including dimensions and distances, Delineate the existing and proposed parking spaces, or other vehicular areas, access aisles, driveways, and similar features; Indicate the location of sprinklers or water outlets; Designate by name and location the plant material to be installed or preserved in accordance with the require- ments of this [ordinance]; Identify and describe the location and characteristics of all other landscape materials to be used; Show all landscape features, including areas of vegeta- tion required to be preserved by law, in context with the location and outline of existing and proposed buildings and other improvements on the site, if any; Include a tabulation clearly displaying the relevant statistical information necessary for the Community Appearance Board to evaluate compliance with the provisions of this [ordinance]. This includes gross acreage, area of preservation areas, number of trees to be planted or preserved, square footage of paved areas, and such other information as the Community Appearance Board may require; and Contain such other information that may be required by the Community Appearance Board that is reasonable and necessary to determine that the landscape plan meets the requirements of this [ordinance]. [This ordinance was passed by the Town Commission of the Town of Highland Beach on August22,1990.3 26 RECENT PLANNING ADVISORY SERVICE REPORTS 376 Improving Street Climate Through Urban Design. June 1983. 34 pp. $16 (photocopy). 377 Flexible Parking Requirements. August 1983.38 pp. $16; PAS subscribers $8. 378 Working With Consultants. October 1983.33 pp. $16; PAS subscribers $8. 379 Appearance Codes for Small Communities. October 1983.26 pp. $16; PAS subscribers $8. 380 Analyzing the Economic Feasibility of a Develop- ment Project: A Guide for Planners. November 1983. 38 pp. $16; PAS subscribers $8. 381 Increasing Housing Opportunities for the Elderly. December 1983.16 pp. $16; PAS subscribers $8. 382 Planners' Salaries and Employment Trends, 1983. February 1984.18 pp. $16 (photocopy). 383 How To Set Up a Planning Agency Library. April 1984.38 pp. $16, PAS subscribers $8. 384 Regulating Radio and TV Towers. June 1984.38 pp. $16, PAS subscribers $8. 385 Affordable Single -Family Housing: A Review of Development Standards. August 1984.117 pp. $24; PAS subscribers $12. 386 State and Local Regulations for Reducing Agricul- tural Erosion. September 1984.42 pp. $16; PAS subscribers $8. 387 Traffic Impact Analysis. October 1984.34 pp. $16; PAS subscribers $8. 388 Planning Software Survey. November 1984.32 pp. $16 (photocopy). 389 Tax Increment Financing: Part 1. What Is TIF7 Part 2. Determining Potential Gains and Losses of TIF. December 1984.19 pp. $16; PAS subscribers $8. 390 Infrastructure Support for Economic Development. September 1985.38 pp. $16; PAS subscribers $8. 391 Home Occupation Ordinances. October 1985.38 pp. $16; PAS subscribers $8. 392 Innovative Capital Financing. December 1985.38 pp. $16; PAS subscribers $8. 393 Managing Municipal Information Needs Using Microcomputers. April 1986.22 pp. $16 (photocopy). 394 Regulating Satellite Dish Antennas. May 1986.30 pp. $16; PAS subscribers $8. 395 Planners' Salaries and Employment Trends,1985. June 1986.18 pp. $16; PAS subscribers $8. 396 Standards for Self -Service Storage Facilities. Septem- ber 1986.22 pp. $16; PAS subscribers $8. 397 Siting Group Homes for Developmentally Disabled Persons. October 1986.46 pp. $16; PAS subscribers $8. 398 Regulating Manufactured Housing. December 1986. 38 pp. $16; PAS subscribers $8. 399 Aesthetics and Land -Use Controls. December 1986. 46 pp. $16; PAS subscribers $8. 400 The Planning Commission: Its Composition and Func- tion,1987. May 1987.11 pp. $16, PAS subscribers $8. 401 Transferable Development Rights Programs: TDRs and the Real Estate Marketplace. May 1987.38 pp. $16; PAS subscribers $8. 402 Seven Methods for Calculating Land Capability/ Suitability. July 1987.22 pp. $20; PAS subscribers $10. 403 Computer Applications in Economic Development. August 1987.38 pp. $20; PAS subscribers $10. 404 How to Conduct a Citizen Survey. November 1987. 24 pp. $20; PAS subscribers $10. 405 New Standards for Nonresidential Uses. December 1987.26 pp. $20; PAS subscribers $10. 406 Housing Trust Funds. December 1987.25 pp. $20; PAS subscribers $10. 407 Planners' Salaries and Employment Trends,1987. December 1987.15 pp. $20; PAS subscribers $10. 408 The Calculation of Proportionate -Share Impact Fees. July 1988.38 pp. $20; PAS subscribers $10. 409 Enforcing Zoning and Land -Use Controls. August 1988.30 pp. $20; PAS subscribers $10. 410 Zoning Bonuses in Central Cities. September 1988. 30 pp. $20; PAS subscribers $10. 411 The Aesthetics of Parking. November 1988.42 pp. $20; PAS subscribers $10. 4IV413 Protecting Nontidal Wetlands. December 1988. 76 pp. $36; PAS subscribers $18. 414/415 A Planners Review of PC Software and Tech- nology. December 1988.102 pp. $36; PAS subscribers $18. * 416 Responding to the Takings Challenge. May 1989. 40 pp. $20; PAS subscribers $10. * 417 Reaching Consensus in Land -Use Negotiations. July 1989.14 pp. $20; PAS subscribers $10. 418 Designing Urban Corridors. September 1989.38 pp. $20, PAS subscribers $10. 419 Sign Regulation for Small and Midsize Communi- ties: A Planners Guide and a Model Ordinance. November 1989.42 pp. $20; PAS subscribers $10. * 420 Community -Based Housing for the Elderly: A Zoning Guide for Planners and Municipal Offi- cials. December 1989. 30 pp. $20, PAS subscribers $10. 421 A Survey of Zoning Definitions. December 1989. 36 pp. $20; PAS subscribers $10. 422 Zoning for Child Care. December 1989.30 pp. $20; PAS subscribers $10. * 423 Planners' Salaries and Employment Trends, 1989. December 1989.22 pp. PAS subscribers $10. 4241425 Solid Waste Management: Planning Issues and Opportunities. September 1990.71 pp. $36; PAS subscribers $18. * 426 Private Funding for Roads. October 1990.30 pp. PAS subscribers $10. 427/428 Planning Software Survey, 1990. December 1990.55 pp. $36; PAS subscribers $18. * 429 Preserving Rural Character. December 1990.20 pp. PAS subscribers $10. 430 Reinventing the Village: Planning, Zoning, and Design Strategies. December 1990. 44 pp. $20; PAS subscribers $10. * 431 Preparing a Landscaping Ordinance. December 1990. 26 pp. PAS subscribers $10. - Available only to subscribers of Planning Advisory Service. V- z LAND•USE TECHNIQUES Welford Sanders and Charles Thurow Is I., ., American Planning Association PASPlanning Advisory Service Report Number 373 This guidebook was prepared with the support of the U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI), Office of Water Research and Technology (Contract No.14-34-001-0425). The opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommenda- tions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of DOI, The authors would like to thank Ken Suter and John Campbell of the Office of Water Research and Technology for their direction of the project and also to thank the many individuals in the local water utilities and planning offices who shared their knowledge and experience with us. Figure Credits: From Murray Milne, Residential Water Conservation (California Water Resources Center, University of Califomia/Davis), Report No. 35, March 1976. Figure 1 redrawn from PAS; data from Water Resources Council, The Nation's Water Resources. Also from Milne: Figure7, p.150; Figure 8, p.151; Figure 9, p. 150; Figure 10, p,152; Figure 16, p. 233; Figure 17, p.191; Figure 18, p. 191; Figure 19, p. 179; Figure 20, p. 188; Figure 21, p. 240; Figure 22, p. 242; Figure 23, p. 243; Figure24, p.328; Figure25, p. 330; andFigure26, p.168, Figure 2 from Nicholas M. Schmidt, "Landscaping Alternatives and Irrigation Conservation," Proceedings of the National Water Conservation Conference on Publicly Supplied Potable Water (U.S. Dept, of Commerce /NBS), Special Publication 624, June 1982, p. 59. Figures 3A, 3B, and3Cfrom Developer's Handbook (State of Connecticut Dept. of Environmental Protection, Coastal Area Management Program), p. 42, Figure 5 from David Jensen, Zero Lot Line Housing (Urban Land Institute),1981, p. 73. Figure 6 from Joanne Rondon, Landscaping for Water Conservation (Aurora, Colo.), p. 23. Figure 13 from Larry E. Delbert, "Fiscal Planning and Water Conservation in Madison, Wisconsin." A. W. W.A. Journal, January 1978, p. 3; Figure 14, p. 4; and Figure 15, p. 4. Cover design by Ampersand Associates, Inc. Planning Advisory Service is a subscription research service of the American Planning Association. Eight to 10 reports are pro- duced each year. Subscribers also receive the PAS Memo each month and have use of the Inquiry Answering Service. Israel Stollman, Executive Director; Frank S. So, Deputy Executive Director; David R. Mosena, Director of Research. Planning Advisory Service Reports are produced at APA. Sylvia Lewis, Publications Director; Adele Rothblatt, Assistant Editor. © Copyright December 1982 by the American Planning Association,1313 E. 60th St., Chicago, IL 60637. APA has headquarters offices at 1776 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20036. Water Conservation in Residential Development: Land -Use Techniques By Welford Sanders and Charles Thurow TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction................................................................................................1 WhyConserve Water7...............................................................................................1 Chapter 2. Reducing Residential Water ConsumptionThrough Land -Use Planning.....................3 Making Water Conservation a Part of Planning...............................................................3 Reducing Water Demand in New Residential Development.................................................5 Requiring Water Conservation in Residential Development...............................................12 Maximizing Water Conservation Through Land -Use Planning...........................................13 Performance Controls for Water Conservation...............................................................15 Chapter 3. Other Strategies for Reducing Water Consumption.............................................17 CreatingIncentives for Conservation...........................................................................17 Regulations............................................................................................................20 PublicEducation.....................................................................................................22 InstallingWater -Saving Devices..................................................................................25 Conclusion............................................................................................................26 Appendices Appendix A. Water -Saving Devices and Measures..........................................................27 AppendixB. Water -Saving Codes...............................................................................30 Appendix C. Local Contacts......................................................................................32 AppendixD. Bibliography.........................................................................................33 Chapter 1. Introduction This report describes how communities are currently conserving water by reducing the water demands of residential users. It also examines the important role that urban land -use planners can play in these efforts. Obtain- ing water, transporting it, purifying it, and treating water after it is used are important parts of city budgets, and a well -designed water conservation program can help keep the costs of these functions down. The relationship between policies that control the use of land and those that control the use of water is not hard to recognize —particularly in areas of the country with in- creasing water demand. The provision and location of ade- quate and cost-effective water and sewerage systems are basic elements in planning for future growth. This report examines one approach to increasing the efficiency of these systems: the reduction of the use of residential water. Achieving this objective will make it possible for current systems _to serve more people. This report has two parts. In Chapter 2, the role of the land -use planner is explored and recommendations made on how water conservation can be incorporated into land -use policies and regulations and resulting project approvals. Chapter 3 of the report describes other strategies used in local government conservation programs now in place. Although, for the most part, these programs are operated by utilities or public works departments, familiarity with the leading program is important to plan- ners. Many of the techniques in use are directly connected to the work of the planning department. Effective work on the part of planners has been shown to make a dramatic difference in the amount of water used in residential areas. WHY CONSERVE WATER? Water has often been viewed as an abundant, inex- haustible resource. Even water -poor parts of the country have expected and received abundant supplies of water. Occasional shortages have usually been thought of as engineering problems. When they have occurred, supplies have simply been increased by importing additional water from available sources. Events in recent years, however, have caused a change in these attitudes about water and the ways in which communities respond to shortages. Droughts and rapid growth in semiarid areas of the coun- try have pushed water supplies to their limits —and in some cases beyond. Even water -rich areas, like the Northeast, have had their problems. The eastern drought of 1980-81 showed how quickly a water -rich region can become water -poor. Within months, reservoirs serving New York City, which were filled to capacity in the spring of 1980, were down to nearly 30 percent of their capacity before they were replenished by winter storms. Smaller cities and towns in New Jersey and Pennsylvania were even harder hit by the drought. Some communities were forced to use water from abandoned strip-mine pits. In eastern Pennsylvania water use was limited to 40 gallons per day, or about half the average daily per capita use nationwide.' The realization that aquifers —water deposited in underground rock, sand, and gravel formations —are being rapidly depleted or destroyed has also changed our view of water as a cheap, inexhaustible resource. When the amount of water withdrawn from an aquifer exceeds its rate of recharge, the level of these groundwater reser- voirs begins to fall. This practice, called mining, will result in the eventual depletion of the aquifer if withdrawals are not brought back into line with the aquifer's ability to recharge itself. Nationwide, withdrawals along with natural seepage from underground formations exceed recharge rates by over 20 billion gallons per day. If this trend continues, some areas of the country will have to make major adjustments to their economies. One such ex- ample is the six -state region from South Dakota to Texas that lies above the Ogallala Aquifer. At current rates of withdrawal, the aquifer will be lowered to a depth that will make pumping water out too costly within the next 20 years. These are just some of the events that are changing our attitudes about water and helping us to understand that water, like other natural resources, is a finite commodity. Water must be used wisely to ensure its continued 1. "Is America Running Out of Water4" Newsweek, February 21, 1981, P. 29. availability. It is evident that most communities can no longer depend solely on importing additional water to meet future demand. A sensible, more cost-effective alter- native or supplement to increasing supplies is to conserve water by reducing demand for it. There are other, more immediate reasons for conserv- ing water besides the fear of its ultimate depletion. Developing new municipal water supplies is a costly and complicated process, and, taken together, the number of problems that can be alleviated through a conservation program make a strong argument in favor of establishing such a program. Some of the problems that can be met through conservation are described below. Seasonal Demand Communities that are faced with seasonal water shortages due to climatic conditions must be able to reduce water demand during these periods, or they will have to "overbuild" their water systems to accommodate unrestricted peak demand —an inefficient and expensive solution to a problem that is often short-lived. In Madison, Wisconsin, the conservation program (discussed in greater detail in Chapter 3) successfully shifted peak pumpage dur- ing its few hot dry summer days and saved the city the cost of expanding its system to accommodate peak demand. Environmental Protection Taking water out of the natural hydrologic cycle for municipal use influences many aspects of the environment. It may dry up springs that maintain important wetlands or lakes; it may also reduce the flow in streams and rivers and change the biotic and hydrologic character of these water bodies. The overdraft of aquifers in coastal areas can also result in pollution from saltwater intrusion. Such is the case in areas like Long Island where municipalities de- pend on shallow aquifers adjacent to saline groundwater. Similarly, the overdraft of aquifers can cause them to col- lapse and the land above them to subside. An area that has been particularly affected by land subsidence in recent years is the Houston -Galveston area. In the mid-1970s, the Brownwood subdivision of Baytown, a suburb of Houston, sank nearly eight feet. Ten of the houses in this subdivision are permanently underwater, and another475 units are subject to periodic flooding. Some communities have chosen to conserve water resources rather than suf- fer these potential negative impacts of developing new supplies. Energy Conservation It takes energy to pumpwater, to purify it, and to heat it. Hot water alone consumes three percent of the total na- tional energy budget and the energy to heat water is like- ly to cost the average homeowner more than the cost of all water used. For the homeowner, the water savings from using low -flow showers and similar devices is multiplied by the addition of energy savings from heating less water. Thus it is possible to save water, energy, and money. Fiscal Constraints The costs of expanding current capacity (or replacing deteriorating, inefficient systems) have to be weighed against all the factors that influence capital decisions in a city. Such decisions depend upon the availability of state and federal monies, anticipated growth rates, the bonded indebtedness and the legal limitations on using in- debtedness, and the willingness of the voters to pass a bond issue, among other things. Texas voters, for example, have turned down bond issues for developing new sources of water for the high plains region of the state. In many cases, it seems wiser to attempt to extend the capability of the current capacity through water conservation than to build. Even a little conservation will go a long way in extending water and wastewater treatment capacity. Jurisdictional Disagreement Often the source of one city's water supply will be located in another local government's jurisdiction. While the receiving jurisdiction might like to expand its supply, the providing jurisdiction may become reluctant to alloy greater exploitation of its water resources. The local jurisdiction providing water worries about environmen- tal effects, the loss of resources it might want to use itself, and the missed opportunities by having the land taken up by another city's reservoirs. Los Angeles is currently in such a confrontation with Mono County, California. Inequitable Allocation Historical development of water rights and water facilities have left some communities water -rich and others water -poor. While it might be possible to change these conditions, this has not occurred. Consequently, the water -poor communities must live within their limits. For example, the city of Chicago's situation on Lake Michigan gives it a favored position; it has ready access to as much water as it needs. The suburbs directly to the west of the city, however, such as Elmhurst, Illinois, are cut off from the water source provided by the lake. Elmhurst has tradi- tionally depended on groundwater, which is less plentiful. Now Elmhurst, along with some of the other growing suburbs in the region must cope with short supplies. Mandatory Requirements In some cases, local governments must develop conser- vation programs in order to satisfy state or federal re- quirements. These mandates may be part of a larger natural resource protection program such as New York States, or they may be required by construction grants such as EPA sewer grants or the Army Corps of Engineers projects. While the reasons for undertaking a conservation pro- gram will vary from city to city, there is no city that can- not find some advantage in such aprogram. The challenge is to design a water conservation program that will achieve the desired local goal. The type of program will depend on the particular goals set by each community. Chapter 2. Reducing Residential Water Consumption Through Land -Use Planning Traditionally, land -use planners have not played a direct role in water supply planning. In recent years, however, some local planning agencies have recognized the potential of land -use planning to reduce the demand for potable water. Some communities are now including water conservation elements in their comprehensive plans, and some have built water -conserving principles into their zoning and subdivision regulations. The numbers, however, are few. As the director of a local water utility in California expressed it, "Planners simply assume that there will be water when they negotiate a new development." This negligence is serious since city plan- ners are in a strong position to promote water conserva- tion. Planners often represent their city in making initial contacts with developers and builders and are in a prime position to influence how residential developments are built. As this chapter indicates, much of the work that will reduce residential water demand needs to come early in the process of development. To retrofit existing houses to achieve water savings, or even to consider water conser- vation once lots are laid out, is less effective than consider- ing it as part of an initial plan. Once lots are laid out, however, the size of the lots, the placement of structures on the lots, and the design and location of common open space are important to achieving efficient use of water in residential areas. Such elements of development are, of course, the backbone of the planner's work. This chapter describes how the principles of efficient water supply and use can be incorporated into this work. MAKING WATER CONSERVATION A PART OF PLANNING Local planning departments that want to support or en- courage conservation can begin by making it a part of their ongoing planning process. As such, it can be considered along with other development and conservation objectives the community wants to achieve. If the community has initiated a water conservation program in another govern- ment agency, the planning department's work in this area should be coordinated with these activities. If the com- munity has not implemented a water conservation pro- gram, the planning department can take the lead in much the same way that local planners in many communities have taken the lead in promoting energy conservation. Of course, local personnel closely associated with the delivery of water to the community should be involved in these efforts. Two jurisdictions that have mandated consideration of water conservation in their planning procedures are Bloomington, Minnesota, and Los Angeles County, California. The provisions incorporated into their com- prehensive plans are the typical first steps by which a plan- ning agency becomes involved in a new issue, but they also show some of the directions planners can take to achieve the particular goal of water conservation. In both cases, the planning effort has established a performance goal for water savings through water conservation. A water conservation goal specifies how much reduc- tion in demand the community wants to achieve so that it can keep pace with probable future supplies. Establishing such a goal is important since it will determine much of the character of the conservation program. It will determine how stringent the program must be —whether a simple education program is enough or a regulatory approach is required. The goal also serves as a benchmark for monitor- ing the effectiveness of the program. Because achieving the goal will be dependent upon the water -conserving tech- niques that are selected for the program, the conservation goal is first stated as a range of values. For example, the initial statement of the conservation goal may be expressed as follows: "The conservation program will reduce ex- pected demand by 10 to 20 percent." The conservation goal can later be restated to reflect the more precise reduc- tion in demand anticipated in light of the chosen water - conserving techniques and their expected performance in relation to local circumstances. Bloomington, Minnesota The only serious water problem in this suburban Min- neapolis community occurs in the dry summer months when supply is usually pushed near Its limit during peak demand periods. Over the next 20 years, peak demand is expected to increase beyond the capacity of the present water system. In response to this expected shortage, the planning department, working closely with the utilities engineer of the public works department, included a con- servation element in the utilities section of the city's com- prehensive plan (adopted in 1980). The plan examines both future demand for water and the water -conserving tech- niques that can reduce this demand: The existing water distribution systemwith minor treatment and distribution network Improvements, utilizing both groundwater and surface watersupplies, can meet projected average daily and peak day demand. However, projected peak day demand in the period [1980 to 20QOj becomes in- creasingly difficult to satisfy efficiently and economically utilizing the existing water distribution system, Reduction of peak day water demand through the use of water con- servation techniques could reduce or eliminate the need for capital improvements needed only to meet peak demand periods.... Providing additional capital improvements to meet peak demand should be considered only after full con- sideration has been given to water conservation techniques. Water conservation techniques, such as alternate day out- door water usage, could significantly reduce peak demand without seriouslyaffecting Bloomington's quality of life and result in a meaningful savings to Bloomington water users. In addition to providing a general statement in support of water conservation, the plan goes on to provide specific goals for the community. The plan establishes an upper limit on the capacity of the water system, By establishing a figure of 30 million gallons per day (mgd) as a reasonable amount of water to supply, the city's planning department and water department established a relative balance be- tween capital improvements and conservation: Goals 1. To satisy projected average daily water demand. 2. To provide capital improvements for peak day water demand up to 30 mgd. (Projected peak water demand for the period covered by the plan is 31.5 to 36 mgd. The 30 mgd level would reflect demand reduction through conservation.) Objectives 1. Periodically reevaluate the water distribution system in relation to updated water demand projections. 2. Renegotiate the Bloomington -Minneapolis water supply contract. 3. Conduct a study of water conservation tech- niques, their applicability, and water potential for Bloomington. While this element of the comprehensive plan has not had priority, local planners expect it will have priority soon, since major decisions concerning capital im- provements and utilities must be made soon. The study of conservation techniques called for in the comprehensive plan will be done in conjunction with development of an expansion plan for the city's water treatment plant and the renegotiation of water contracts. Bloomington currently purchases 15 to 20 percent of its water from Minneapolis, with the remaining portion coming from local ground- water supplies. These purchases are necessary to replenish reservoirs after peak demand periods during the dry periods of summer. The city's 10-year contract for water from the city of Minneapolis will expire in 1982. If the study determines that the city can successfully reduce de- mand during peak periods through conservation, it will be able to save money on the next contract with Min- neapolis. In addition, the city may be able to reduce the need to expand its treatment plant and thus save on these capital expenditures. Los Angeles County, California The need to conserve water in Los Angeles County is at a dramatically different scale than that of Bloomington. Although, like Bloomington, the county is concerned about the amount of water it must bring from outside the Jurisdiction, it is dependent on much larger amounts of water imported from much farther away. The water is critical for the basic survival of the city. About 60 percent of the water needed to serve the county's population of 7 million comes from outside the region. To reduce this heavy dependency on imported water, the county's general plan (adopted in 1980) establishes the following policy in its Conservation and Open Space Element: Conserve Water Supply and Protect Water Quality The supply and quality of local water must be conserved and protected. Otherwise, the county could face critical shortages in the future. Policy 1. Protect groundwater rechargeand watershed areas, conserve storm and reclaimed water, and promote water conservation programs. 2. Encourage the maintenance, management, and im- provement of the quality of imported domestic water, groundwater supplies, natural runoff, and ocean water. Another section of the plan, the Water and Waste Manage- ment Element, contains the following policy which makes water conservation part of a more general goat of resource conservation: Promote Conservation, Recycling, and Reuse The recycling of waste and the conversion of wastes to energy will reduce the need for sanitary landfill capacity. Water conservation and reclamation and the restoration of aquifers would help reduce the county's dependence on im- ported water. This statement is backed up with the policy: Encourage the development and application of water con- servation, including recovery and reuse of storm and waste water. The general plan also recommends specific measures for implementing its water conservation policies: Just as Southern California's problem is much more drastic than Bloomington's, so, too, are Los Angeles County's Implementation measures. 1. Require that all Environmental Impact Reports for proposed developments such as, but not limited to, request for zone change and for approval of the divi- sion of land or structures, as defined by the subdivi- sion ordinance, include projections for the consump- tion of potable and (where feasible) reclaimed water, and for the generation and disposal of liquid and solid wastes. 2. Require the installation of low -flow or restricted -flow plumbing in all new construction. 3. Make available lists of native and domestic vegeta- tion classified by the demand of plants for water. 4. Require the installation of dual water systems when and wherever feasible to achieve the maximum use of reclaimed water. 5. Investigate the potential for greater use of reclaimed water by industry and residences, as well as for groundwater replenishment whenever such use will not endanger public health. Just as Southern California's problem is much more severe than Bloomington s, so, too, are Los Angeles Coun- ty's implementation measures. The above list, although clearly representing just a first round of thinking by the planning department, indicates that the county is consider- ing more drastic measures for implementation. The plan expects that the county can achieve a 10 percent reduction in per capita water usage by the year 2000, using the above techniques in addition to more general provisions in the plan. The county plans to vigorously enforce new building standards, established by the state of California, that re- quire water -conserving fixtures in homes. The plan also puts increased emphasis on concentrated development and moderate, rather than low densities. The change in den- sity will have the effect of reducing the amount of land- scaping, thereby decreasing exterior water demand. These elements constitute a strong program for the county. Los Angeles County's plan, like Bloomington's, sets out both the goal and the scope of what is to be considered by the planning department. In Bloomington, the effort is to reduce peak demands, and the strategies will be closely tied to that specific mandate. Los Angeles County, however, has given the planning department a much broader man- date. The county hopes to reduce demand in general rather than just peak demand, and the techniques that are con- sidered to achieve this goal are appropriately farther - reaching. As first steps in establishing a general planning effort for water conservation, these two plans represent significant political decisions. REDUCING WATER DEMAND IN NEW RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT Residential water use can be categorized as either indoor uses —including drinking, cooking, laundry, dishwashing, bathing, and toilets —or outdoor uses —including land - FIGURE 1. TYPICAL RESIDENTIAL WATER USE BY A FAMILY OF FOUR (Gallons per Day) Tolbb 41% 98 Gal. INDOOR -USE dathhtp(bur baths 936 GALLONS or ahowan wr day) 0 Gal. DAILY WATER USE Loundedn(1(six bade wr weak) OM"shor(Ihraatoadewrday) 21% All Gal. perday 346 GALLONS Orinking and water uaad to kltohan 4% 11 Gel. Lawn walmd" and 91% OUTDOOR -USE swimming pool$ 100 aal. 110 GALLONS Car wash( 9% 10 Gal. scape watering, car washing, and swimming pools. Figure 1 shows the average daily use of water required by major household functions for a family of four. Daily household use averages 346 gallons-236 gallons or 68 percent is for indoor uses, and 110 gallons or 32 percent for outdoor uses. The highest indoor demand is for toilet use, at 96 gallons per day (gpd) or 41 percent of total indoor use, followed by bath use at 80 gpd or 34 percent; laundry and dishes account for 49 gpd or 21 percent of total indoor use. Lawn watering and swimming pools constitute � the greatest use at 100 gpd or 91 percent of total outdoor use. It should be kept in mind that these figures are national averages, and few, if any, households will match these levels of use. Furthermore, actual residential water use changes from one year to the next and from one season to the next. Actual water use varies in relation to: • Housing density; • Climate; • Water price and pricing structure; • Whether water is metered; • Income; • Water quality; • Water pressure; • Outdoor use; and • Consumer habits and lifestyles. Indoor use is somewhat constant across the country, but outdoor use can vary substantially. Therefore, in terms of initiating advances in water conservation through land - use planning, the planner can do the most by finding methods of reducing the amount of water used to irrigate lawns and other landscaping. This outdoor use can be ex- tremely significant. The largest portion of this use is for lawn or turf. Denver, located in an and environment with hot windy summers, is a good example of how important controlling outdoor use can be. During periods of over 900 F temperatures in July and August, approximately 80 per- cent of all water used in the Denver system goes into the irrigation of bluegrass lawns. On an annual basis, Denver residents consume 150 gallons a day per person, but on these days the consumption goes up to 500 gallons per per- son. In Denver's climate, these conditions can occur several days running. Such conditions, however, are not limited to Denver or even the and West and Southwest. The amount of water consumed may be less dramatic, but similar situations ex- ist in much of the Midwest and East. Peak summer water use, for example, has caused problems in such places as Madison, Wisconsin; Elmhurst, Illinois; and, as already described in more detail, Bloomington, Minnesota. Finding the solution to the problem of heavy outdoor use is not easy because there are many disparate elements involved, only some of which can be influenced by the planner. For example, studies done by Colorado State University indicate that a good lawn can be maintained with 0.9 inches of water a week —whether that comes from rain, reserves in the soil, or irrigation. But researchers have found that the average consumer in Denver was watering his or her lawn with between 1.5 and 2 inches of water a week. Overwatering not only wastes water, but it creates its own problems. With too much water, turf does not develop deep roots and thus is less drought -tolerant and needs more irrigation; consequently, the problem becomes self-perpetuating. The Colorado study also showed that lawns need substantially less water when properly fertil- ized. The amount of water needed for a top-quality lawn drops by 30 percent when adequate nitrogen is available. (See Figure 2.) Other factors, such as the height to which grass is cut, also influence how much water a lawn needs during the summer. To maximize water savings requires educating the homeowner about basic horticulture and motivating him or her to maintain lawns properly. Such a program cannot be fit easily into the typical planning ap- proach to urban problems. Planners, however, can help by reducing the size of the problem. And they can provide incentives that increase the motivation of homeowners to do more careful maintenance of their outside areas. Saving Water with New Development Patterns Two methods suggest themselves for reducing the size of the problem; these are the reduction or reorientation of outdoor space and a shift in the way landscaping is de- signed for that space. There are, however, barriers to changing the common pattern of American residential neighborhoods. Built around a single-family home and in- cluding standard setbacks for front yards, side yards, and back yards, the basic design element that characterizes these neighborhoods is bluegrass lawns. While such neighborhoods may require excessive amounts of water, they are also the ones to which most U.S. residents are ac- FIGURE 2. ADEQUATE LAWN FERTILIZATION 30% reduction (applied water) 10 - g— I // 7 Adequate i « (fertilizer) I / 6 _ \ y 1•c�D eficient 'N' 5 - /� '(fertilizer) /I ,S 4 ' / I 3- 1 2_ �� I _ I 1 0 F- r- 1 � � .6 .7 .Q .9 1.0 Relative ET (watering) FIGURE 3A. CONVENTIONAL DEVELOPMENT FIGURE 3B. CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT oil- 70 L. is f iwi : ria�u�i• 3 FIGURE 3C. CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT USING ATTACHED HOUSING UNITS Figures 3A, 3B, and 3C show how smaller, denser housing, although designed for greater affordability, helps to conserve water as well. customed and apparently are what the majority of people prefer. The current situation, however, provides an opportu- nity for making changes in these established housing pat- terns. The U.S. housing market is going through a dramatic upheaval because of the costs of housing. The trend toward smaller, more dense housing, although motivated by high costs, also serves to meet the need for decreased use of water. Cluster, attached, andzero-lot-line housing —all of which are currently being built to save money —also conserve water. Cluster Developments. A growing number of com- munities are offering developers the option of reducing the size of residential lots in single-family detached subdivi- sions and concentrating or clustering housing units on the most buildable portion of the tract. These cluster housing units or subdivisions usuallyrequire much less water than conventional large -lot subdivisions with substantially larger lawns. (See Figure 3A.) The cluster option allows the development of lots smaller than those specified in the zoning ordinance provided the land saved is reserved for common use, usually as open space. (See Figure 3B.) Many of the communities that offer the cluster option in subdivi- sion design allow up to a 50 percent reduction in the size of the lots in their most restrictive large -lot districts. The water conservation benefits of cluster developments are twofold. First, the individual homeowner'slot is smaller, with less area devoted to lawns and gardens. Second, the common areas are more easily designed to be water -effi- cient. If the common area is to be landscaped, it is probably large enough for cost-effective use of sophisticated irrigation technology. Often, however, the common space is not landscaped but maintained with native vegetation that does not require Irrigation. Attached Housing. Even greater water savings can be realized when attached housing units, such as townhouses, are clustered. Most side yards are eliminated when hous- ing units are attached and front and rearyard area is kept to a minimum. The loss of private open space is compen- sated for, however,by an ample supply of common open space. (See Figure 3C.) The cluster plan from Prince George's County, Maryland (see Figure 4), integrates both single-family detached and attached units, allowing a 137-acre tract to be subdivided into 276 lots for single- family detached housing and 69lots for townhouses in an otherwise single-family detached district, Reduced lots in this plan yielded 58 acres of common open space, contain- ing a vast stretch of natural woodlands that would have been put into private lawn area if this site had been developed under conventional development standards. Zero Lot Line Housing. Conventional zoning usually re- quires that single-family detached dwellings have setbacks from four property lines, allowing for two side yards and a front and rear yard. Side yards provide access to the rear area of the dwelling, can prevent crowding of buildings, and can allow greater privacy. It is questionable, however, that two side yards are absolutely necessary to achieve these ends. Some communities take a less rigid approach and allow what is known as Zero Lot Line Development (ZLL). This concept allows buildings to abut one or more of the property lines, usually a side lot line. Typically, this FIGURE 4. A CLUSTER SUBDIVISION IN PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY, MARYLAND n[GI/�O NC 'R•Y �.t FIGURE S. ZERO LOT LINE DEVELOPMENT, VIRGINIA BEACH, VIRGINIA technique is used to allow smaller lots. In terms of water conservation, ZLL placement eliminates one of the side yards, reducing the lawn area that requires irrigation. Figure 5 shows a site plan for a zero lot line development. Water -Conserving Landscaping Additional water savings can be achieved when water - conserving landscaping is used in clustered or small lot developments, Landscaping requirements are usually in- cluded in zoning and subdivision ordinances, but in most cases these requirements are concerned with landscaping as a buffer or an aesthetic feature. Little attention is usually given to how much water will be required to maintain the landscaping. An example of inefficient landscape plan- ning, in terms of water conservation, is the use of grass - covered berms to serve as sight and sound buffers. When covered with bluegrass, berms can require a considerable amount of irrigation because of their slope. Alternative groundcovers that require less irrigation would save water. The basic elements of water -conserving landscaping in- clude proper grading, soil preparation, and choice of plants and man-made features: Grading. To achieve the greatest water savings, water - conserving landscaping must be considered early in the site planning process when the site's grading plan is worked out. Grading for areas that will require watering should allow for gentle slopes for greater water contact time and less water runoff. Areas of the site to be covered with grass requiring mowing should not be steeper than 3:1. When lawn area has a slope steeper than 3:1, it is difficult to water efficiently. When plants with very different water needs are used in landscaping, site -specific grading and landforming can be used. Berms and depressions or swales can be used, for example. Water from plants with low water demands 10 located on berms can be diverted to depressed areas where plants requiring greater amounts of water can be located. When the site is properly graded, water is able to drain into and throughout the soil and to the roots of plantings, allowing excess water to drain past the roots without drowning the plant. Soils. Good drainage is also dependent upon the con- dition of the soil. Soil condition or quality is determined by its ability to provide plants with adequate water, air, nutrients, and physical support. Each of these elements is closely related and an over- or under -supply of any one of them will have asignificant impact on another. For ex- ample, too much water results in lack of air, which in turn slows decomposition of organic matter in the soil and results in lack of adequate minerals for plant use. The extent to which soil can provide the proper com- bination of these elements to plants depends primarily upon its texture, which is determined by the amount of sand, silt, and clay it contains, its structure or degree of looseness or hardness, the amount of decaying organic matter or humus in the soil, and the level of acidity of the soil. Soil that does not contain the proper mixture of clay, sand, silt, humus, or acidity (which can be determined by a soil test) can be conditioned by adding the ingredients in which it is deficient. The ideal soil from a water conser- vation standpoint has the following characteristics: 1. The ideal soil has a deep rooting zonefrom which plants can take both water and nutrients. This zone is at least 36 inches deep; most plants do better if it is thicker, even four to six feet. A shallow soil cannot hold enough water and nutrients to keep plants growing at their best unless irrigated often. (Plants can grow in shallower soil.) 2. The ideal soil is loamy in texture; that is, it consists of a favorable mixture of sand, silt, and clay particles. Sands take in water readily but retain only a smallpart of it. Clays on the other hand take in water very slow- ly but hold a great deal of water. Unless handled careful- ly, clay soils tend to become hard and compacted when dry. 3. The ideal soil has good structure, Theparticles of sand, silt, and clay are grouped into granules or crumbs, per- mitting water to enter freely, roots to penetrate easily and deeply, and air to move in and out. The surface is moderately cloddy, not fine and dusty. The soil is firm enough to hold moisture and make close contact with roots and seeds. It allows excess water to drain through promptly but holds agood supply to use between rains and Irrigations. 4. The Ideal soil contains much organic matter in various stages of decomposition. It also contains many microorganisms and small animals that help decompose the organic matter. In the process, they release nutrients for use by plants. The partially decomposed materials that make up "humus" produce a stable granularstruc- ture in the soil. Since the organic matter in the soil is ton- stantly being broken down, new supplies must be added regularly to maintain life in the soil. 5. The ideal soil has an adequate and balanced supply of nutrients for the plants to be grown. Most vegetables do best in soil of high fertility and most flowers in moderate fertility. The herbs and some flowers and shrubs tolerate low fertility. 6. The ideal soil has the proper pH reaction acid/alkaline for the plants to be grown. Roses, most annual flowers and vegetables, and most lawn grasses should have a slightly acid to neutral soil. The ideal soil usually ranges from slightly acid (6.5pH) to slightly alkaline (7.5pH).2 For communities in which it is important to reduce water consumption, provision for the correct soil prepara- tion can be made in the subdivision codes. Such a provi- sion clearly is within the public purpose of subdivision or landscaping regulations since it not only protects the im- portant common resource —the water supply —but it is also a means by which the municipality can avoid un- necessary future expenses. Both reasons have been recognized by the courts as establishing the public interest. Both Aurora, Colorado, and El Paso County, Colorado, have included such soil preparation provisions in their regulations. The specifics of the regulations of these two communities will be discussed in detail later in this chapter. Planting and groundcovers. The appropriate plantings or groundcovers are, of course, essential to water - conserving landscaping. Plantings and groundcovers may themselves be drought resistant and consume little water, or they may minimize the site's overall need for water. The latter category consists of plants, like trees and shrubs, that influence the amount of sun and wind the yard will receive. Trees provide shade, which reduces air and soil temperatures, thus reducing moisture loss from evapora- tion. Trees and shrubs also serve as windbreaks; reduc- tions in wind velocity serve to reduce evaporation from the soil and transpiration from other plant leaves. The selection of plants for the landscape is important, as is how they are placed. The planting plan should group plants of similar water needs together. This allows more efficient watering of plants and avoids over- or underwatering. Using drought -tolerant plants as a means of conserving water is a new concept in gardening and landscaping for many people. Most people are not aware of the water re- quirements of individual plants, and even nurseries rare- ly provide this information. A number of communities that promote water conservation have found it necessary to compile information about the plants and grasses that are well adapted to their particular locale. These vary from simple horticultural lists to booklets that give colored pic- tures of plants and instructions on their care. The utilities department in Aurora, Colorado, has pro- duced a book, Landscaping and Water Conservation in a Semiarid Environment, that gives Aurora's residents colored pictures to show the attractiveness of drought - tolerant plants. It lists plants that are best adapted to their climate, with information on their culture, and provides instructions on how to prepare soil and water plants to promote good growth using little water. There is also an interesting feature not found in similar books prepared in other communities: a design plan showing not only how to landscape the most common types of new housing in Aurora, but also how to retrofit existing homes with drought -tolerant landscaping. Another jurisdiction, the North Marin County Water 2. Joanne Rondon, Landscaping/or Water Conservation in a Semiarid Environment (Aurora, Colorado), 1980, pp. 62-63. District in California, in addition to preparing landscap- ing information, has worked extensively with the four ma- jor nurseries in its jurisdiction. It developed special fliers for distribution at the nurseries explaining the basics of choosing plants with low water needs and had tags made for individual plants indicating their drought tolerance. The district also convinced local nurseries to set up special sections where most of the drought -tolerant plants would be grouped. The district plans to promote these plants by sending each customer a coupon worth a free plant if he or she buys one of the plants specified as drought tolerant and will pay the nurseries the wholesale price of the plants given away. Man-made structures and surfaces. Pavements and decks conserve water by limiting the area that must be watered. Fences and walls can reduce wind velocity and provide shade in much the same way as trees and shrubs. Overhead structures can also serve to cool a site in sum- mer and reduce water evaporation from the soil. The landscape plan in Figure 6 uses many of the water - conserving landscape features discussed in this section. It is one of the design plans developed for Aurora, Col- orado's book. This plan, designed for a zero lot line dwell- ing, has no lawn. Low water -consuming plantings and a variety of man-made surfaces are used in place of grass. Fencing, an overhead structure, and a large deciduous tree are used in the plan for climate control and lower water use. For optimum water savings and reduced maintenance, an automatic irrigation system is used. FIGURE 6. A WATER -CONSERVING LANDSCAPE PLAN 11 REQUIRING WATER CONSERVATION IN RESIDENTIAL DEVELQPMENT In addition to permitting and encouraging patterns of residential development that conserve water, local plan- ners can take a more active approach by requiring the use of water -conserving site design. Incorporating water -conserving principles into local landscaping regulations is not difficult, since most com- munities already regulate some or all of the elements that would be affected. Although conservingwater has usually not been an expressed objective of landscaping regula- tions, some of the provisions that have been included in plans to protect other natural resources also save water. For example, some local governments are now regulating vegetation in order to conserve energy. Trees that must be preserved or planted for shading and cooling in summer also save water by cooling the air and soil and, in turn, reducing evaporation and transpiration. Clustered and small lot developments that provide energy savings in the construction and later maintenance of streets, transmis- sion of electricity, and provision of services like garbage collection also use less water than their conventional counterparts. Communities that have built such resource -conserving provisions into their land -use and landscapingregulations only need to make minor changes to make their regula- tions more water -conserving. One way to ensure greater use of water -conserving site design in new residential development is to build these provisions into land -use regulations. Water -conserving site design and landscap- ing can be made a condition of subdivision approval. One example of how water conservation requirements may be structured in subdivision regulations is found in the subdivision regulations of El Paso County, Colorado. The ordinance states: All subdivision design shall take into consideration the Im- portance of water usage for the well-being of the region and the development of effective aquifer recharge capabilities. Planners and subdividers shall consider the applicability of nonpotable water as an irrigation source, the development of ponds and catchment basins, and the effect of ground - cover modification on aquifer recharge capability. 1. Use of large areas of artificial groundcover or ground - cover not indigenous to the region shall be discouraged, except in cases where a plan is submitted to use non - potable water as a primary irrigation source orin cases where such groundcover can be proven to be suited to the preexisting natural conditions. 2. Subdivision design, lot design, and site design shall in- corporate, whenever possible, the use of vegetation suited to the natural climatological and soil conditions of the area in which the subdivision is located. El Paso County has also enacted specifications that iden- tify native vegetation developers can use to satisfy the re- quirements outlined in the subdivision regulations. These specifications also establish standards for finished slopes, soil preparation, fertilization, planting, and irrigation. The city of Santa Fe, New Mexico, has also enacted a water conservation ordinance that requires water - conserving features outside of new houses, as well as low- u 12 flow fixtures inside the houses. This ordinance states that, prior to issuance of a building permit, the planning depart- ment must certify that the following requirement has been met: Irrigated areas shall be no more than 1,000 square feet per dwelling unit except for native vegetation requiring only initial irrigation. Aurora, Colorado, has enacted an ordinance that re- quires proper soil preparation before a lawn is installed or an existing lawn area is enlarged: It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, public entity, or corporation, either for profit or nonprofit, using water sup- plied by the Aurora water supply delivery system to install or develop any lawn, turf, or sodded area, to enlarge any existinglawn, turf, or sodded area, without first having con- ducted soil preparation and obtained a permit from the Director of Utilities of the city of Aurora, for such installa- tion or enlargement as is provided herein. The ordinance defines soil preparation as, "theintroduc- tion of organic matter, humus, or other similar materials to native soil to increase the water -holding capabilities of such soil." The city also offers suggestions on how the various types of soils in the area may be prepared for planting. This information is available along with an ex- planation of the ordinance's requirements. Aurora has also adopted an ordinance that limits the size of turf areas: Changing housing types, decreasing lot or lawn sizes, and encouraging drought -tolerant landscaping will help to make cities more water -efficient. For areas covered by planned unit developments, where the underlying zone is not R-A, R-E, R-O, R-1, or R-1A, and for all planned community zone districts residential plan- ning areas designated by the General Development Plan to have 6.0 units per acre or more; such development may devote up to fifty percent (50%) of the required forty-five percent (45 %) open space within the development to lawn, turf, or sodded area. For all other residential zone districts, including planned community zone district planning areas with less than 6.0 units per acre; for lots with lot areas up to and including 7,000 square feet, 2,000 square feet plus thirty percent (30%) of the increment of the area which exceeds 2,000 square feet may be devoted to lawn, turf, or sodded areas; for lots with areas exceeding 7,000 square feet, but having no more than 17,000 square feet, 3,500 square feet plus fifteen percent (15%) of the increment of the area which exceeds 7,000 square feet may be devoted to lawn, turf, or sodded areas, up to a maximum of 5,000 square feet; for lots with areas exceeding 17,000 square feet, fifty percent (50%) of the lot area not used for structures or parking may be devoted to lawns, turf, or sodded areas. [See computation below.) SINGLE-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL LAWN, TURF, OR SODDED AREA LIMITATIONS Lot Size Maximum Sod Allowed 4,000 sq. ft. 2,600 sq. ft. 4,500 2,750 5,000 2,900 5,500 3,050 6,000 3,200 6,500 3,350 7,000 3,500 7,500 3,575 8,000 3,650 8,500 3,725 9,000 3,800 9,500 3,875 10,000 3,950 10,500 4,025 11,000 4,100 11,500 4,175 12,000 4,250 12,500 4,325 13,000 4,400 13,500 4,475 14,000 4,550 14,500 4,625 15,000 4,700 15,500 4,775 16,000 4,850 16,500 4,925 17,000 5,000 18,000 and over 50010 of the lot area not used for structures may be devoted to lawns The standards set by Aurora essentially allow the lawn size to increase at a much lower rate than residential lot size. A much lower percentage of the large lots can be seeded than with the smaller lots. The new standards do not im- pose a radical departure from current development pat- terns, but instead they are designed to prevent excessive use of turf. 1-4 MMr+1�1YI�M1►��6r�^u: "a".,�e-.^s-.: x�1wc�� �,..� Q� ♦I_ - _�. � ^�iAr •i I`.•�.,'�•IT^TAT} t- Aj _.!R.i".r A'..c �"..�. � . •rti `�.�. ,ury fwt4`.`�r.-.w In arid parts of the country, like Colorado and New Mexico, planners are building water -conserving provisions Into the land -use regulations. MAXIMIZING WATER CONSERVATION THROUGH LAND -USE PLANNING Changing housing types, decreasing lot or lawn sizes, and encouraging drought -tolerant landscaping through subdivision or landscape ordinances will obviously make cities more water -efficient, but, in so doing, the planner may have captured only part of the water savings that are possible. The correct combination of techniques can save even more water. The North Marin County Water District, for example, found dramatic evidence of this by comparing four "tradi- tional" and three "drought -tolerant" housing projects. The sample was made up of six condominium projects and one small apartment project. The projects ranged in size from 15 to 174 dwelling units with attached housing in clusters of two to six units. The exterior grounds were owned in common or, in the case of the apartment project, by a single owner. All were located in the dry coastal valleys of Marin and Sonoma Counties where annual rainfall is approximately 27 inches per year. All the projects except the apartment project were maintained by hired profes- sional landscapers, and all of the projects were built within the last decade and could be described as middle to upper - middle market housing. All seven had some of the advantages already discussed in this chapter in that all were cluster developments using attached housing, and three of them had been specifically designed with drought -tolerant landscaping as part of their theme. Drought tolerance was one of the points used to sell these PUD's since it lowered maintenance costs for the future homeowners. Characteristics of the developments 13 TABLE 1. TRADITIONAL AND DROUGHT -TOLERANT LANDSCAPE DESIGN PROJECTS (COMPARATIVE DATA, PER DWELLING UNIT) Non- Total Turf as Condominium Dwelling Water Turf Turf Landscaped Percent Project Units Use' Area' Area' Area of Total Deerfield 14 316 949 1,358 2,307 70%a Meadows -Hillside 174 217 1,280 334 1,614 79 Crossroads Village 38 182 763 860 1,623 47 The Woods' 148 143 1,083 1,229 2,312 47 Silva Apartments 30 113` 464 578 1,042 45 Oak Forest' 43 99, 936 4,548 5,484 17 Ignacio Creek' 79 99 549 814 1,363 40 a. Projects with a drought -tolerant landscape theme. b. Gallons of irrigation water use/dwelling unit/day. c. Includes well -water contribution of 40 percent. d. Actual metered use for this project included inside use and amounted to 190 gallons/dwelling unit/day; 54 gallons/cap./day was subtracted from this value to arrive at outside use. Occupancy for this project was 1,7 persons per dwelling unit. e. Square feet of lawn per dwelling unit. f. Square feet of groundcover and shrub areas per dwelling unit. Source: John Olaf Nelson, 'Drought -Tolerant Landscaping ... Way of the Future;' paper presented to A.W.W.A. Califomia-Nevada Section, Fall Conference, Monterey, California, October 1980, p. 7. are given in Table 1. The North Morin County Water District discovered that the specifically drought -tolerant landscaping design made these projects deviate significant- ly from the traditional PUDs in terms of water use, and that there was considerable variation among the projects with drought -tolerant landscaping. The comparison be- tween the traditional projects' and the drought -tolerant projects use of water for theyear was 47 gallons per square foot of landscaping versus 18 gallons per square foot. These are dramatic savings, but there are also variations among the three drought -tolerant projects, with Oak Forest and Ignacio Creek using less than The Woods. The success of Oak Forest in reducing outdoor watering came from the small percentage of total area landscaped in turf, and Ignacio Creek not only kept turf area low, buthad less total landscaped area. Clearly the lesson is that, if one wants to reduce water use, one needs to minimize the amount of turf and to use other landscaping. As personnel in North Maria em- phasize, however, developing these drought -tolerant projects takes considerable skill. Reducing the amount of turf in a project, while keeping the project attractive to potential buyers, takes planning in the early stages of a project. It is important that the lawn areas that are retained be useful as well as visually dramatic. Designers of these projects have found that lawn areas can be reduced without a sense of loss if they are put where they are im- mecl ately available for children playing or other activities 14 requiring that type of surface. It is then possible to get rid of turf where it has no practical use, except for aesthetics, such as in parking strips or lining sidewalks. In theory this is the way that zero lot line housing should also work, since the total amount of yard space may be reduce but but what remains is concentrated in one usable area at the side and back of the house. Similarly, placing these grass areas in swales—low areas that naturally collect rainwater — with the housing clusters upslope will also reduce the amount of necessary irrigation. However, this design may require the houses to be clustered in a different manner than is customary. The question is how to work with all of these elements to maximize their effectiveness for water conservation? The strategy the North Marin communities are going to use is to work with their PUD ordinances. They are set- ting up a special advisory body that will help developers of PUD's to design their projects for maximizing water sav- ings. In addition to the normal incentives offered in PUD development, the water district is cooperating with this project and plans to give discounts on hook-up charges to those developers who are willing to use the special review body. The logic for reducing the hook-up charges is that the front-end costs of these developments may be higher to the developer, but there are real savings in the long -run costs, to the water district. Consequently, it is willing to underwrite a part of the higher initial costs. The com- munities also hope to develop a site design guidebook that will provide water -conserving landscape designs to developers. Those who do not want to go through the special review process can simply copy these site designs. The advantage for the Marin County communities of introducing water conservation through techniques like the PUD is that it leaves the basic zoning underneath for those developers who do not want to become involved in this type of innovation. On the other hand, working with individual projects and monitoring the results encourages the development of reasonable standards that can be ap- plied to all residential development in the future. The initial steps of this strategy has already been used by the North Marin County Water District. It has concen- trated its attention on the contractors and developers because it serves a rapidly growing area. The strategy used by this agency was to personally work with a few leading developers whose developments could then become demonstration projects for the rest of the community. They found this strategy particularly successful in in- troducing changes to the plumbing codes. They convinced several developers to build new residential developments with water -conserving fixtures. These demonstrations showed that such changes did not influence the cost or marketability of the housing. By setting a successful track record, the district then had an easy time convincing local governments to change their building codes. They have worked the same way with water -conserving landscaping. The district has worked with several developments and has monitored their water use. This work has given them in- sight into how to design appealing housing developments with low outdoor water demand, and it has demonstrated to other developers that it can be done successfully without hurting potential sales. The next step the district is taking is to work with individual governments on redesigning their PUD process. The Planned Unit Development process and the site plan review procedures are an effective way of determin- ing how development in a particular locale can conserve more water. Usually, the site plan must show existing site conditions and proposed uses and structures. The pro- cedure associated with this regulatory approach brings together the land developer and review staff to work out any problems that staff may have with the proposal and to reach tentative agreement on the subsequent design of the development. While site plan review is commonly used in the PUD process, in recent years it has been used in- creasingly in subdivision review of more conventional types of development. The site plan and supporting maps show how both com- mon and private outdoor areas will be used. In most cases, a landscape plan must be submitted, and, in some in- stances, a grading plan is required. These and other features that have a direct impact on the amount of water that a residential development will use for outdoor irriga- tion are usually a part of site plan review. PERFORMANCE CONTROLS FOR WATER CONSERVATION An alternative to specifying what should or should not be done to conserve water is to establish performance stan- dards for water conservation. Unlike the more conven- tional specification approach that El Paso County and Aurora, Colorado, have taken, the performance approach does not limit the size of outdoor areas, nor does it specify that certain plantings must be used to conserve water. Per- formance controls establish maximum levels of water con- sumption for the development. For example, a perfor- mance standard for water conservation would establish a maximum level of water that could be used per dwelling unit, leaving it up to the developer to select the most ap- propriate method of meeting this standard. He could limit lawn size; or he could use vegetation that does not need irrigation; or he could install high technology systems in- side the house that allowed a greater percentage of the water to be used to maintain lawns. Any design solution that would limit water use to a specified level would be ac- ceptable. Ideally, the subdivision ordinance could recom- mend design solutions that would limit water use, but the developer would be free to propose any method that he could prove would perform properly. The performance approach encourages the considera- tion of the full range of water -conserving techniques, but, at the same time, it eliminates the need for the local plan- ner, who must draft and administer provisions for water conservation, to know about and test all of the techniques that conserve water. Instead, the developer is allowed to prove that the site design, housing types, and landscap- ing that he has chosen will perform as expected. Unlike specification standards that require the same solution for all sites, the performance approach allows site -specific considerations, such as soils and slope, to serve as deter- minants of the most appropriate water -conserving techniques. Santa Fe County, New Mexico, is the one community that uses a performance approach to implement its water conservation policy. The approach it has taken actually combines performance standards and development incen- tives to encourage water conservation. Residential developers are given the option of either adhering to preestablished density standards or building at a higher density when the proposed development includes water - conserving features that will reduce water use below a prescribed level. A major reason for conserving water in this county of more than 65,000 is to extend the life of limited ground- water resources in order to accommodate expected urban growth over the next 20 years. Water is a prime considera- tion in the county's 1980 General Plan and Land Develop- ment Code. One of the plan's three major policy recom- mendations has to do with water demand: The growth and density of future development is to be related to availability of water resources, given a recognized need to accommodate some future growth. To implement this policy, the plan introduces a procedure to determine appropriate lot size of new residential developments in relation to water availability: The lot size determination involves several steps. The first step is a calculation of water availability and demand: 1. The amount of groundwater in storage is determined for each aquifer by using available data regarding geologic OR conditions and well characteristics; 2. The amount of groundwater recharge is estimated by us- ing precipitation data and geologic and topographic considerations; and 3. The annual amount of water demand is estimated on the basis of population projections, historic and projected water usage for typical residential households, and known orprojectedirrigation, mining, and other needs. The second step is to determine the basis for water manage- ment in a given area. Two different policies have been recommended: 1. In areas where municipal water services are relatively accessible (metropolitan areas), It is the policy of the Plan to allow depletion of groundwater in storage over the period of 40 years, in anticipation that water service will ultimately be provided by imported water through an expanded metropolitan supply system. 2. In the remaining areas, the policy is to allow depletion of groundwater over the period of 100 years, with recognition that because of conservative estimates of water supply a longer lifetime of the aquifer is likely and with recognition that ultimate exhaustion of local water resources will require technological solutions to reduce demand to minimal levels. The population capacity of each area is determined by com- paring the projected demand against the available supply. This population capacity divided by the area of each aquifer gives the acceptable residential density. The base densities so calculated assume that the annual water use per household will be approximately one acre- foot including both indoor and outdoor usage. In practice, many rural households utilize less water; with careful con- servation measures, it is easily possible to limit annual water use to one -quarter acre-foot per household, or even less. Therefore, the plan proposes to permit higher densities whenever a proposed development includes provisions that will reduce water use below the one acre-foot per year. In cases where water conservation measures are instituted, as much as a four -fold increase in density is allowed. This ap- plies to rural and metropolitan areas. The extent to which density may be increased, up to the 16 limit established in the general plan, is determined by a water conservation report that must be prepared for all proposed subdivisions. This report must contain awater budget indicating the type and amount of water withdrawal and consumption the new development will require,and a list of the water conservation measures to be used. The county's land Development Code calls for the adoption of the estimated water budget by convenant, if necessary, to ensure that it will be achieved. The code also lists the following measures as examples of acceptable water conservation techniques that can be used to permit an Increase in density: a. Restrictions on water use that result from installation of water -saving bathroom and kitchen fixtures or recycling units; b. Restrictions against outdoor water use, for pools, land- scaping, or Irrigation; c. Limitation of water use and measurement of thelimita- tion by clustering of dwelling units on a metered well, with the annual meter reading reported to the State Engineer, or hookup to a metered community water system; d. The use of cisterns to collect water that falls on a site, and/or the use of collected rainwater for outdoor purposes. Water -conserving provisions in the county's Develop- ment Code have received good support from both the public and private sectors. Local planners report that the new regulations have worked well and believe that com- munitywide support for their efforts is due in part to the fact that the public is well aware of the importance of con- serving water in this water -poor region. Local officials also attribute much of the success of their efforts to workshops and public forums that were conducted during the early stages in the development of these regulations. County planners held several workshops to educate realtors and developers and open forums for public discussion of the new water -conserving regulations. Local officials also point out that good press coverage of their efforts was equally important to the success of this new approach. Chapter 3. Other Strategies for Reducing Water Consumption There are many opportunities for promoting conserva- tion in the development process, from initiating the in- frastructure development to the actual delivery of municipal water to the individual home. Although con- servation programs are likely to be administered by a single agency, such as the water district, coordination among the various agencies involved is necessary. It is im- portant, therefore, that urban planners understand the major components of a good, overall program. The greatest challenge when adding a water conserva- tion element to water supply planning is determining the best combination of measures that will serve to reduce de- mand or to conserve water. The water planner must select techniques that will accomplish the city's goals and take into account local constraints and water conservation op- portunities. For example, areas of the country with dry summers and traditionally heavy use of water for outdoor watering may be able to reduce water needs substantially by simply reducing the amount of water used to water lawns. In contrast, cities that traditionally do not have heavy demands for outdoor use may find it much more difficult to reduce their needs, since reductions in household uses of water have been difficult to achieve. Furthermore, cities differ in how they react to conserva- tion methods. Some communities have reported great suc- cess with voluntary programs and general public educa- tion, while others have reported that such programs have had little effect and that only mandatory programs have worked. The techniques for reducing residential water demand can be grouped into four categories: 1. Economic and other incentives communities have employed to encourage water conservation; 2. Regulations, such as building codes, that mandate use of various water -saving devices. 3. Education aimed at making the public more aware of the opportunities for conserving water; 4. Installation of water -saving devices such as low -flow shower heads or reducing the volume of toilet flush tanks; and CREATING INCENTIVES FOR CONSERVATION Water Pricing If a city's water is metered, it is possible to use water rate structures to encourage conservation. A growing number of communities have adopted this technique on the assumption that the demand for water is responsive to price and that an increase in the price of water will result in a significant reduction in use. Traditional rate schedules either charge each water user a set amount, regardless of how much water is consumed, or charge less per unit of If a city's water Is metered, it is possible to use water rate structures to encourage conservation. 17 FIGURE 7. SET PRICE water as more water is used. (See Figures 7 and 8.) General- ly a decrease in costs for large users is accomplished through a decreasing block rate that reduces the unit price. This schedule is justified when water companies are benefiting from economies of scale and per unit cost is ac- tually decreasing as more water is supplied. Neither of these rate schedules encourages conservation, and the decreasing block rate actually could induce large con- sumers to use more water. In contrast, conservation rates charge large users more. Apopular conservation rate schedule is the uniform rate FIGURE 9. UNIFORM RATE Mf7 FIGURE S. DECREASING BLOCK RATE that charges the same for each unit of water. (See Figure 9.) Under this rate structure, the amount paid is directly proportional to use. The more water you use, the more you pay. Two other pricing schemes that have been used as in- centives to water conservation are increasing block rates and peak demand rates. Increasing block rates charge con- sumers one rate for a certain quantity of water and higher rates for units beyond this amount. (See Figure 10.) The incentives to save increase as the consumption increases. Many water planners believe this type of rate will cause FIGURE 10. INCREASING BLOCK RATE budget -conscious consumers to become conservation - oriented, and thus it is the schedule that, theoretically, will save the most water. This schedule, which allows the rate for small users to be set low, can theoretically provide for the needs of elderly persons or individuals on limited incomes. The peak demand rate schedule charges a higher rate for water used in excess of a preestablished level during peak consumption periods. These periods can be either certain hours of the day or certain months of the year. Because it is necessary to read meters in order to establish periods of use, this rate schedule is typically applied seasonally with higher rates for summer months when outdoor use is heaviest. The Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission (WSSC) in Maryland, which initiated a water conserva- tion program in 1970, instituted an increasing block rate in 1978. The decision to institute a conservation rate struc- ture came after careful study and analysis of the variability of water and sewer charges and its effect on water conser- vation. Citizens were involved in the decision, and the commissions public education efforts were used to sell the new price structure to its customers. Under the new scheme, WSSC customers pay an increasing rate, based on average daily water use per quarter. The new rate schedule has 100 different increments of use, set at 10-gallon intervals from 10 to 1,000 gallons. These in- crements allow low water users to pay less for water and sewer service than larger water users. For example, under the new.price scheme, customers that use an average of 100 gallons per day (gpd) realized an immediate reduction in their water and sewer bill from $17.70 to $10.26 per quarter, while customers using an average of 600 gpd ex- perienced an increase from $98.76 to $124.88 per quarter.' Although it is too early to predict what the long-term effects of this new rate will be, results to date have been encouraging. The major impact of increasing rates has been a reduction in consumption; for example, total de- mand was down 13 percent for the third quarter of 1978. Because of this downward trend, the commission post- poned plans to increase the systems capacity to meet peak demand. Between 1978 and 1982, the commission has carefully monitored the effects of the rate structure to determine its influence on water consumption over a long period. It was feared that individual consumption would gradually return to higher levels once people became ac- customed to the higher costs. However, the study, due to be released in 1983, indicates that this is not the case, and the commission may be able to postpone expansion indefinitely. Another community that has enacted a new rate schedule as part of its conservation program is the city of Elmhurst, Illinois, a primarily residential suburb of Chicago. In the past, the city obtained most of its water from deep wells drilled into the local sandstone aquifer. Pumpage from this aquifer has exceeded the rate of recharge, however, causing the water level in the deep wells to decline at an average rate of 14 feet per year since 3. "Water Conservation Program Works," InstituteforResearch on Land and Water Resources Nemsfetter, Summer, 1982, Vol. 13, No. 1, p. 3. 1960. Projections showed that, if this trend continued, pumpage from the aquifer would have to be significantly reduced by 1985 "In 1977, to meet expected shortages, the state of Illinois granted the city an allocation of Lake Michigan water, but the state also required Elmhurst to implement a water conservation program. Before the new program was initiated, the city used a declining block rate structure for water and sewer use. In 1975, the city converted to a set rate structure that charged every water user the same amount for water regardless of volume used. The following year, the city enacted an ex- cess facilities rate schedule, which is a form of the peak de- mand rate. This current rate schedule establishes a base consumption level equal to the amount used during a three-month winter period. Water, used during the sum- mer billing period, that exceeds base consumption by 30 percent or 600 cubic feet, —whichever is larger —is charged for at a higher rate. In addition to a conservation rate structure, the program used public education, plumbing code amendments requir- ing water -saving fixtures in new construction, restrictions on outdoor watering, free distribution of displacement dams to reduce water used in toilet flushing, flow controls for showers, and dye tablets to check for toilet tank leaks. Local officials have reported significant reductions in water use since implementing the program and believe that the new rate structure was an important incentive. They point out that two of the nine wells that are normally needed during peak demand periods have not been needed. Conservation rates are generally acceptable to homeowners. They like the notion that they have some control over the size of their water bill and that they can save money if they are careful. They also like not paying for those who squander water. Although pricing might seem like the most expeditious means of saving water since it can be done easily through the billing systems, there are a number of factors that decrease its effectiveness: 1. In many communities, pricing cannot be used because residences are not metered. New York City does not have meters, and many other cities, like Chicago and Denver, are only partially metered. To put meters in existing residences is expensive, and cities have found that they can meter large apart- ment buildings and commercial buildings relative- ly easily, but the cost for single-family homes is more than the owners will tolerate. 2. In most situations, water pricing is not a strong in- centive for conservation because water is cheap. In- dividuals will start to save only when the unit cost is high. This is particularly true for small consumers like homeowners who may save only a few dollars annually on their bill. This problem is exacerbated by the fact that water bills are generally infrequent (quarterly or semiannual), and they are often in- cluded in bills for other city taxes and service charges. The water rates are lost among all the 4. Neil Fulton, "How Elmhurst Cut Water Use by 15%.... Innova- tions (Illinois Department of Local Government Affairs), Vol. 2, No. 2, January 1978, pp. 6-8. 19 details on the bill. It is possible to improve the effec- tiveness of the rate schedule by combining sewer charges in the same rate schedule. The Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission was able to do this. This way the savings or the costs are multiplied and are more noticeable. But, often these services are provided by different departments or even different units of governments. 3. The use of conservation rates may create special problems for the utility, for example, it may create needle peaking." For the utility faced with summer peak demand from lawn sprinkling, conservation rates may reduce demand most of the time, but, on a particularly hot, dry day, everyone may decide to pay the extra money and use more water. The result is sharp "needle" peaks during these exceptional dry periods that permit little or no decrease in capacity requirements. Furthermore, seasonally oriented rates, to be effective, require an extremely punctual and accurate program of meter reading so that the new rates can be started at the legislated times. Incentives for Water -Conserving Features in New Construction There are other forms of incentives in addition to pric- ing that can be used to encourage water conservation. Some of these have already been discussed in the previous land -use planning chapter. Denver, however, has taken a unique approach. It offers improved financing for new homes when water- and energy -saving features are in- stalled. Called ECH2ONERGY, thebuildingprogramgrew out of an earlier effort by the Denver Water Department, the Homebuilders Association of Metropolitan Denver, and the Public Service Company of Denver, the Denver area gas and electric utility. In 1979, these groups got together, along with a local builder, and constructed a model home containing the latest in water- and energy - saving features. Because of the popularity of the project, these agencies went on to develop the ECH2ONERGY FIGURE 11. EFFECT OF ECH ONERGY RATING ON PAYMENT -TO -INCOME RATIO 20 building program to encourage homebuilders to incor- porate water- and energy -saving features in the houses they built. The key element in this program is a rating system that translates the expected water and energy savings, gained from features included in the earlier demonstration house, into dollar savings, The dollar savings are then added to personal income when a potential home buyer applies for home financing. This extends home -buying potential to persons who might not quality under the conventional25 percent rule —that Is, limiting 25 percent of the home buyer's income to mortgage payments. Under the ECH,ONERGYscheme, thepayment-to-incomeratiocan be expanded to up to 30 percent, depending on the point values determined by the rating system. Points are generated for each of the water- and energy -saving features recognized by the program, up to 120points, the highest possible rating. For example, under the25 percent rule, a family with an annual income of $20,000 would be allowed to assume $5,000 a year in mortgage payments, but, under the ECH2ONERGYscheme, the family would be able to qualify for$6,000 in mortgage payments if the home they had chosen to buy received a rating of 120 points. Figure 11, taken from the programs rating form, illustrates the relationship between thepayment-to-income ratio and the point system. Figure 12 is the water conservation checklist from the rating form. A similar checklist is included for an energy conservation rating, These checklists are used by builders to rate their homes. The builders ratings are then inspected by personnel from the participating agencies to ensure their accuracy. The ECH,ONERGYprogramhas received cooperation and support from the financial community, including the endorsements of the principal federal agencies involved in home mortgages, such as the FHA and the VA. To date, 80 percent of the mortgage bankers and 90 percent of the homebuildets in the Denver area have joined the program. Some realtors are also considering how this concept can be used in the resale of existing housing. Not only does this program offer a novel way of en- couraging builders to incorporate water -saving devices in the houses they build, it also serves to link water conser- vation to energy conservation. It is a natural link to make, since using less water in the shower, laundry, or kitchen means using less energy to heat that water. Linking the two forms of conservation also increases the financial advan- tage to the consumer and makes it easier to encourage both types of conservation. REGULATIONS There are two major approaches communities have used to implement water conservation measures: regulatory provisions that mandate the use of water -saving devices in new construction and in renovated buildings; and water use ordinances that restrict specific water uses, the quan- tity of water used, or the time within which it can be used for certain functions. Regulations that require the use of water -saving devices are usually incorporated into the plumbing or building code. Building Officials and Code Administration Inter- FIGURE 12. ECH,ONERGY WATER CONSERVATION RATING FORM Water Conservation Rating Circle appropriate number in each section of Part I, and complete Indicated calculations for score in Part I, Part II and total. Builder Features Points Score Part 1. Inside the home 1. Toilet Basilan tank 3 4 gallon or less tank 5 Toilet with shallow trap 8 Toilet with dual cycle flush 8 2 Shower heads supplied 1 Showers with flow restrlctors 6 Showers with theme. mix valve 2 3. Kitchen Features Kitchen tap with norator 2 Sink with vegetable spray I Kitchen tap with flow reslrictor 2 Dishwasher, 15 gal. cycl. or less I Dishwasher with energy saver 1 4. Water lines from water healer. Insulated 2 Sub total A (Maxlmum 31 points) 5 Sewer Charge & Rate Adjustment (Outside Denver multiply subtotal A by 06) (Inside Denver multiply subtotal A by 1.3) Part I Score (subtotal A_ z Item 5_) Part II Outside the Home A. Gross area of lot or bldg site in sq. it B Less area for. House foundation area All walks & driveways Not on Public R.O.W. Pallas @Grade — •Estimated Unplanted areas next to house foundation Total Plantable area - A —B=C —sq. ft Points for Part 11 Cequalslessthan 3,000sq.ft 15 5,000 sq. ft. 10 8,000sq It 4 10,000sq 1t 2 Total score Part II 1771 Add Total Score Part l and Part I Total Water Conservation Scare Total Water Conservation Sears Total Energy Score TOTAL ECH2ONERGY HATING ai® The Denver Water Boardpreparation of advised this form theapproves ves the ugg ste form and approves the suggested nm. ratings Outside Water Saving Ideas Water Is scarce in the Denver area. Average annual preel pllatlon Is 17 Inches Denver area water companies are eliminating a minimum charge for water and are going to charge for all of the water you use. Therefore it saves you money to be waterwlse and not waste water needlessly You can usually save the most water Outside your home. 1. The Denver area experiences warm dry summers. Historically approximately 50%of a homeowner's annual water consumption is used In watering the yard 2 Denver area lolls are mostly clay which absorbs water very slowly Steep slopes planted with lawn encourage water runoff and waste 3. Groundcovers other than lawn will decrease the need for water and reduce water waste and runoff and save you money. 4. •Much of the Denver area soil contains materials which swell when wet. This can cause considerable structural problems if landscaping is planted close to the house foundation and requires watering, Lawn next to the house also drys out faster from reflected sun heat. Save water and reduce trouble by keeping landscaping that requires Irrigation 6 ft. away from the house foundation 5. Certain plants are healthier and require less water In the Denver area. Consult your nurseryman or landscape architect. 6, The above suggestions are offered as helpful hints since your homebuilder does not provide landscaping nor does he want to Interfere with your individual choice or desires 7. The Home Owners Warranty Corporation of Colorado (H.0 W) and your home builder andomo landscaping techniques which require minimal irrigation Keep your warranty protection intact by (allowing that guideline. Additional Information These are other energy and watersaving features, offered by this builder, that have not been included on the non-exclusive checklist, The Home Guilders Association of Metropolitan Denver, the Public Sorvlce Company of Colorado and the Denver Water Board does not verify the accuracy of information provided by Individual builder/member participants in this ECHrONERGY program. Prepared By Verified By Appraiser Date national (BOCA) has developed a model code for water - conserving fixtures (see Appendix B, Exhibit 1), and many communities have amended their plumbing codes to re- quire water -conserving fixtures in new development and when worn-out fixtures are replaced. (See Appendix B, Ex- hibit 2 for an example of how these provisions may appear in a local plumbing code.) These provisions for water - conserving fixtures generally set standards for toilets in terms of gallons per flush and for faucets and showers in gallons per minute. Some states —including California, the first state to do so —have also enacted legislation that re- quires the use of water -conserving fixtures in new residen- tial development. California also requires such fixtures in existing structures when renovation occurs, provided "compliance with the requirements ... willnotrequire substantial modification of the existing plumbing system." Such revisions to the plumbing codes generally have public acceptance, and they become self -enforcing — suppliers will tend not to carry the nonconforming fixtures because there will be little demand for them. These regula- tions are easy to implement because they impose little or no burden on the developer or the consumer. The water - saving fixtures that are mandated are usually in the same price range as standard fixtures. Even the replacement fix- tures, such as new shower heads, are insignificant in- vestments and have payback periods of amonth to ayear. Many of these water -saving fixtures are described later in this chapter and in Appendix A. A few communities have considered requirements for retrofitting water -saving devices in older structures any time they are resold. Goletas County, California, where Santa Barbara is located, considered this option. Enforc- ing such a regulation would be more difficult than those 22 discussed above, since every home would have to be in- spected. The county has not enacted this ordinance. The other type of regulation is generally called a water - wasting ordinance. It controls the use of water outside the home. The one from Fort Collins, Colorado, is printed in its entirety in Appendix B, Exhibit 3. It prohibits wasting water —letting water run down the street when watering a lawn —and restricts the hours of sprinkling. Fort Collins prohibits sprinkling from 12:00 midnight to 4:00 p.m. Most cities restrict the hours during the peak use periods in the morning and in the late aftemoon—e.g., 7:00 to 9:00 in the morning and 5:00 to 8:00 in the evening. The aim of these ordinances is to suppress peak demand, and, con- sequently, the hours are set by the particular use pattern of the city. The ordinance also restricts the size of hose nozzles to one-fourth inch to prevent excessive flows. Like the plumbing code, these ordinances are designed to curb the worst excesses. While these ordinances usual- ly make water wasting a misdemeanor and impose penalties, most cities do not strictly enforce them. When enforcement is critical, such as in particularly and climates, it can be done. When there is a recognized need to savewater, neighbors can apply enough peer pressure to make enforcement relatively easy. Denver, for exam- ple, uses specified days for watering during the summer, or during drought conditions, and has had little difficul- ty with noncompliance. PUBLIC EDUCATION In some ways, public education is the single most im- portant technique for water conservation, Alone, it can achieve some reduction in water demand, and it is essen- tialformaking the other water -saving teduuques effective. FIGURE 13. DAILY PUMPAGE 350 3D0 3o O 200 System Capacity , o �q E 20D `Maximo. Day Maximum Day 8 m E 3 n 160 $ a ID o tW 20 so— J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D Veer a Yaar 2 The effectiveness of any one of the techniques discussed will to some extent depend upon the level of public awareness of and support for the water conservation pro- gram. A sound public information program can explain why conservation is important and sell many otherwise reluctant citizens on the benefits of conservation. It can also serve to continuously reinforce conservation -minded behavior. Public education, whether elaborate —in- cluding such elements as workshops and speaker programs on water conservation —or modest —limited to handbooks and bumper stickers —is the one technique essential to the water conservation program. Madison, Wisconsin, has shown how effective public education can be. This city's conservation program, which relies solely on public education and voluntary com- pliance, was implemented so that the city could postpone construction of a new supply facility to meet increasing peak demand. Expected increases in future peak pumpage would require new wells and reservoirs at a cost of $750,000 for their construction for each 3 mgd increase in system capacity, plus several hundred staff hours for plan- ning, design, and inspection. An analysis of daily pumpage showed that total system capacity was dictated by a few hot, dry days each sum- mer. Over a two-year period, it was found that peak pumpage had been in the neighborhood of 51 mgd, as compared to daily averages during this period of only 30 mgd. (See Figure 13.) Further analysis of maximum day usage revealed that peak demand was reached around 6:00 p.m. and that lawn sprinkling was mostly responsible for extra system demand during this time of the day. (See Figure 14.) In light of these findings, the city decided that convincing people not to water their lawns during the peak hours of 6:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. would be the most prac- tical method of reducing peak demand. To achieve this shift in demand and a corresponding reduction in peak -hour usage, the city's conservation pro- gram was designed to communicate the following sprin- kling tips to the public: 1. Adjust the sprinkler or soaker hose to water only the lawn. Sidewalks, driveways, and gutters will not grow a thing. 2. Give the lawn only the water it needs; 2.5 cm (1 in.) per week at one time is sufficient. 3. Avoid watering when it is windy or in the heat of the day. Evaporation robs both the customer and the lawn. 4. Above all and most important, if the sprinkling is necessary, do it before 10:00 am. or after 8:00 p.m. when it will have the least impact on the water systems The primary objective of the conservation program was to communicate these requests to the public in as many dif- ferent ways and places as possible. Among the various publicity techniques used were: 1. Displays explaining Madison's supply system, and efficient methods of lawn sprinkling were set up at the city -county building, shopping centers, libraries, and banks. 2. Slide and speaker presentations were conducted in the schools, some of which included the two popular water conservation films, Water Follies (A Soap Opera), prepared by the Denver Water S. Larry E. Deibert, "Fiscal Planning and Water Conservation in Madison, Wisconsin," A. W. W.A. Journal, January 1978, pp. 3-4. FIGURE 14. ANALYSIS OF MAXIMUM DAY USAGE Time of Day Department, and Miss Drip, prepared by the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission. 3. Hose tags with sprinkling tips printed on them were hung on outside faucets as on -the -spot reminders to homeowners. 4. Posters on water conservation were placed on city buses. 5, Radio and television spots on conservation were presented. 6. Brochures on efficient indoor and outdoor use of Water were distributed.' To assess the effectiveness of the conservation program, a survey was sent to 1,000 randomly selected customers prior to the start of the program, and a second survey was sent 10 weeks later to those who responded to the first survey. The first survey revealed that 46.6 percent of the respondents watered between 4:00 and 7:00 p.m., and only 38.9 percent watered after 7:00 p.m. and before 8:00 a.m. The second survey showed a dramatic shift in water- ing, with only 18.9 percent watering during the peak de- mand hour and 68 percent watering after 7:00 p.m. and before 8:00 a.m. Figure 15 illustrates the shift in peak de- mand that can be attributed to the conservation program. By this shift the city was able to meet five years of growth With current capacity. One water utility official explains: The net effect of this shift in usage was the lessening of the formerly heavy draft upon the system during the supper hour, thus enabling existingsystem capacity to meet easily the existing demands and those anticipated for the near future.' 6. Ibid., pp. 4-5. 7, ibid., p. S. 24 Public education programs, of course, can vary exten- sively in their scale and costs, The education program of the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) in Oakland, California, is almost a catalog of all the possi- ble methods. It includes: • Regular printed inserts enclosed in the bimonthly water bills with water -saving slogans; • A 16-page brochure with water conservation sugges- tions for residential customers enclosed in bills and distributed through business offices and personal con- tacts with the public; • A series of posters suitable for classrooms, backs of buses, and sidewalk kiosks; • Reminder items that carry conservation messages, such as buttons, keychains, matchbooks, and litter - bags, distributed at speaking engagements and facility tours; • Public service announcements for radio and television; • Direct contact with community groups through a speakers bureau —a group of 60 employee volunteers trained to give speeches and show films and slide shows developed by the district; • Distribution of films; • Distribution of information through volunteer groups, notably youth organizations like the Camp Fire Girls, and • Presentation of water -efficient gardens and garden- ing methods at garden clubs, county fairs, and garden show displays. FIGURE 15. PEAK DAY HOURLY USAGE This active educational program was developed before water conservation became a formal part of EBMUD's water -management policy and before the 1971-72 drought. The utility was lucky to have the program in place because the educational materials were then ready for the intensive effort needed once the drought occurred. Another particularly important part of EBMUD's pro- gram has been the development of a water conservation education program for the schools. The district developed workbooks and classroom materials for students and resource handbooks and guides for teachers. Since 1974, EBMUD has published a complete series of materials for all grade levels. These educational materials have been particularly suc- cessful and have been used in school programs in a vari- ety of places around the country. The district was able to make much of this effort self-supporting by selling the materials. Detailed cost figures are not available on the program, but it is estimated that roughly $50,000 per year has been spent for all material and promotional costs, ex- cluding salary costs within the public information depart- ment that is responsible for the conservation program.' The Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission also has an extensive public education program. It uses many of the same techniques, including television and radio spot announcements, as well as a few new ideas that have been copied in other communities. For example, WSSC initiated their water conservation program through a customer "Water -Saving Idea Contest," which brought in more than a thousand entries. These ideas were organized into a handbook called "It's Up to You' and distributed by direct mail to the commission's more than *220,000 customers who are billed directly. Later in the program, a similar handbook was designed for apartment developments and distributed to an additional 150,000 customers who do not pay their bills directly but do so through property managers. Another approach that WSSC used was a special series of water -saving workshops for property managers. The meetings included the demonstration of water -saving fix- tures and appliances and provided information for the managers on appliance installation, leak detection and repair, and water -pressure reduction.' While most public education programs use similar materials and borrow from each other, there are individual differences. The North Marin County Water District developed a conservation book called North Marin's Lit- tle Compendium of Water -Saving Ideas, which is directed specifically to builders and developers. It concentrates on installation specifications for different water -saving devices. It also provides an extensive catalog of manufac- turers and local distributors of different products. Aurora, Colorado, in contrast, has put most of its efforts into developing materials to reduce outdoor water uses. Its B. J. E. f.attie and D. J. Vossbrink, "Water Conservation Education for the Public," Water Conservation Strategies (Denver: A.W.W.A.), 1980, pp. 47-52. 9. Arthur P. Brigham, "A Public Education Campaign to Conserve Water," Water Conseruation Strategies (Denver: A.W.W.A.), 1980, pp. 57-60. literature teaches people how to redesign yard landscap- ing so that it will take less water to maintain than it did when originally planted. The Santa Clara Valley Water District is also interested in the potential of landscaping as a means of conserving water. It has developed demonstra- tion gardens to show residents what drought -resistant plants look like and how they can be used effectively. The difficulty with educational programs is that they are hard to evaluate. There have been no studies that provide guidance in designing these programs. It is a matter of speculation, for example, whether it is better to keep reminding customers of water saving with every bill or to do occasional bursts of publicity on conservation. Because not much is known about their effectiveness, most pro- grams shy away from more expensive techniques like TV spots and rely more on simple brochures or other less ex- pensive media. INSTALLING WATER -SAVING DEVICES While educating the public to change its habits con- cerning water is an essential part of any conservation pro- gram, it is desirable to make water conservation as automatic as possible. The best way to do this in the residential setting is through water -saving fixtures. Most conventional plumbing fixtures use far more water than is needed to do the job, but there have been changes in plumbing design and technology that improve the effici- ency of water use. (For descriptions of some of these devices, see Appendix A.) There are companies who now say that they can reduce water consumption in the home by 50 percent without any change in life style through changing the design of such fixtures and appliances as shower heads, toilets, and dishwashers. Many of these changes are most appropriate for new construction or renovation. There are, in addition, many devices available that can be installed in existing plumbing fixtures to make them more efficient; they include flow controls for showers and faucets and various toilet inserts that reduce the amount of water used with each flush. Since some of these retrofit devices are inexpensive, a number of communities have programs that supply them and educate the public about their use. There are even some installation programs in which personnel from the program install the devices for the customers. Probably the most common device provided free through a conservation program is the small, plastic, flow restrictor. These restrictors can be attached to an ex- planatory card and handed out at little cost. More elaborate programs include a water -saving kit that might have the flow restrictor, a plastic bag or bottle to put in the toilet, and dye tablets to test for silent leaks in the toilet. These, too, are often given out free. As it is easy to imagine, the process of putting together water conservation kits, getting them distributed, and helping people install them has many opportunities for headaches, and, consequently, such a strategy gets mixed reviews from agencies that have tried it. One agency that was pleased with the effort was the Washington Suburban Sanitary District. Its problems were not with water supply, but with wastewater treat- 25 ment; therefore, there was more concern about inside water use than lawn watering and other outside use, These fixture devices were by far the best way to tackle reduc- ing indoor water consumption, During the summer and fall of 1973, the agency aimed at covering all of the approximately 215,000 single-family homes and 100,000 apartment units with 'Bottle/Leak- Detection Kits." The kit included three plastic quart bot- tles for flush water displacement, two dye pills for mak- ing a leak check of household toilets, and an instruction book telling customers how to use the bottles and the dye pills and providing some additional water -saving hints. The program included putting the kits together, deliver- ing them to the homes, and then obtaining feedback from customers through a water and sewer bill insert. Much of the distribution was by Boy and Girl Scout volunteers. The kit distribution program costs about 50 cents per customer and some 28,000 manhours. Following the project, daily consumption was 4.42 percent below the minimum pro- jected average daily consumption that might have been ex- pected to occur without the bottles. More important for the system, in late 1973 and 1974, the sewage flows to the regional sewage treatment plant dropped substantially from the previous year. Currently the bottle kits, along with shower kits, are available by mail on request to in- dividuals or in bulk for property managers.10 10. Ibid. 26 CONCLUSION The scope of this report has limited the discussion on conserving water through land -use planning to residential development, but additional savings can be realized in other areas in which planners are involved. For example, the way land uses are sited can have an impact on water demand. Water can be saved by siting industrial uses that require low -quality process water near residential storm - water outlets. Another possibility is to site food -processing operations near croplands requiring irrigation. The qual- ity of wastewater from the food -processing facility is such that it will usually require little or no treatment when it is used for crop irrigation. These and other opportunities that exist for conserving water through land -use planning represent areas of potentially useful future research. Most communities are only beginning to understand the importance of land -use planning to water conservation. This is to be expected, however, since most local water conservation programs are still in their infancy. As these programs mature, it is possible that there will be greater participation by urban planning agencies. It is certain, however, that future progress in this area will require ur- ban planners to be more aware of the opportunities that exist for conserving water, and water utilities will need a better understanding of the important role land -use plan- ning can play. Ideally, water conservation should be a part of the community's planning efforts to protect and con- serve important natural resources. Appendix A. Water -Saving Devices and Measures Most conventional plumbing fixtures use far more water than is needed to do the job. There are now many devices available that can be installed in existing plumbing fixtures to use water more efficiently. The water -saving devices and methods outlined below are by no means an ex- haustive listing but rather a collection of the most com- monly used devices and those that will probably enjoy greater use in the future. Water -Saving Toilets The conventional toilet, which consumes more water than any other fixture in the home, uses five to seven gallons of water per flush. There are devices, however, that can be placed in a conventional toilet tank to reduce the volume of water per flush. These devices include tank inserts and other objects that displace a portion of the water in the tank; there are also flush -modification devices that allow the toilet to use less water when liquids are flushed and more water when solid wastes are flushed. One of the simplest and most inexpensive —yet quite effective —tank inserts is a plastic bottle filled with water and weighted with pebbles. (See Figure 16.) When placed in the tank, the amount of water saved is equivalent to the volume of the plastic bottle or bottles used. Savings of up to 30 percent have been reported through the use of weighted plastic bottles. Of course, the most attractive feature of this method is that it can be prepared from materials found around the house. Many of the com- munities that recommend this method of saving water as pact of their water conservation programs provide the public with detailed instructions on how to install the bottles. Another tank insert device is the flexible panel or dam insert. (See Figure 17.) This device is to be wedged into the tank on either side of the flush valve, thus damming off a portion of the tank and retaining that water when the toilet is flushed. Dam inserts can be adjusted to allow different rates of consumption. Savings of over 30 percent have been reported; however, these inserts are more com- plicated to install than the bottle. Even greater savings can be realized by replacing the tank of the conventional toilet with a pressurized tank. This tank provides a complete flush with only 2 to 2-1/2 gallons of water. This represents a savings of about 50 to 60 percent of the water used by conventional toilets. (See Figure 18.) The most widely used water -saving toilet is the shallow trap toilet. (See Figure 19.) In appearance, the shallow trap toilet differs from the conventional design only in the size of its tank, which is smaller. The water -saver toilet re- quires less water in its bowl, and in turn, a significantly smaller tank. It uses only 3 to 3-1/2 gallons of water per FIGURE 16. PLASTIC BOTTLES FIGURE 17. PANEL INSERTS MsM-rs t.avaR INSegT-i FIGURE 18. PRESSURIZED TANK TOILET 27 FIGURE 19. SHALLOW TRAP TOILET FIGURE 20. PRESSURIZED FLUSH TOILET flush. The pressurized flush toilet can save even more water than the shallow trap toilet. (See Figure 20.) Using both gravity and a r pressure to flush waste, this toilet uses only about two quarts of water per flush, which represents a 90 percent savings over the conventional toilet. The pressurized toilet, however, costs considerably more than the conventional or water -saver toilet. Flow Control Devices Flow control devices limit the flow of water from faucets and showers. Usually located somewhere in the water supply line ahead of the fixture, these devices are often no more than a molded plastic insert that reduces the diameter of the waterline, thus diminishing the flow of water. (See Figure 21.) Depending on the flow -control device used and the pressure in the home, the rate of flow can be reduced to two gallons per minute (gpm) as compared to the flow rates of eight to 12 gpm that can be reached with these fix- tures. In some cases, this means water savings of up to 75 percent in fixtures where flow controls are used. Similar savings can be realized when shower heads and faucets with built-in flow controls are installed. Faucet aerators and spray taps also perform like flow controls. (See Figures 22 and 23.) The aerator, now at- tached to all new faucets, is designed to prevent splashing, but it also reduces the amount of water that flows out of the faucet by mixing it with the air. Spray taps deliver water in a broad pattern of droplets, similar to a small shower head. Most aerators provide a 50 percent reduc- tion in flow, and some of the new, more advanced models FIGURE 22. AERATOR fto KVPMC ow AIR INTAU � �' 6GIuaNi ® AERATGR A0KAT91, YMTer. y ' AERnTom 28 FIGURE 21. PLASTIC FLOW CONTROLS can reduce flow to as little as .75 gpm. Spray taps allow flow rates ranging from one to two gpm, as compared to the normal flow for faucets of two to 12 gpm. Finally, there are water -conserving appliances available, like small capacity dishwashers, front -loading washing machines that use less water than conventional top - loading machines, and washers that allow adjustment for load size. Saving Water Outdoors Because most of the water used outdoors is used for lawn watering, the best method of conserving water out- doors is to use native plants that require little water or no water at all. Soil preparation and landscape design can also reduce outdoor watering. Soil conditioners can be blended with clayey soils to ensure more efficient irrigation. Land- scape design techniques that reduce water use include contouring and land forming to prevent runoff. When watering is necessary, a water -saving method, such as early morning watering to reduce evaporation loss, can be used. There are also various moisture indicators that can be inserted into the soil to test moisture and con- dition at the level of the roots, making unnecessary water- ing less likely. These devices range from an ordinary stick to an electrical sensing probe. One such device consists of a hand-held indicator attached to a metal rod that is in- serted into the ground, when a weak electric current is passed through the rod, the soil moisture may be read on the moisture indicator. (See Figure 24.) Mother device used to measure soil moisture is the Tensiometer. (See FIGURE 23. SPRAY TAP FIGURE 24. ELECTRICAL SENSING PROBE FIGURE 25. LIQUID TENSIOMETER Z1orPEK IOAUGE WATER f—TuaE -rip G � TI I' Figure 25.) Designed for long-term installation in the ground, these devices can be used to override timer - controlled lawn sprinklers. This permits watering only when the level of moisture in the soil is below an optimum range. These sensing devices are particularly useful for PUDs or similar developments with large lawn areas. Since it would be difficult to convince every homeowner to invest in sensing devices, Denver, Colorado, instituted an innovative program aimed at achieving a similar reduc- tion in lawn watering. Experts there have found that many lawns in the area were using twice the water needed. To reduce overwatering, the Denver Water Department calculates the daily evapotranspiration (ET) rate —the rate of water loss from the soil by evaporation and from plants by transpiration. The ET rate is derived from such factors as amount of sunshine, wind velocity, rainfall, relative humidity, and high/low temperatures. When analyzed, these variables tell how much water has evaporated and how much water must be replaced to maintain lawns. The results of these calculations are made available to the public,in newspapers, on TV and radio, or by calling a hotline number. Many stations have included it in their weather reports during the summer months as they do wind-chill factors in the winter. Sprinkler systems tailored to the contours of the land can also reduce irrigation. For example, impact -type sprinkler heads are best suited for large, flat areas. Because these sprinkler heads operate on high water pressure, they are able to cover broad areas and are lessaffected by wind than low-pressure heads. Low-pressure, sprayhead sprinklers are best suited for slopes and clayey soils, which require a slower application of water. Repair and Maintenance In addition to the water -saving devices and fixtures that communities have used in their water conservation pro- grams, there are also various repair and maintenance pro- cedures that can reduce residential water use. Included in this category are leak detection, repair of worn parts in fix- tures, insulating hot water pipes, and reducing household water pressure. Leakage control. Studies have shown that leakage can account for as much as five to 10 percent of total in-house FIGURE 26. TOILET TANK FLUSHING MECHANISM water consumption. The two most common sources of leakage are faucets and toilets. Leaking faucets are, of course, easily detected and usually indicate worn washers, which can be corrected by washer replacement. Leakage in toilets is also prevalent and in some cases can account for up to 200 gallons of water loss per day. Toilet leakage is more difficult to detect by visual inspection of the fix- ture, but it can be effectively detected by use of a colored dye tablet. Such leaks are usually the result of worn valves, poor tank ball seating, or a misaligned tank float. (See Figure 26.) Toilet leakage can be effectively controlled by either replacing worn parts or adjusting the float rod. When leakage control is part of a community's conserva- tion program, dye tablets, along with instructions on their use and repair of worn parts, are often distributed free of charge to the public. Insulating hot water pipes. When hot water pipes are in- sulated with one of the many materials available — fiberglass, polyurethane, etc. —they are able to maintain the temperature of the water for a longer period of time. This cuts down on the amount of water that must flow through the pipes before the water is hot enough to use. Insulation obviously also saves energy. Pressure reduction. In service areas where water pressure reaches up to 80 pounds per square inch (psi), pressure reduction valves can be installed at the home water supply inlet to reduce the water pressure. The pressure reduction valve can reduce water pressure to 50 to 60 psi, which is about all that is needed for residential use. Less pressure can mean significant water savings. New and Future Technology There are many innovative devices that may prove useful in the future. Among the more promising are water - recycling systems that allow more than one use of water before it is discharged from the system, air -assisted toilets and showers, vacuum toilets, composting and incinerator toilets, detergent flush toilets, and mineral oil recycling toilets. Many of these fixtures are expensive and require more costly maintenance than their conventional counter- parts. Future development and refinement, however, should make the cost and performance of some of these innovative devices more acceptable. 29 Appendix B. Water -Saving Codes EXHIBIT 1. FROM THE BOCA BASIC PLUMBING CODE, 1981* §P-1503.8—Minimum Required Flow Rates and Pressures Based on the minimum static water pressure available, pipe sizes shall be selected so that, under conditions of peak demand, a minimum flow pressure and flow rate at the point of discharge shall not be less thanshownin Table 2. In determining minimum pressures at the outlets, allowance shall be made for the pressure drop due to fric- tion loss. §P-1503.9—Maximum Flow Rates and Pressure Conditions Water supply to shower heads, lavatory faucets, kitchen faucets, and similar equipment shall be equipped with ap- TABLE 2. MINIMUM REQUIRED FLOW RATES AND PRESSURES' Flow Flow rate, at pressure pointofdischarge Location (psi) (gpm) Ordinary basin faucet` 8 psi 2 gpm Self -closing basin faucet` 8 2-1/2 Sink faucet, 3/8 inch 8 3 Sink faucet,% inch 8 3 Bathtub faucet 8 4 Laundry tub cock,%inch 8 4 Shower 8 3 Ball cock for closets 8 3 Flush valve for closets` 15 15-35 Flushometer valve for urinals 15 15 Drinking fountain outlets 15 3/4 Sill cock —wall hydrant 10 5 Flush valves for wall -hung, blow-out, and syphon -Jet water closets° 25 35 a. To convert pounds per square inch (psi) to kiloPascals, multiply by 6.894; to convert gallons per minute (gpm) to liters per minute, multiply by 3.785. b. Wide range due tovariationindesign and type ofcloset flushvalves. a Lavatories in restrooms of public facilities shall be equipped with outlet devices that limit the flow rate to a maximum of 0.5 gpm. d. All water closets and urinals shall use a maximum of four gallons of water per flushing cycle... . 'BOCA Basic Plumbing Code/1981, Copyright1981, Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc. Published by arrangements with author. All rights reserved. No parts of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, orby an information, storage, and retrieval system without advance pemdssion in writing from Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc. For information, address: BOCA, Inc.,17926 S. Halsted St., Homewood, IL 60430, 30 proved water -saving devices, restricting and controlling the flow to not more than 3 gpm (11.341pm) at 80 psi (551.52kPa) flowing. §P-1503.91—Mixed Water Temperature Control The temperature of mixed water to multiple or gang showers shall be controlled by a master thermostatic blender, or such showers may be individually regulated by balanced pressure mixing valves. Individual showers in commercial and public buildings subject to rapid rise of mixed water temperature due to system pressure fluctua- tion shall have balanced pressure mixing valves in addi- tion to flow rates as required under Section P-1503.8.** EXHIBIT 2. AMENDMENTS TO UNIFORM PLUMBING CODE, FORT COLLINS, COLORADO WATER -SAVING PLUMBING FIXTURES, (ADOPTED APRIL 1980) 1. New Construction; Interior Plumbing All interior plumbing in new buildings shall meet the following requirements: a. Toilets shall not use more than 3-1/2 gallons per flush, except that toilets and urinals with flush valves may be installed; b. Shower heads shall contain flow -control inserts, valves, devices, or orifices that restrict flow to a maximum of approximately three gallons per minute. C. Kitchen and lavatory faucets shall have aerators or laminar -flow devices, together with flow - control inserts, valves, devices, or orifices that restrict flow to a maximum of approximately two gallons per minute. II. Existing Buildings In existing buildings or premises in which plumbingfn- stallations are to be replaced, such replacement shall comply with all code requirements for water -saving devices. EXHIBIT 3. WASTING WATER ORDINANCES, FORT COLLINS, COLORADO §112-22. Sprinkling; Waste Prohibited The use of water from the city water utility for sprinkling shall be limited to watering lawns, ornamental trees, shrubs, vines, flowers, and domestic gardens. It shall be unlawful to permit water to flow, run, or be discharged "'Because shower flow controls can cause rapid temperature changes in shower water, this provision is Included in the code to prevent Injury by scalding. Setting water heaters at 1200 F when flow controls are used is also recommended to reduce the risk of scalding. in the streets or sidewalks of the city in a wasteful man- ner. All wasting of water in any manner is hereby pro- hibited and considered a violation of this article. §112-23. Limitation on Nozzles for Sprinkling No hose nozzle or discharge vent used for sprinkling water from the water utility shall be more than one-fourth (1/4) inch in diameter. §112-24. Restrictions on Sprinkling The use of water from the city water utility for sprinkling is prohibited between the hours of 12:00 midnight and 4:00 p.m., except in cases where the occupant of the property obtains a permit allowing such sprinkling on account of a programmed automatic sprinkler system. The use of water from the water utility for sprinkling purposes may, upon recommendation of the Water Board, be further pro- hibited or restricted by order of the City Council. Such order shall be effective when notice thereof is published once in a daily newspaper published in the city. Upon the publication of such notice, the sprinkling restrictions or prohibitions so prescribed shall take effect. Water shall not be used through hoses or pipes without nozzles or sprinklers attached thereto. This regulation shall apply to all users of water whether by flat rate or metered service. The setting of sprinklers or nozzles so as to interfere with traffic on sidewalks is prohibited. The use of city water in violation of any regulations contained in this section or in any other section of this article or of any regulations adopted pursuant to this section shall be a violation of the ordinances of the city of Fort Collins, punishable as pro- vided in No. 1-23 of Chapter 1 of this code. (Up to $300 fine or 90 days in jail.) (Amended 7/5/78 by Ord. No. 62, 1978.) §112.25. Emergency Restrictions; Authority of City Manager In the event of a major fire or any other emergency that should require the immediate curtailment of the use of water from the water utility, the City Manager shall have the authority to make such restrictions as he deems necessary for the protection of the public. Appendix C. Local Contacts Water conservation efforts in the following com- Santa Clara Valley Water District munities have been discussed in this report, and these 5750 Alamaden Expressway agencies may be contacted for further information. San Jose, CA 95118 408-265-2600 WATER DEPARTMENTS City of Aurora Water City of Santa Fe Conservation —Utilities Department City Water Planner 1470 S. Havana St. P.O. Box 909 Suite 708 200 Lincoln Ave. Aurora, CO 80012 Santa Fe, NM 87501 303-695-7387 505-982-4471 Denver Water Department 1600 W.12th Ave. Denver, CO 80254 303-623-2500 East Bay Municipal Utility District 2130 Adeline St. Oakland, CA 94623 415-835-3000 Elmhurst Water Department 119 Schiller Ave. Elmhurst, IL 60126 312-530-3110 City of Fort Collins Water and Sewer Utilities P.O. Box 580 Fort Collins, CO 80522 303-484-4220 Goleta County Water District P.O. Box 788 Goleta, CA 93116 805-964-6761 Madison Water Utility 523 East Main St. Madison, WI53703 608-266-4651 North Marin County Water District P.O. Box 146 Novato, CA 94947 415-897-4133 32 Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission 4017 Hamilton St. Hyattsville, MD 20781 301-699-4000 PLANNING DEPARTMENTS Los Angeles County Department of Regional Planning 320 W. Temple St. Los Angeles, CA 90012 714-974-6401 City of Bloomington Department of Community Development Division of City Planning 2215 W. Old Shakopee Rd. Bloomington, MN 55431 612-881-5811 El Paso County Land -Use Department 27 East Vermijo Colorado Springs, CO 80903 915-543-2900 Santa Fe County Land -Use Department P.O. Box 276 Santa Fe, NM 87501 505-988-8871 Appendix D. Bibliography WATER SUPPLY U.S. Comptroller General. Water Supply for Urban Areas: Problems in Meeting Future Demand: Report to the U.S. Congress. U.S. General Accounting Office, Distribution Section, Room 1518, 441 G St., N.W., Washington, DC 20548. June 1979.50 pp. Single copies free. U.S. Water Resources Council. The Nation's Water Resources1975-2000, Vol. 2. Water Quantity, Quality, and Related Land Considerations: Second National Water Assessment. December 1978.623 pp. Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20202. Stock No. 052-045-00082-7. WATER CONSERVATION -GENERAL American Society of Civil Engineers, 345 E. 47th St., New York, NY 10017. "Effect of Water Conservation on Water Demands." William O. Maddaus and Donald L. Feuerstein. In Journal of the Water Resources Planning and Management Division, Vol. 105, No. WR 2 (September 1979), pp. 343-351. ---. Water Conservation: Needs and Implementing Strategies; Proceedings of a Conference, Franklin Pierce College, Rindge, New Hampshire, July 1979. 269 pp. $14. American Water Works Association. 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver, CO 80235. Water Conservation Strategies. 1980. 100 pp. Berk, Richard, et al. Water Shortage: Lessons in Conser- vation from the Great California Drought, 1976-77. Abt Books, Cambridge, MA 02138. 1981. 209 pp. California Water Resources Center, University of California -Davis, Davis, CA 95616. Murray Milne. Residential Water Conservation. Report No. 35.1976. 469 pp. $7.50. "Demand Projections Considering Conservation." Michael B. Sonnen and Donald E. Everson. In Water Resource Bulletin of the American Water Resources Association, Vol.15, No. 2 (April 1979), pp. 447-460. Lower Raritan/Middlesex County, 40 Livingston Ave., New Brunswick, NJ 08901. Special Water Conservation Issue: "Water RX 'Use Sparingly."' In Environmental Report, Vol. 2, No. 2 (June 1980). "Municipal Water Conservation Alternatives." William E. Sharpe. In Water Resources Bulletin of the American Water Resources Association, Vol.14, No.5 (October 1978), pp. 1080-1087. National Association of Counties Research, Inc., 1735 New York Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20006. Readings in Water Conservation. Ronnie McGhee, Mary Reardon, and Arleen Shylman, eds. Undated. 332 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Institute for Water Resources, Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060. An Annotated Bibliography on Water Conservation. Duane D. Baumann et al. April 1979. 117 pp. ---. The Role of Conservation in Water Supply Plan- ning. Duane D. Baumann et al. Prepared by Planning and Management Consultants, Ltd., Carbondale, Il- linois. April 1979. 181 pp. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Stan- dards, Washington, DC 20234. State of the Art Sum- mary of Incentives for Residential Water Conservation. NBSIR 80-2119. Jacqueline Elder. October 1980. U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Water Research and Technology, Washington, DC 20240. Water Con- servation Devices: Residential Water Conservation. Water Research Capsule Report.1977. 9 pp. U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460. Flow Reduction: Methods, Analysis Pro- cedures, Examples. March 1881. 92 pp. -----. Residential Water Conservation: An Annotated Bibliography. Prepared by Pabon, Sims, Smith, and Associates, Inc., Washington, D.C. 20005. February 1980. 113 pp. --. Water Conservation and Municipal Wastewater Flow Reduction; Proceedings of a Conference, Chicago, Illinois, November 1978. Prepared by Environ Con- trols, Inc., Rockville, Maryland. 288 pp. "Urban Water Supply Planning." Duane D. Baumann and John J. Boland. In Water Spectrum, Vol.12, No. 4 (Fall 1980), pp. 33-41. "Water Conservation Devices for New or Existing Dwell- ings." William E. Sharpe. In Journal of the American Water Works Association. Vol. 73, No. 3 (March 1981), pp.144-149. "Water Pricing and Conservation." Robert S. McGarry. In American Public Works Association Reporter, Vol. 47, No. 6 (June 1980), pp. 8-10. Male, James, et al. Water Resources Research Center, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01002. Analysis of the Water Rate Structure as a Management Option for Water Conservation. Publica- tion No. 112. 1979. 89 pp. LOCAL WATER CONSERVATION PROGRAMS "Denver's ECH20NERGY Program: A Boon to Home - buyers, A Boost for Housing." William H. Miller. In Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 73, No. 2 (February 1981), pp. 82-85. "Fiscal Planning and Water Conservation in Madison, Wisconsin." Larry E. Deibert. In Journal of the 33 American Water Works Association, Vol. 70, No. i (January 1978), pp. 2-5. Illinois Department of Local Affairs, 303 E. Monroe St., Springfield, IL 62706. "How Elmhurst Cut Water Use." Neil Fulton. In Innovations, Vol. 2, No. 2 (January 1978), pp. 6-8, 17. WATER -CONSERVING LANDSCAPING American Association of Nurserymen. 230 Southern Bldg., Washington, D.C. 10005. Groundcovers for North America; Green Survival; Plants for Beauty and Function. Undated. 25 pp. 677/CLB/8000. California Department of Natural Resources. Plants for California Landscapes: A Catalog of Drought -Tolerant Plants, Bulletin 201. February 1981. City of Aurora, Aurora, CO 80010. Joanne Rondon. Landscaping forWater Conservation in a Semiarid En- vironment. 1980. 95 pp. Smith, Ken. Western Home Landscaping. H. P. Books, P.O. Box 5367, Tucson, AZ 85703.1978.184 pp. $4.95. `rry Ground Covers for Low -Maintenance Urban Land- scaping." Ruth Foster. In American City and County, Vol. 95, No. 3 (March 1980), pp. 34-37. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Washington, DC 20240. Plants/People/and En- vironmental Quality. Gary0. Robinette. 1972.137 pp. $4. WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOKS American Water Works Association, 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver, CO 80235. J. B. Gilbert. Water Conser- vation Management. 1981. 70 pp. Colorado Water Resources Research Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80521. J. Ernest Flack and Wade P. Weakley; with Duane W. Hill. Achieving Urban Water Conservation: A Handbook. 1977. 207 pp. $6. Cooperative Extension Services of the Northeastern States, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903. Theodore B. Shelton and William E. Sharpe. A Guide to Designing a Community Water Conservation Pro- gram. 1981. 35 pp. New England River Basins Commission,141 N. Milk St., Boston, MA 02109. Before the Well Runs Dry: A Hand- book for Designing a Local Water Conservation Plan. October 1980. 95 pp. 34 North Marin County Water District, P.O. Box 146, Novato, CA 94947. North Marin's Little Compendium of Water -Saving Ideas. 1977. 273,pp. Santa Clara Valley Water District, 5750 Almaden Ex- pressway, San Jose, CA 95118. Water Savings. Prepared by Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., Palo Alto. May 1976, 101 pp. WATER -CONSERVING RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT American Planning Association, 1313 East 60th St., Chicago, IL 60637. The Cluster Subdivision: A Cost - Effective Approach, Welford Sanders. PAS Report No. 35-6. 1980. 29 pp. PAS subscribers $5. ($10 to non - subscribers after January 1,1983.) -. Performance Controls forSensitiveLands: APrac- tical Guide for Local Administrators. Charles Thurow, William Toner, and Duncan Erley. PAS Report Nos. 307/308,1975. 156 pp. $16; PAS subscribers $8. -. Performance Zoning. Lane Kendig, with Susan Connors, Cranston Byrd, and Judy Heyman.1980.358 pp. $36.95; PAS subscribers $34.95. American Society of Civil Engineers, 345 E. 47th St., New York, NY 10017. "Water Supply, Land Use, and Urban Growth." Jerri K. Romm. In Journal of the Water Resources Planning and Management Division, Vol. 103, No. WR2 (November 1977), pp. 271-284. DeChiara, Joseph, and Koppelman, Lee. Manual of Hous- ing Planning and Design Criteria. Prentice -Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07635. 1975. 550 pp. $39.95. National Association of Home Builders,15th and M Sts., N.W., Washington, DC20005. Cost -Effective Site Plan- ning: Single -Family Development. Land Design/ Research, Inc., Columbia, Md. 1976. 144 pp. -. Planning for Housing: Development Alternatives forBetter Environments. Land Design/Research, Inc., Columbia, Md. 1980. 106 pp. $22. "The Power of Water in Planning: A New Synthesis for Regulating Land Development." Roger Wells. In Water and the Landscape. McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10036.1979. 192 pp. Urban Land Institute, 1090 Vermont Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20005. David R. Jensen and HOH Associates. Zero Lot Line Housing. 1981.150 pp. $22; ULI members $16,50. RECENT PLANNING ADVISORY SERVICE REPORTS 328 Caring for the Land: Environmental Principles for 351 Low- and Moderate -Income Housing: Part II. Con - Site Design and Review. July 1977.94 pp. $12; PAS serving What We Have. June 1980.22 pp. $10; PAS subscribers $6. subscribers $5. 329 Salaries and Tenure of Professional Planners; 352 Energy -conserving Development Regulations: Cur- 1977. September 1977.17 pp. $10; PAS subscribers rent Practice. August 1980. 58 pp. $12; PAS sub- $5. scribers $6. 330 Housing Planning: How to Meet HUD's 701 Re- 353 Local Economic Development Planning: From Goals quirements. November 1977. 26 pp. $10; PAS to Projects. September 1980. 34 pp. $12; PAS subscribers $5. subscribers $6. 331 Planning for Wildlife in Cities and Suburbs. 354 The Mechanics of Sign Control. October 1980. January 1978. 64 pp. $10; PAS subscribers $5. 26 pp. PAS subscribers $5. 332 Street -Naming and Property -Numbering Systems. 355 Salaries and Tenure of Professional Planners. March 1978. 46 pp. $10; PAS subscribers $5. November 1980. 18 pp. $10; PAS subscribers $5. 333 Saving Farms and Farmlands: A Community 356 The Cluster Subdivision: A Cost -Effective Ap- Guide. July 1978.46 pp. $10; PAS subscribers $5. proach. December 1980. 29 pp. $10; PAS 334 Expenditures, Staff, and Salaries of Planning Agen- subscribers $5. cies,1978. July 1978.64 pp. $10; PAS subscribers *357 Setting Zoning and Subdivision Fees: Making Ends $5. Meet. January 1981. 22 pp. PAS subscribers $5. 335 Parking Lot Landscaping. August 1978.31 pp. $10; 358 Analyzing Neighborhood Retail Opportunities: A PAS subscribers $5. Guide for Carrying Out a Preliminary Market 336 Evaluating Alternative Plans. October 1978.31 pp. Study. February 1981.22 pp. $10; PAS subscribers $10; PAS subscribers $5. $5. 337 Homeowners' Associations: Problems and Rem- *359 Reducing Landslide Hazards: A Guide for Plan- edies.October 1978.22 pp. $10; PAS subscribers $5. ners. March 1981. 29 pp. PAS subscribers $5. 338 The Carrying Capacity Concept as a Planning 360 Regulating Mobile Homes. April 1981.28 pp. $10; Tool. December 1978.26 pp. $10; PAS subscribers PAS subscribers $5. $5. *361 Oblique Aerial Photography for Urban Plan- 339 Computer -Assisted Land Resources Plan- ning. May 1981. 26 pp. PAS subscribers $5. ning. January 1979.46 pp. $12; PAS subscribers $6. 362 Loft Conversions: Planning Issues, Problems, and 340 The Planner's Role in Facilitating Private Sector Prospects. August 1981. 38 pp. $12; PAS sub - Reinvestment. March 1979. 30 pp. $10; PAS scribers $6. subscribers $5. *363 Linking Plans and Regulations: Local Responses to 341 Energy -Efficient Land Use. May 1979.25 pp. $10; Consistency Laws in California and Florida. PAS subscribers $5. September 1981.26 pp. PAS subscribers $5. 342 A Guide to Neighborhood Planning. July 1979.46 *364 Reducing Earthquake Risks: A Planner's Guide. PP. $10; PAS subscribers $5. October 1981. 82 pp. PAS subscribers $10. 343 Condominium Conversion Regulations: Protecting 365 Accessory Apartments: Using Surplus Space in Tenants. September 1979. 22 pp. $10; PAS Single -Family Houses. December 1981.24pp. $10; subscribers $5. PAS subscribers $5. 344 Designing and Conducting Workshops: A Practical 366 Planners' Salaries and Employment Trends, Guide. October 1979.16 pp. $10; PAS subscribers 1981. January 1982.22 pp. $10; PAS subscribers $5. $5. 367 Zero Lot Line Development. March 1982. 22 pp. 345 Salaries and Tenure of Professional Planners: $10; PAS subscribers $5. 1979. October 1979. 14 pp. $10; PAS subscribers *368 Designing Effective Pedestrian Improvements in $5. Business Districts. May 1982. 60 pp. PAS sub- 346 Making the Most of Federal Assistance: Little- scribers $6. Known Programs for Planners. November 1979.16 *369 A Planner's Guide to Low -Level Radioactive Waste pp. $10; PAS subscribers $5. Disposal.. August 1982.53 pp. PAS subscribers $6. 347 Sand and Gravel Resources: Protection, Regulation, 370 Regulating Videogames. September 1982. 30 pp. and Reclamation. January 1980. 33 pp. PAS $10; PAS subscribers $5. subscribers $5. 371 Changing Development Standards for Affordable 348 The Planning Commission: Its Composition and Housing. October 1982. 30 pp. $12; PAS sub - Function, 1979. March 1980.13 pp. $10; PAS sub- scribers $6. scribers $5. 372 Using Microcomputers in Urban Planning. 349 Energy in the Cities Symposium. April 1980. November 1982. 22 pp. $16; PAS subscribers $8. 44 pp. $6. *373 Water Conservation in Residential Development: 350 Low- and Moderate -Income Housing: Part I. In- Land -Use Techniques. December 1982.34 pp. PAS creasing the Supply and Accessibility. May 1980. subscribers $8. 26 pp. $10; PAS subscribers $5. 'Avadable only to subscribers of Plamung Advisory Service. Environmental Design Concepts ,1��r •Jon C. Christopher L"''SSs+++u���r y - • Elliott R. Ellsworth r • Jim M. Konopka • Environmental Studies • Landscape Design • Space Planning • Planning Research • Urban Design I-maTnel ,'LANNING QEPARTMEiv. INTY OF NEWPORT REACH AM MAY 1 fi 1992 Ph9 718191101111121112131415i r F The Environmental Design Concepts has been established since August of 1985. Our present locations are in Tempe, Arizona and also Irvine, California. The office now has three highly motivated and well educated people. One (1) has a Master in Urban Design, one is currently working on his Masters in Landscape Architecture and one (1) has a B.S. in Urban Design. Environmental Design Concepts has about twenty-four years of experience. The disciplines in which we offer professional services are: Environmental studies Landscape design Space planning Planting research Urban design The Environmental Design Concepts carries forward a positive theme of excellence in our work. Our team may be young, but we have maintained quality and bring consistency in our work philosophy. Our highly motivated planners offer a broad spectrum of services and are dedicated to a high degree of professionalism. Sincerely, m Jon C. Christopher Environmental Design Concepts P.O. Box 472 Tempe, AZ 85280 (602) 840-2754 o2/c2s/� VJr\ rto-� a)Jyo� cs,-,6 , c ) -A� Low Water —Low Maintenance DROUGHT TOLERANT SHRUBS Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Active Growth —�-" --- ' i & 2 Planting Periods —Container Planting Periods —Seed I 3 Mulch I 4 Sup�lerpental Water I I ' Pruning Best period for successful establishment. 3 Mulch for summer and winter protection. 2 Second-best period for successful Periods of less than 10-inches annual establishment. 4 rainfall (June -September) Special for Southern California ©Copyrighted Capouya 1989 Pampas Grass Low Water —Low Maintenance DROUGHT TOLERANT SHRUBS Australian Tea Tree The gnarled structure it Pampas Grass (Cortaderia selloana) A giant grass, with large feathery plumes, this dramatic shrub fors a spray of fronds up to 10deet high, spreading up to 7-feet wide The ribbon- like leaves are bright green with razorsharp edges 112-inch wide. From July to September, the plumes are whRe pink and lavender. Pampas Grass is dramatic as a screen, in a row and as a low windbreak. Trailing Lantana (Lantana montevidensis) A carpet of lavender flowers occurs all year. It is particularly tolerant of ppoor soil and low water. Trailing lantana has crinkled, prickly gray -green foliage less than i" long. Leaves have a pungent odor. Lantana is an aggressive grower. It is effective cascading over walls in large masses and on slopes. Australian Tea Tree Bush Lantana (Lantana camas) Bright multi -colored orange to yellow flowers make this plant an excellent color accent in mass, container, foundation and hedge plantings. This shrub provides year around color. It grows to 4 feet in he;ght and width. Crinkly foliage isslightly more green than the trailing variety, Clustered, tiny black berries are poisonous. Feathery Cassia (Cassia artemisioides) Breath -taking fragrant yellow flowers bloom from January through April. This rounded shrub grows rapidly to 6 feet with gray -green needle -like foliage It is used for mass planting as an informal unclippart screen or space divider or as a foundation plant. In desert or wild gardens, it requires no maintenance. This shrub exhibits four distinct seasonal effects. Low Water —Low Maintenance SHRUBS Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun I Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Active Growth I i Planting Periods Feed New Plants One Month After Installation 1 14 eo Pstabl(s$ed Plants ' d Vlrater Deep Mulch ITip Pruning Prune Hard Shape S nail Bat Pesticide (Prime Times) Snail Bait Clean Leaf Drop Tropical shrubs after last potential frost. A For aphid, scale, spider mite and thrip, '7' use systemic prevention. 2 Apply 1/2 strength or slow release Prevent fungus establishment and pest "Complete" Fertilizer. 5 potential on adjacent walls and fences. 3 Additional monthly watering when winter rains are below 4 inches. Special for Southern California ©Copyrighted Capouya 1989 Trumpet Bush Parney Cotoneaster This ides a In height If pruned and 15 feet it left waxy flower clusters give an orange blossom AW-W fragrance Agapanthus (Agapanthus arfricanus) Showy funnel shapped flowers in lavender or white display from May to July. eaves on malus Ise from ela central crown andn Southern arch18 to 4 California. ches. Agapanlhus grows well in moist, fertile soil with full to partial shade Trumpet Bush (Tecoma scans) This Is a shrub delights �ardeners with its constant bloom of yellow 2-inch, be l-shaped flower c ustem which display from June through January. Though it may die back from frost, the trumpet bush will grow 4 to 5 feet each summer. It Is useful for screening, large border plantings and on slopes. Agapanthus Parney Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster parneyi) White flowers which bloom from June to August, turn Into red berry clusters, 2• to 3-inches wide in September. Leathery foliage is heavily veined. Leaf tops are deep green with white underside. A colorful shrug cotoneaster grows moderately, 6 to 8 feet tall with an arching growth habit. Cape Honeysuckle (Tecomaria eapensis) A sprawling, medium-sized vining shrub, it bears clusters of brilliant, 2-inch, omnge•ted, trumpet -shared flowers In fall and winter. Foliage is glossy, deep green. It grows rapidly sending out branches up to 12 feet long. Prunod carefully, it becomes a shrub 6 to 8 feet high. Low Water -Low Maintenance GENERAL MAINTENANCE Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec i riedingi Litter Clean -Up Z Pesticide Check and Rep4ir irrigatjo� I ( 1 11 ! 1 4 Check "Ternporarv" Supports Check for Wind 1 Apply pre -emergence. A Flush and check for leaks —also evaluate planting `� for maintenance (usually not inspected close-up). 2 Check for insects, pests —apply preventative C Clean channels, drains, also gutters —roof track controls. build-up, root blockage. 3 Major system overhaul. Special -for ' -Southern California ©Copyrighted Capouya 1989 --___ --.jr-_-=-- Garden Guides have been developed especially for Southern California to make it easy to choose plants and to care for them. All cards are punched with a hole and can be conveniently attached together with the special Garden Guides detachable ring for easy hanging in the garage or tool room. Monthly plant care activities are shaded for main- tenance by plant groupings. Maintenance charts are included for the following plant groups: Shrubs, Native Shrubs, Vines, Groundcovers, Deciduous Trees, Evergreen Trees and Palms. Five popular examples of each type of plant group are shown. An extra card lists seasonal color plants for spring, summer, fall and winter. Special instructions are also given for general maintenance, shrub planting, groundcover spacing, groundcover planting, tree staking and palm tree planting. Several critical plant care considerations are factored into Garden Guides. It is necessary to use the correct planting periods to establish healthy plants, especially in an and climate. Both daylight and available moisture are also critical factors for optimum plant growth. Supplemental feedings are charted with quick -release fertilizer for both new growth (less than one year) and slow -release fertilizer for established plants. The rela- tionship between growth periods and recommended deep -watering cycles is included for efficient use of resources and the best plant growth. Pruning and wind -support checks are important precautions before growth and seasonal winds occur and are illustrated here. Pesticide and fungicide applications are timed to coincide with moisture, temperature and natural pest cycles so as to promote growth and reduce applica- tion rates. A Garden Guides Glossary is included for quick reference on the most common garden -use words. the quality of the Boston Ivy Maintenance RnuneinviilPa Honeysuckle Honeysuckle Asia an Japan japonica) This native of Asia and is a rampant evergreen vine with deep green oval leaves The fragrant white, two-lippeii, slender, tubelike flowers turn yellow after the first day blooming through spring and summer. Boston Ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata) Boston Ivy is a semi -deciduous vine. It's glossy, dark green leaves vary in shape and are usually 3-lobed and up to 8 inches wide Fall color is brilliant red or orange. It should be used on north or east walls in arid areas. Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabrlis "Barbara Karst') Bougainvillea, a native of Brazil is one of the most delightful color plants. In bloom, it creates flamboyant color in any environment. The color is on bracts, or specialized leaves, which enclose 2 or 3 small blossoms These woody vines climb by hooking their sharp thorns into supports. Barbara Karst is the hardiest variety and is a red to magenta color. Its root balls tend to fall apart when transplanted. It is an aggressive grower and can take over in frost -free areas. Cat's Claw Vine (Doxantha unguis-cati) A remarkable, self-aftaching vine, Cat's Claw, attaches to stone, wood, fences or tree trunks. It grows high and fast to 25 to 40 feet. Many large yellow, trumpetlike flowers appear in spring providing impressive color. The roots and upper parts become aggressive and invasive unless cut back severely. It is difficult to eradicate once established. Lady Banks Rose (Rosa banksiae) This large-scale plant grows vigorously, sending out long slender bmncheswhich arch and sprawl, making a large deep green, informal mound on the ground or a rooftop trellis. Yellow or white flowers consist of crinkled petals that look like popcorn and appear in the spring. It makes an excellent thorny barrier for large areas This rose requires shearing often and may take over. Jan I Feb Mar I Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov I Dec 1 Planting Periods Feed New Vines One Month After Plantina Ti lefuning I I Prune I Ha e $t1*1t Bait 1 4 Plial##itltns.'! S aft Clean Leaf Drop : " rI For aphid, scale, spider mite and thrip 1 Tropical shrubs after last potential frost. 4 use systemic prevention. 2 Apply 1/2 strength or slow release "complete' Prevent fungus establishment and pest fertilizer. S potential on adjacent walls and fences. 3 Additional monthly watering when winter rains are below 4 inches. Special for Southern California OCopynphted Capouya 1989 Runlnwmri Low Water —Low Mondo Grass railing Gazania (Gazania r1gens) Brilliant in bronze, orange or yellow, Gazanias bloom all year. Foliage color tries with variety from dark green to gray -green accenting the bright flowers. n aggressive grower, Gazania spreads rapidly by long trailing stems. It is .is of the hardiest groundcovers tolerating poor soil and low water. Trailing Gazania Mondo Grass (Ophtopogon japonicus) Likiang (Cotoneaster congestus) V� Tiny bluish flower spikes, that bloom all year, emerge from the mounds of this grasslike groundcover. Narrow dark green leaves, 8-inches high, form Red berries are a feature of this low rounded vining groundcover. Seasonal variation is also recognized in the small 1/2-inch white or pink clumps up to 10-inches wide. Mondo grass is excellent in shade and woodsy situations as well as fill-in around stepping stones. flowers appearing from April to June. Arching branches make useful as a cascade over planter walls or as an informal hedge. this shrub Dark green Bugleweed or Carpet Bugle (Ajuga reptans) foliage distinguishes this species from other cotoneaster. Blue flowers on 6-inch tall spikes bloom in ,May and June. Deep green to - purple foliage is an added accent to bronze or metallic tones. Sugleweed is periwinkle (Vince major) Blue or white flowers, 2-inches in diameter, bloom all year Leaves, perennial, fast growing and mounds up to 6-inches high creating a thick carpet effect. It is best used as a massed groundcover or underplanting 2-inches long, are dark green and shiny. An aggressive grower, these trail - ing stems can be used as a lawn extender, to create patterns, as a filler and Does best in full sun or part shade. as a slope cover. Plants provide a dense cover in 2 to 3 years. The effect is woodsy. Periwinkle complements any garden. Low Water -Lott Maintenance GROUNDCOVERS Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec —�- tive_Growth_ ._._ _..._ - —' -77 1 Time to Plant, FeONew P tings� Deed El biish4Plant, Renovate a Mulch Plants less than one year old. 5upplament natural rainfall. 3Avoid over watering "Dormant' plants; allow soil 2 Pre -condition soil. to go dry between watering. 4 Muich for summer and winter protection. Special for Southern California QCopynghted Capouya 1989 London Plane Tree t Maintenance Jacarandr Modesto Ash (Fraxinus veluntina 'Moc This large scale native grows to 50 feet high with a 30-foot canopy. 'Modesto' is symmetrical in shape with green leaflets which turn bright yellow in fall. The tree trunk is gray and the overall branch structure is handsome even in winter. Ash is ideal for use as a shade, lawn, park or street tree Lombardy Poplar (Populus nigra 'Italica) Bright green leaves appear in winter, deepen in color in mid -summer and turn golden in late fall. This vertical tree is an effective accent along drives or as a screen along boundaries If watered deeply, trees may be used in small spaces. A quick grower, the Cottonwood grows to a height of 50 to 100 feet, with a 10400t diameter. London Plane Tree (Platanus acerifolia) An ideal shade tree, this tree is symmetrical and pyramidal. It grows rapidly to 70 feet with a 30. to 40-foot crown. The decorative trunk bark peels in �atches. Round, bristly, 1-inch seed balls hang in clusters through winter. oliage is maple -shaped and turns golden brown in the fall. Tolerant of smog, soot and dust, it does well as a street, lawn or park tree. Lombardy Poplar Silk Tree (Albizia julibrissin) Light, pink fluffy flowers provide a spring display of color from April through July. Fragrance is sweet and fruity. This tree is pendulous with an umbrella effect. The Silk Tree grows rapidly to 40 feet and can be pruned to maintain a 10-'to 20-foot canopy Soft and fernlike, ifie light sensitive leaves fold at night. Jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia) A profuse display of lavender -blue flowers is dramatic in summer. Blossoms are tubular in form, set clusters 3-inches wide, usually in June Fernlike foliage is light green, usually dropping in February. Jacaranda is a single trunk tree, 25 to 40 feet in height, with a 15- to 30-foot canopy spread. WW Water —Low Melntendnce DECIDUOUS TREES Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec i & 2 Planting Period ; x ; _•• f = 3 Feed New Plants r Feed Established Plants 3 Dee` ;Hater 4 Prune and Spray Check Temporary Supports Fungicide ...Pesticide IBare root. 3 Time first fertilization around new planting. ZContainer grown material. 4 Anthracnose prevention and pruning. Special for Southern California QCcpyrighted Capooya 1989 Ali w Maintenance EN TE Fic... Shrubby Yew Pine (Podocarpus macrophyllus maki) Shrubby Yew Pine is a small tree and grows 6 to 8 feet in 10 years. It is one of the best outdoor container plants and is limber enough to espalier. It is widely used for tropical, transitional or oriental effect. Purple Leaf Cherry Plum Aleppo Pine (Pinus hatepensis) Ficus (Ficus nitida) The best pine for use in hot, dry areas is the Aleppo Pine. It tolerates poor soil and minimum water. Growth Is rapid at 30 to 50 feet in 10 years with a Features are a formal and dense appearance with rich tropical foliage and light colored bark. Ficus can be used as street, park or patio trees. It is somewhat irregular form. Color ranges from green to yellowish green. Two excellent for shearing or shaping, as a container plant, spreading shade tree inch cones are light brown and rounded. Mature trees are excellent as a or in formal topiary gardens. Windbreak or screen. Lemon -Scented Gum (Eucalyptus citriodora) Purple Leaf Cherry Plum (Prunus cerasifera Atropurpurea) Tall, elegant and graceful, the Lemon -Scented Gum has a smooth, slender, pinkish -white trunk and open spreading crown. Foliage is medium - Maroon foliage accents home, park, street or median plantings. The tree form may be erect with a globe -shaped crown or multi -stemmed with a green and narrow. White flowers appear December through February. Growth is rapid to a height of 50 to 70 feet. This species is one of the vertical shape. Height ranges 10 to 30 feet. Flowers appear from March through May. This tree can be subject to Texas root rot, iron chlorosis and cleanest Eucalyptus. cytosporea canker. Low Water —Law Maintenance EVERGREEN TREES Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Broadleat Active Growth _- — -- ----"' Conifer Active Growth " ` - 1I Planting Period 3 Feed New Plants High Nitrogen j 4 Feed Estab114hed 'frees (Slow Release) D p Water Check Temporary Supports Prune r8 ape I Prune I tHm Siructure Pesticide Broadleaf I Fungicide Palms 1 Alternative planting period for all Time first fertilization around except conifers. 3 new planting. 2 Best planting period for broadleaf types— a must for conifers and natives. 4 November feeding, confers only. Special for Southern California OCapynghted Capeuya 1989 Date Palm Pigmy Date Palm Queen Palm Mediterranean Fan Palm (Chamaerops humilis) X Bluish -green fan fronds distinguish this palm as an attractive, small scale accent. The Fan Palm is often used in containers, as a screen or hedge and • under larger trees in a mass planting. Development is slow, about 6 inches per year with an ultimate height of 20 feet. It is tolerant of drought and winds. California Fan Palm (Washingtonia filifera) Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) _.e � . s� A large-scale fan palm with a heavy trunk, this palm grows to 80 feet, spreads 15 feet and is composed of stiff, gray -green, fan -like leaves with Slender, open and light, the date palm has a rough gray trunk and a 'feather -duster" crown of gray -green fronds. It grows to 60-feet high and hairy filaments. In the spring long blossom -like streamers emerge from the 25-feet in width. Both male and female trees are needed to produce edible crown and produce small, white and blue -black fruit. This massive, palm fruit. Avoid littering by using only male trees. exhibits a strong vertical skyline. Queen Palm (Arecastrum romanzoffianum) Pigmy Date Palm (Phoenix roebelenii) A graceful and refined palm, the queen palm is festive in any garden. The Soft and fernlike, this dwarf specimen is effective mixed with larger palms queen palm has a smooth, gray, ringed trunk and feathery, medium -green or on its own in small gardens. Fronds are curved and dark green. Best in fronds with papery filaments Queen palms grow 25-feet high and 10- to 15-feet shade outdoors, it can also be used in container situations indoors. The wide at the crown. This palm has an airy, vertical form. It is good in tropical Pigmy Date Palm has a dense head and grows slowly to 6 feet tall. groupings, small gardens, around pools, in courtyards, or interior spaces. Low water —Low Maintenance PALMS Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Active Growth erl e p Remove Dead Fronds Fungicide Palms Feed Este bli d Trees (Slow Release) 1-7 2 Pesticide heck for Wind Damage/Clear Frond Drop Best planting period. Z Hose down anytime to remove pests. Special for Southern California OCopydghled Capuuya 1989 Low Water -Low Maintenance SEASONAL COLOR Spring White Summer Orange White Orange Pink purple Colored Pink purple Colored Vines Vines Bougainvillaea • • • • Scarlet Runner Bean • Clematis • • • • Cup -and -Saucer Vine • • Honeysuckle • • • GumeaGoldVine • Wisteria • • • Annuals Snapdragon • • • • Annuals Gerbera • Pot Marigold • • Jamesonii • China Aster • • • Lobularia • Cockscomb • • Maritima • • • • Cosmos • • • • Paparer • • • • Petunia Pholx • • • • • • • • Perennials Salvia • • • African Daisy • • • • Verbena • • • Lily -of -the -Valley • Delphinium • Perennials Pansy • • • • • Aster Begonia Fibrous • • • • • Bulbs Bellflower • • • Anemone • • • Periwinkle • • Crocus • • • • • Bulbs Galdiolus • • • • Iris • • • • Canna • • • Narcissus • • Cyclamen • • • Dahlia • • • • • Dahlia • • • • Gladiolus 0 1 1 0 0 EN Low Water -Low Maintenance SEASONAL COLOR Fall Yeliw/ Orange Red/ Pink Blue/ Purple White Muni- Colored Winter Yellow/ orange Red/ Pink Blue/ Purple Wh11e Multi. Colored Vines Perennials Blood•RedTumpetVine • African Daisy • • • • Mandeville, • Bergenta Cymbidlum • • • • • Perennials Euryops • Anemone • • African Daisy • Aster • • • Primrose • • • • Begonia, Fibrous • • Campanula • • Bulb and Bulb. like Plants Rose Periwinkle • • KalfirUly • • Chrysanthemum • • • Crocus • • • • Delphinium • • • Cyclamen • • Transvaal Daisy • • WlnterAconite • African Daisy • • • Iris • Bulb and Bulb. like Plants Annuals BegoniaTuberhybrida • • • Snapdragon • • • • Canna • • • PotMarigold • MeadowSatron • • • Centsurea • Cyclamen • • • Cape Marigold • Toadflax • • • Annuals Lobuiarla • • • Floss Flower • Stock • • • • PotMarigold • Poppy • • • Sunflower • Tufted Pansy • • • • SweelAlyssum • • • Pansy • • • • • Special for Southern California +�.Copynghlnd Capouya 7989 Low Water -Low Maintenance GROUNDCOVER SPACING Edge of Paving, Walk, Walt or Curb 1/2 Distance • • 0 • • • Note: Locate plants an equal distance from each other. Use triangular spacing. GROUNDCOVER PLANTING Groundcover 21 Mulch Topsoil 6" Mix �� \ Subgrade I SHRUB PLANTING I Thin branches and foliage (not all end Ups) by 113 retaining normal plant shape. Do not cut leader or main stem. Shrub beam same relation to finish grade as to previous grade In its container. Mulch in hole, 2" depth. Saucer or hole. Finish grade or soil line. - Remove burlap and pull out root. - Planting mixture as specified. f— Subgrade or hard ground. Add slow release plant tablets. Create pedestal to put rootball on 3" high. Special for Southem California >Ccpyi�ghteo Capauya 1989 Low Water -Low Maintenance I PALM TREE PLANTING I Rootball 2X 12" Min. Tie fronds up with single wrap of binder twine. Plant base of trunk below finished grade. 1/4" Mexican pebble mulch 2"deep. 4" high water basin. Finished grade. Washed plaster and sand backlill (clean sand). *Note: Plant palms up to 35' trunk height 310" below finished grade minimum. Well should be dug If soils are clay and not well drained. Fill well with 314' gravel to a depth of Is - or through the hardpan' Finished Grade Low Water -Low Maintename TREE STAKING Trim 1/3 of all and retaining foliageretainingg normal malal / - plant shape. 2x N Minimum of two ties (top and bottom). Use third tie when necessary to hold tree in straight upright position. "Clinch -tie" fastened around tree: 812 gatvenked wine pulled through eye of tie and wrapped around stake. Secure wire to pole with staple. Lodge pole pine stake copper naphtherute tmprcgrated 12' long for 24' box size container. Plant crown to be allow finished soft line (2- to 3'). Remove burtap from free root ball and pull roots out. Swear 2- above finished grade. Mulch in saucer hole 21depth. i Backfill. Sutgrade or hard soil. Rough snit on sides of pit. Create pedestal 3' high. Add slow release ptanttablets. Well should be dug If solls am dry and not well drained. Fill well with314' gravel to a depth of 18eor through the hardpan. Special for Southem Califomia 3copynghtedcapcuya 19139 Aphids: Small black or light green lice that cluster at the tips of new plant growth may be aphids. These insects act like fleas on a dog and drain the "blood" from plants. Spray with pesticide to control aphids. Broad -leafed: Full leaves like Magnolias, Ashes and Sycamores are "broad leaf" These trees may be either deciduous or evergreen (opposite to conifer). Chlorosis: When the green leaves of your plants look yellow between the veins, the problem may be lack of iron or nutrients. Add iron supplement to the soil to treat. Complete fertilizer: A complete fertilizer contains three primary chemical elements which are vital to plant growth and development. The elements are (N) nitrogen, (P) phosphorus and (K) potassium. Z. Maintenance These ingredients are designated in this order by percentage weight, i.e., 10-8-6 equals 10% nitro- gen, 8% phosphoric acid, and 6% potash (or potassium). Application of complete fertilizer results in a growth spurt. Conifer: Most evergreens with needles or scale type foliage are coniferous. These include Cypress, Junipers and Pines. All conifers bear seeds in cone structures (opposite to deciduous). Deciduous: Trees that lose all of their leaves either each summer or winter are referred to as deciduous. These trees are dormant during this "off season" as chlorophyll producing leaves are required to foster growth and development (opposite to evergreen). Low Deep watering: Place the hose halfway between the tree trunk and the edge of the tree canopy. Turn the water on slowly and allow it to sink in to the tree root for about 30 minutes once a week. This deep water application encourages roots to grow deep into the ground and discourages lateral surface growth. By deep watering major trees, smaller plants are able to take water off the surface, and surface roots are prevented. Evergreen tree: A tree that holds leaves all year is referred to as evergreen. Foliage may be either needle, scales or broad leaves. Fungicide: Substance that kills fungus. Herbicide: Substance that kills weeds. Osmocoat or slow -release fertilizer: Fertilizer manufactured to release nutrients over time is referred to as slow release fertilizer which facilitates a more steady, even growth rate. Pesticide: Chemical used for killing insects. Spider mite: Common pest, easily spotted by a silvery web on the underside of leaves, spider mite is one of the worst summer insects. Systemic insecticide: Cygon (Dimenthoate), Di-syston, and Meta-systox-R are chemicals which are absorbed by the plant when they are applied to the soil or sprayed on the leaves or stems. Special for Southern California OCopynghled Capouya 1989