HomeMy WebLinkAboutSS2 - Arts Master Plan - HandoutMeasuring Progress Toward a More Creative Community
enda Item No. Presentations
April 8, 2014
creative synergy in busi
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creative communities
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Captions for Cover Photographs: (front, left to righo The Chance Theater; Nouveau Chamber Ballet: Chris Gwaltney, Three Elements, Whole (detail); Orange County Performing Arts Center
(back, left to right) Irvine Global Village Festival; Carl St.Clair, Pacific Symphony; Newport Beach Film Festival
Chris Gwaltney, Three Elements, Whole (detail) (Orange County artist)
CONTENTS
IINTRQDUCTION
L E SUMMARY
dings 6 — 7' commendations 8 —
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ARTS ADVISORY CABINET
ORANGE COUNTY
Hyla Bertea
COMMUNITY FOUNDATION
Joan Beall
BOARD OF GOVERNORS
David Emmes
Marcia Adler
John Forsyte
Dick Allen
Don Kennedy
Chris Anderson
Mary Lyons
Jeff Dankberg
Tom Nielsen
Mike Danzi
Carl Neisser
Paul Heeschen
Bill Podlich
Julie Hill
Ruth Seigle
Tim Kay
John Stahr
Don Kennedy
Socorro Vasquez
Paul Marx
Wallace Walrod
Bill Podlich
Bonnie Hall
David Seigle
Shelley Hoss
Kelly Smith
Todd Hanson
Socorro Vasquez
Patricia Wayne
COMMUNITY RESEARCH PARTNERS FOR THE ORANGE COUNTY
CULTURAL INDICATORS PROJECT
California State University Fullerton:
Kathleen Costello, Gianneschi Center for Nonprofit Research
Dr. Cynthia King, Center For Entertainment and Tourism Studies
Karin Schnell, Independent Arts Consultant
Orange County Business Council:
Wallace Walrod, Ph.D., Vice President, Research & Communications
Orange County Department of Education:
Jim Thomas, Coordinator, Visual and Performing Arts
Stephanie Schneider, Coordinator, Assessment and Accountability
ARTS ORANGE COUNTY BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Darrel D. Anderson
Patricia L. Poss
Susan M. Anderson
Douglas C. Rankin
Phyllis Berenbeim
Mel Rogers
Kimberly Burge
Thomas Rogers
Dean Corey
Alexander F. Stimpson
John Forsyte
Judith Swayne
Jon Gothold
Susan Hori
Jim Thomas
Michael Jacobs
Catherine Thyen
David Krajanowski
Sylvia C. Turner
Susan Lindquist
David R. White, II
Mary Lyons
Ellen Marshall
EMERITUS BOARD
Michael McGee
David Emmes
Douglas P. McIntyre
John Stahr
Michael Moad
Carl Neisser
STAFF LEADERSHIP ON THE ORANGE COUNTY
CULTURAL INDICATORS PROJECT
Arts Orange County:
Bonnie Brittain Hall, Executive Director
Patricia Wayne, Director of Programs and Education
Orange County Community Foundation:
Shelley Hoss, President
Todd Hanson, Vice President
ENABLING PARTNERS
The Boeing Company
The James Irvine Foundation
Keith and Judy Swayne
INTRODUCTION
We believe that a vibrant and diverse arts and
cultural sector adds tremendous value to the lives
of individual citizens and to the life of our Orange
County community. We also believe that cultivating
creativity in our community is absolutely vital to
Orange County's future.
Our partnership began In the summer of zooq when the county's nonprofit
arts community was challenged by destabilizing shifts in the funding
landscape. Active intervention was clearly needed. We wanted to provide
immediate aid and seek longer -term solutions. We are fortunate that
Orange County was one of eight counties in the state selected to participate
in the three -year Communities Advancing The Arts initiative, funded by
The lames Irvine Foundation. It was clear to the Arts Advisory Committee,
responsible for guiding the Orange County Arts Initiative, that in order to
devise intelligent long -term solutions, we needed to understand: Where
are we— really?
Our purpose in undertaking this first -ever Cultural Indicators Report for
Orange County is to create a more holistic way of measuring the growth
and progress of the county's cultural sector. The Orange County Cultural
Indicators Report is an aggregate of a number of independent inquiries.
We have kept the summaries of each study separate, but have integrated
findings and recommendations. We hope this report will provide a means
to gain a more objective view of the shape of the cultural sector in Orange
County, its strengths and the areas that need to be addressed. In doing
so, we hope to provide county leaders with a useful guide for policy
development and for determining where financial investment and human
resources are needed to help Orange County reach its creative potential.
David Seigle
Chairman, Orange County Community Foundation
Shelley Hass
President, Orange County Community Foundation
When possible, we have tried to
find useful comparisons with other
major metropolitan areas, with the
Southern California region and with
national statistics. This kind of tool
is meant to help us track collective
progress over time. Other indicators
should be added to future editions.
But this report seeks to provide an
initial snapshot of where we are at this distinct moment in the county's
cultural development and offers recommendations for action that will carry
us with strength into a new, more creative future.
To provide a context for this report and its recommendations, we have
provided an introductory section, entitled Why is Building a Creative
Community Important to Orange County's Future ?, that shares some of the
most recent thinking taking place around the country about the role that
creative people and a vital arts sector play in the lives of successful and
innovative communities. We have also posed some questions for broader
community discussion.
We thank The James Irvine Foundation for their leadership and financial
partnership in advancing arts and culture in the state of California and for
providing the impetus to undertake this study. We also thank Keith and
Judy Swayne and The Boeing Company for their belief in the importance
of this project and for their generous additional financial support of the
research, publication and launch of this report.
We look forward to working together with you to build a vital, creative
community in Orange County.
Darrel Anderson
President, Arts Orange County
Bonnie Brittaln Hall
Executive Director, Arts Orange County
Ken Auster, Coast Ghost (Orange County artist)
WHY IS BUILDING A CREATIVE
COMMUNITY IMPORTANT TO
ORANGE COUNTY'S FUTURE?
A number of recent ideas are causing communities across the country to
re- thinkthe role creative people and institutions play in their communities
and re- examine the ways in which they are investing in creative assets.
We share brief synopses of the ideas in this section and hope that the
questions marked with an arrow ( ) might prompt broader discussion
in our own community.
Central ideas in this section include:
Creative thinking is the currency of the zest century.
Certain characteristics are shared by communities that become flash
points for artistic, technological, economic or social innovation.
O Imagination Celeb2tion
• Where there is a concentration of
creative people and institutions, there is
also a creative synergy In business and
technology.
• Arts and cultural activities have unique
abilities to connect people across
cultures and build more cohesive,
connected communities.
• There are specific steps that can be
taken to create a healthy cultural
ecology and specific policy levers that
can create systemic change for better
or worse— either building or depleting
cultural capital.
These concepts provide an important
backdrop to what we learned about the
current status of Orange County's cultural
sector and provide the inspiration behind
the recommendations in this report.
Nouveau Chamber Ballet
'A creative economy is the fuel of magnificence."
Ralph Waldo Emerson
PREPARING FOR A NEW KIND OF ECONOMY
In his recent book, A Whole New Mind, Daniel Pink posits the idea that the
future now belongs to a very different kind of person with a very different
kind of mind. The era of "left- brain" dominance, and the Information Age
that it engendered, is giving way to a new world —the Conceptual Age —in
which artistic and holistic "right-brain" abilities mark the fault line between
who gets ahead and who falls behind. According to Pink:
"Three forces are tilting the scales in favor of R- Directed [right - brain]
Thinking. Abundance has satis/ied, and even over satisfied, the material
needs of millions— boosting the significance of beauty and emotion and
accelerating individuals' search for meaning. Asia is now performing large
amounts ofroutine, white - collar, L- Directed [left- brain] work at significantly
lower costs, thereby forcing knowledge workers in the advanced world
to master abilities that can't be shipped overseas. And automation has
begun to affect this generation's white - collar workers in much the some
way it did last generation's blue- collar workers, requiring L- Directed
professionals to develop aptitudes that computers can't do better, faster,
orcheapec"
Deeply embedded in this theory is that both sides of the brain
contribute unique information - processing capabilities and that we
need to train people in ways that maximize the capabilities of both
sides of the brain. How are we currently training the nimble, creative
workforce of tomorrow?
WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF A CREATIVE COMMUNITY?
Creativityis found not only in the arts, but in all forms of human enterprise—
both individual and collective. Throughout human history, there have been
certain places in theworld that have been particularflash points for artistic,
technological, economic and social innovation. What factors contribute to
making a community a creative and innovative place?
In his book Creativity. Flowand The Psychology o/Discoveryand Invention,
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi suggests that "...centers of creativity tend to
be at the intersection of different cultures, where beliefs, lifestyles, and
knowledge mingle and allow individuals to see new combinations with
greater ease."
In Cities in Civilization, Sir Peter Hall examines the combination of forces
that fostered particular cities as centers of cultural, technological or civic
excellence.
Hall identifies a number of common factors that historically have worked
together to foster a particularly creative cultural environment:
• Rapid accumulation of new wealth in new hands during a time
of rapid economic transition.
• Attraction of talented and ambitious people, bringing new ideas,
world views and an understanding of the significance of a period and
a passion to influence its unfolding.
• Crossroads of culture, where information from different traditions was
exchanged and synthesized through "interculturalism" and trade.
• Social and values tension, including a clashing of new values with
traditional values that led to new lifestyles, roles, relationships, and
bases for class distinction.
Reconfiguration of social networks as
individuals from different occupations and
positions in society —such as intellectuals,
wealth makers, artists and aristocrats —
commingled in new relationships
leading to cross - fertilization of ideas and
perspectives.
High civic aspirations and collective
action as individuals and associations
(e.g. professions, business and civic
associations) expected and demanded
that the public aspects of their city be
great.
Physical places that fostered interaction
and mixing of people with diverse talents
and views, such as plazas, salons and
cafes.
Orange County has many of the elements
to position it as a dynamic creative
community of the future. How are we
investing in making Orange County a more
creative community?
"The innovative cities of the coming age will develop a
creative union of technology, arts and civics."
Sir Peter Hall
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"Most civic leaders have failed to understand that what
is true for corporations is also true for cities and regions.
Places that succeed in attracting and retaining creative
people prosper; those that fail don't."
Orange County Museum of Art's Orange Lounge
Richard Florida
WHY Is THIS IMPORTANT FOR
ORANGE COUNTY's FUTURE?
Creative People, Creative Institutions, Creative Synergy
in Business and Technology
"The final element of the social structure of creativity, and the
one that has received the least attention, is a supportive social
milieu that is open to all forms of creativity— artistic and cultural
as well as technological and economic. This milieu provides the
underlying ecosystem of habitat in which the multidimensional
forms of creativity take root and flourish. Sysupporting lifestyle
and cultural Institutions, like a cutting -edge music scene or
vibrant artistic community for instance, it helps to attract and
stimulate those who create In business and technology. It also
facilitates crass - fertilization between and among these forms,
as is evident throughout history in the rise of creative content
industries, from publishing and music to film and video games. The
social and cultural milieu also provides a mechanism for attracting new
and different kinds of people and facilitating the rapid transmission of
knowledge and ideas." Richard Florida, The Rise of The Creative Class:
And How It's Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life
What are we doing to attract creative people to Orange County and
invest in a vibrant arts community?
Pacific Chorale
Active Cultural Participation Helps Build Community
Orange County is still a relatively young community, with a population
that has grown rapidly in recent years. It is now the state's second most
populous county and the nation's fifth most populous. With its 3 million
citizens spread across 34 cities, Orange County can feel like a fragmented
place to both residents and visitors. Arts and culture can play a uniquely
valuable rote in building a sense of community and connectedness. In a
highly diverse population, arts and cultural activities can also playa critical
role in connecting people across cultures and affinity groups, helping them
to identify commonalities and value differences.
In his book, Bowling Alone, Robert Putnam suggests that cultural
participation helps build a more cohesive, connected community:
"To build bridging social capital requires that we transcend our social
and political and professional identities to connect with people unlike
ourselves... Singing together (like bowling together) does not require
shared ideology or shared social or ethnic provenance. For this reason,
among others, I challenge America's artists, the leaders and fundersof
our cultural institutions, as well as ordinary Americans: Let us find ways
to ensure that by 2010 significantly more Americans will participate in (mt
merely consume or "appreciate) cultural activities from group dance to
songfests to community theatre to rap festivals. Let us discover new ways
to use the arts as a vehicle for convening groups of fellow citizens."
Active participation in arts and culture is a step toward engaging
people more broadly in other elements of civic life —life beyond
their family and work. What opportunities are we creating here to
encourage both formal and informal cultural participation?
HOW DO WE DEVELOP A MORE CREATIVE COMMUNITY?
Cultural Initiatives Silicon Valley offers an elegant model of what a healthy
cultural ecology looks like in a community. It suggests a causality between
the stages of the pyramid, beginning with instilling children with cultural
literacy; encouraging broad cultural participation; which leads, ultimately,
to healthier professional arts organizations and a more vital environment
in which individual artists can flourish.
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HEALTHY CULTURAL ECOLOGY MODEL
from John Kreidler, Cultural Initiatives Silicon Valley
The Levers for Change
Importantly, Cultural Initiatives Silicon
Valley also identified four cultural
sector policy levers that can create
systemic change for better or worse
— either building or depleting cultural
assets. They are:
• Creative Education
• Leadership
• Policies
• Investment
How are we currently using these
policy levers and how might we
use them in the future to foster
a more creative community in
Orange County?
THE FINAL QUESTION BECOMES:
HOW ARE WE DOING IN ORANGE COUNTY?
WE EMBARKED UPON THE FIRST EVER
ORANGE COUNTY CULTURAL
INDICATORS STUDY TO FIND OUT.
Irvine Barclay Theatre
"The arts won't flourish
unless more art lovers
are minted through
sustained exposure
during childhood...
this means (a shift)
towards the grass-
roots cultivation of
youngsters and parents
through public schools
and community arts
programs."
2005 Rand Report
3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Key Findings
From the research, a more complete picture of arts and culture in Orange
County emerges, along with perspectives on critical areas for strategic
leadership and investment that will help the arts Flourish in this next stage
of the county's growth. The solutions require a high level of coordinated
response. If thoughtful leaders in our community take these findings and
recommendations to heart, we can add to the quality of life of Orange
County residents and, at the same time, boost the county's reputation as
a leader in innovation.
FINDING #1: Orange County residents agree on the
importance of a vibrant cultural sector in Orange County
and recognize the social and personal benefits of the arts.
Orange County residents recognize the unique abilities of the arts to
increase social connectedness, build cultural bridges and promote civic
engagement. They also appreciate the intrinsic value of the arts to their
own lives and the lives of their families. A surprising 64% revealed that
they or their immediate family members actively create or participate in
the arts. There is growing satisfaction with the county's cultural offerings.
63% of residents report attending a live performance in the past 12 months
and 52% attended an exhibition at a museum or gallery.
I The next step to ensuring our county's cultural growth needs to
translate residents' belief in the importance of a vibrant cultural
sector into increased (tnancial support for arts and culture— through
either private or public means, or both.
FINDING #2: A deepening relationship with the arts
leads to attendance and financial investment.
Survey respondents confirmed that there is a causal relationship for arts
attendance and financial support —one that has important Implications
for policy and investment. In an ideal scenario, a child's knowledge of the
arts begins in the school setting and is augmented by parents' efforts to
include the creative outings and hands -on arts experiences in the child's
development. Early or informal family involvement in the arts are the
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The Chance Theaer
strongest drivers for future arts attendance. Not surprisingly, those who
attend the arts are more likely to support them —even more so if they also
contribute as volunteers. Additionally, those who value what the arts add
to their own lives are interested in ensuring that experience for future
generations and are more likely to provide financial support.
This causality suggests that, to build a more vibrant and creative
community in Orange County, we need to be making investments at
building a strong pyramid of public engagement with the arts at three
levels: arts education, cultural participation, and with professional
artists and arts organizations.
FINDING #3: The county's nonprofit arts sector is young
and undercapitalized.
Mirroring the county's own growth, the county's nonprofit arts sector
has grown rapidly and dramatically. Seventy -five percent of the county's
nonprofit arts organizations were founded in the last 35 years. The
first stage of growth was about building our own cultural institutions.
Our flagship cultural organizations have contributed significantly to
putting Orange County on the cultural map of the nation and the world.
Organizations of all sizes are proving themselves adept at creating and
presenting new artistic work. However, the research has uncovered that,
compared to other counties in our region, Orange County a rtsorgan i zations
are smaller, under- resourced and undercapitalized. Significant structural
issues exist, that need to be addressed if the sector is to flourish.
The next stage of growth for the nonprofit arts sector needs to be
about copocity- building and sustainability for a broader range of
organizations throughout our county.
FINDING #4: Orange County residents place a
high priority on the importance of the arts in the
development and education of children. However,
there are differences in the quality and quantity of arts
instruction between the county's 27 school districts.
Districts report the importance of arts education for all students, yet few
have comprehensive programs and some have none. Lack of ongoing
funding hinders districts from providing coordination, professional
development and staffing to provide comprehensive arts programs for all
students.
The next step to ensuring that all Orange County students have
access to a quality arts education is to make the development of
district arts plans a priority (sparked by a combination of public and
private funds), then develop long term, sustainable funds to ensure
sequential arts education for all.
FINDING #5: Orange County has a unique set of cultural
assets that tell the story of the county's cultural history
and create the cultural face we present to the world. The
County of Orange and its 34 cities have the capability to
leverage these cultural assets to help create a unique
sense of place for Orange County residents and visitors.
Through smart leadership, policies, zoning and investments, we can
create vibrant gathering places and attractive places for county residents
to live, work and play. Communities can also make themselves attractive
magnets for creative people from manywalks of life, creating synergy for a
vibrant spirit of innovation that fuels the local economy. To do so, however,
would require a much closer coordination between county and city entities,
public and private sector, business and cultural interests than exists in our
community today.
The next step is to develop a collective understanding of how arts,
culture, creative people and creative businesses can play a key
role in building a vibrant community and develop local policies for
strengthening and developing them.
FINDING #6: Leadership at all levels will be required
to make Orange County a more creative community.
Change must begin with organizations and individuals with a broad,
countywide perspective who believe in the value of creativity in the lives of
individuals and in the life of a community.
All the Arts for All the Kids, Fullerton School District
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY�`��
Key Recommendations
Implementing each of the following recommendations will require a
coordinated team of community agencies, investors, stakeholders and a
new level of countywide planning and collaboration.
RECOMMENDATION #s: A multi - faceted approach
is needed to help Orange County arts organizations
and artists take their next creative steps.
Develop strategies to:
• Build the capabilities of professionals leading Orange County arts
organizations through training.
• Work with arts organizations to help them strengthen their own
audience, donor and (eadership - building efforts.
• Launch an Arts Leadership Initiative to help recruit, train and place the
next generation of volunteer arts leaders.
• Explore the establishment of an "Arts Hub" that offers high -level
shared staff resources on a fee- for - service basis.
• Provide strategic financial support for a broad range of Orange County
arts organizations and artists.
RECOMMENDATION #z: Cultural participation in Orange
County needs to be deepened, broadened and expanded.
Develop strategies to:
• Develop a robust centralized information website about:
i) opportunities to attend performing and visual arts events, cultural
festivals and art walks, arts events for families and children; and z)
opportunities for adults and children to actively participate in the
arts and deepen their relationship to them (classes, conservatories,
lectures, workshops, etc.) Related to this effort, build a large arts
ecommunications list and explore a half -price ticket service.
• Engage a more ethnically diverse group of citizens in the arts.
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• Engage new residents and younger residents in the arts.
• Broaden efforts to engage children and families in the arts.
• Link the efforts of nonprofit arts organizations and cities to turn the
casual, informal arts participants into regular arts attendees.
Backhausdame
RECOMMENDATION #3: Each school district
should provide high quality arts instruction for
every student, guided by a district - developed plan
that establishes, extends or expands current arts
instruction in dance, music, theatre and visual arts.
Create a countywide alliance of districts to embark upon a planning
process that leads to the development of individual district arts education
plans, designed to meet the educational needs of their students and
community. Provisions in the plan for students to meet standards in the
arts might include:
• District Arts Coordinator and Planning Team.
• Curriculum with benchmark assessment to meet the needs of
students.
• Professional Development Plan for specialists and elementary
classroom teachers.
• Resource Needs Assessment including budget for staffing, professional
development, facilities, materials and equipment.
• Timeline for implementation.
• Determining a role of universities and community arts providers as
resources.
RECOMMENDATION #4 There should be a sustained
focus on building endowment resources to provide
greater stability and ensure steadier growth and
development of the cultural sector countywide.
Develop strategies to:
• Provide training and expertise to help arts organizations establish
and build their own endowments.
• Build an understanding of the long -term needs of the cultural sector
with the county's donor community.
• Explore the creation of an Orange County Arts Fund that would knit
together large and small endowment gifts, planned gifts or bequests
and enable steady and rising investments in the growth of the cultural
sector. Primary funds would support the growth of the nonprofit
arts sector, with sub -funds that could be dedicated to supporting
individual artists, new work, arts education or other identified needs.
RECOMMENDATION #5: A task force of community
leaders representing city and county government,
business, economic development and tourism
should come together to study the ways in which
other communities in the nation are supporting the
development of vital, creative communities.
This task force should be assigned the task of:
• Convening lectures and conferences to share "best practices" with
Orange County leaders.
• Making recommendations to local leaders about policies and practices
that attract and develop creative people and businesses and build
creative assets.
South Coast Symphony
WHAT WE LEARNED
From Orange County Residents
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The way arts and culture are perceived by Orange County residents drives
their own participation, attendance and philanthropic decisions. This
provides an insight into the current and future health of the sector and
provides cultural leaders with practical ideas for engaging the public more
fully. What Orange County residents say they want for their community—in
the way of a vibrant cultural sector and arts education for their children —
should inform cultural, political and educational policymakers.
WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?
Orange County Museum of AN
10
Through phone surveys and focus groups, Orange
County residents offered valuable insights into their own
perceptions, practices and wishes for their community.
Orange County residents agree strongly about two things:
1) 92%of residents agree on the importance of
a vibrant cultural sector in Orange County.
z) 98% of residents agree that arts are critical
for the education and development of children.
Social Benefits: Orange County residents recognize the
arts' unique abilities to increase social connectedness,
build cultural bridges and promote civic engagement.
When asked "why I attend arts /cultural events in Orange
County ":
• 66% said "to spend time with family or friends"
(the #i reason)
• 17.4% said "it makes me feel connected to
my community"
• 16.5% said "it helps me better understand
other cultures"
Pacific Symphony, Verizon Amphitheater
Personal Benefits: Orange County residents recognize the intrinsic value
of the arts to their lives and the lives of their families.
When asked "why I attend arts /cultural events in Orange County":
•
42.9% said "personal education and growth"
•
17.4% said "it's thought - provoking"
•
15.1% said "it encourages me to be more creative"
The survey uncovered a high degree of informal arts participation among
Orange County residents, which bears more examination in future studies.
A surprising 64% of respondents revealed that they or their immediate
family members actively create art or participate in the arts. Playing
an instrument, singing, dancing, drawing, painting or participating in
community theater are just a few of the ways in which individuals can
participate informally in the arts.
There is a high and growing degree of satisfaction with the county's cultural
offerings. Over 70% of residents gave the county a score of 7 or higher on
a io point scale, vs. 65% in a similar zoos poll. Another zo% qualified the
county's arts as adequate.
FORMAL ARTs ATTENDANCE
63% of residents reported attending at least one live performance in the
last iz months.
52% of residents reported attending an exhibition at a museum or gallery
in the last tz months.
There were three specific groups that indicated more interest in attending
the arts, if they had more access to information: Latinos, young residents
and new residents.
A DEEPENING RELATIONSHIP WITH THE ARTS LEADS
TO ATTENDANCE AND FINANCIAL INVESTMENT
Respondents confirmed that there is a causal relationship for arts
attendance and investment —one that has important implications for
policy and investment.
The Strongest Positive Drivers for Attending were found among those:
• whose families create art (informal participation)
• who participate in the arts for "personal growth and education"
• who recognize the community social benefits of the arts
Shakespeare Orange County
The Strongest Positive Drivers for Contributing were found among those:
• who attend the arts
• who highly value arts opportunities for children
• who say "the arts are important to me"
• who contribute in ways other than dollars (e.g. volunteering)
THROWING THE DOORS OPEN
While substantial financial investment and strong community leadership
are clearly needed to build a vibrant arts sector, too often the message
translates as a stuffy, elitist appeal. And too many people feel that they are
not welcome or qualified to be at the table or that their modest investment
might not make much of a difference. However, we know that engaging a
broad range of citizens is important for the long -term health of the cultural
sector.
If we are to engage the participation and investment of a broader group of
Orange County citizens, we need to remove as many barriers to participation
as possible and the message needs to become more welcoming. The
message needs to recognize that:
• "Spending time with family and friends" is a primary driver for
attendance
• Arts opportunities for children are important drivers for family
participation and important drivers for community investment
Finally, the emphasis needs to be on the idea that participation in the arts
is something everyone can benefit from and enjoy.
11
About the Nonprofit Arts Sector
In this section, we examine the strengths and challenges of the county's
nonprofit arts and culture sector, compare Orange County cultural sector
with other communities, and Identify some of the unique challenges we
face as we consider ways of helping Orange County reach its creative
potential.
/Q'
O BREAKDOWN OF ARTS ORGANIZATIONS
Out Of 153 organizations with budgets over$z5,000
z%
. music i J multi - disciplinary
theatre i! visual arts
museums / literary arts
arts service/support i' folk a traditional arts
` other opera
dance
12
WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?
Like Orange County itself, the nonprofit arts
community is relatively young. 75 %of the county's
arts organizations were created in the last 35 years.
The county's largest, flagship arts organizations
have led the way in helping Orange County declare
its cultural independence and have helped put the
county on the national and international cultural
map. However, there are storefront theatres, music
organizations, ethnic dance companies and a rich
array of visual arts organizations operating in
every corner of the county.
While there are nearly Soo nonprofit cultural
organizations in Orange County, only 153 reported
gross receipts of $25,000 or more for the year
2000. The organizations in this sector are generally
small —only 16% of Orange County's nonprofit arts
organizations had budgets over $5oo,000; 84%
had budgets under $5oo,000. In fact, 59% have
budgets under $ioo,000.
COMPARISON WITH SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA REGION
While Orange County is the second largest county
in the state (based on population), compared with
the 9 other Southern California counties:
• Orange County has a smaller number of arts organizations per
capita (5.4 per capita vs. 6.4 for region.) Orange County has 24% of
Southern California's population, but only 12% of the region's arts
organizations.
• Orange County arts organizations are maximizing earned Income
from program services. In fact, earned revenue as a percentage of the
total budget is the highest in the region -41% in Orange County vs.
34% in Southern California vs. 31% nationally.
• Despite high program- generated revenues, average overall revenues
are smaller in Orange County ($47 per capita vs. $54 for region.)
• The revenue Imbalance between large and small organizations is
the most dramatic in the region. While representing just 16% of the
sector, large organizations report 9o% of the revenue (earned and
contributed.) The remaining 84% vie for io %of the revenue.
• Orange County arts organizations run lean. Personnel expenses
represent 31% of total expenses vs. 38% for arts organizations
throughout Southern California.
• Orange County arts organizations have only 72% of the average
assets of arts organizations in the region, placing fourth in average
assets per capita behind Santa Barbara, Los Angeles and San Diego
counties.
COMPARISON OF OC ARTS ORGAN IZATIoN REVEN II ES & ASSETS (BY SIZE)
Annual
%of
%of
%of
Revenues
Orgs.
Total Revs.
Total Assets
Under $ioo,000
58.82%
3.23%
2.54%
$100,000 - $250,000
17.65%
3.11%
2.6o%
$250,000-$500,0007
84 %3
23%
1.270/b
84.31%
9.57%
6.41%
$500,00041 million
3.92%
3.40%
6.41%
$145 million
7.84%
21.59%
17.10%
$5 million+
213e7u
65.45%
07 07%
15.68%
90.43%
93.59%
South Coast Repertory
TAKING A CLOSER LOOK AT ORANGE COUNTY ARTS
ORGANIZATIONS
A number of positive trends were identified in the zoos survey:
• Attendance: 2.3 million people were served last year by the survey
respondents alone, which would indicate a larger total attendance
across the sector. 6o% of organizations reported an increase; 30%
reported level attendance.
• Programming: The majority are maintaining current level, while 33%
reported increases.
• Innovation and Contributions to the Field: 77% of Orange Countyarts
organizations sponsored or created at least one new original work in
the last 5 years. Nearly half reported that some of the work traveled
to other communities for subsequent performances or exhibitions.
• Facilities: 65% own or lease their own venue. 46% plan to acquire or
expand facilities in the next 5 years.
• Community Partnerships: 26% reported working with visitor and
tourism entities; 26% reported partnering with health and human
service organizations; 5 -7% reported partnerships with economic
development, redevelopment or planning agencies.
ENGAGING CHILDREN, ADULTS & DIVERSE POPULATIONS
The survey of nonprofit arts organizations showed that 43% report working
with K -ia schools on an ongoing basis. Of the largest organizations, 78%
Programs for Children and Adults:
30% provide hands -on training or
conservatory programs for children
zq% offer arts appreciation programs for children
27% offer after- school arts programs for children
29% offer educational lectures
and symposia for adults
23% offer arts appreciation programs for adults
20% offer hands -on training or
conservatory programs for adults
The nonprofit arts community is becoming more
adept at programming for and engaging the county's
increasingly diverse population.
Engaging Diverse Populations:
39% conduct outreach /publicity with diverse population groups
32% offer onsite exhibitions and productions tailored to diverse
populations
19% offer offsite programs tailored to diverse populations
Only 16% publish bilingual or multi - lingual materials and 13% have
bilingual or multi - lingual staff or docents.
Laguna College of Art & Design
13
of those with budgets between $5oo,000 and $5 million and 86% of those
with budgets exceeding $5 million reported having programs aimed at
/
�1' ' I
serving K -32 students. These programs can take place at the school site (in
the form of assemblies or multi -visit artist residencies) or can consist of a
field trip to a museum or performing arts venue.
/
Beyond school partnerships, the county's performing and visual arts
:..
organizations offer a wide array of programs for children and families.
These range from family - oriented performances, exhibitions and festivals
to hands -on opportunities for families and children to explore the arts.
South Coast Repertory
TAKING A CLOSER LOOK AT ORANGE COUNTY ARTS
ORGANIZATIONS
A number of positive trends were identified in the zoos survey:
• Attendance: 2.3 million people were served last year by the survey
respondents alone, which would indicate a larger total attendance
across the sector. 6o% of organizations reported an increase; 30%
reported level attendance.
• Programming: The majority are maintaining current level, while 33%
reported increases.
• Innovation and Contributions to the Field: 77% of Orange Countyarts
organizations sponsored or created at least one new original work in
the last 5 years. Nearly half reported that some of the work traveled
to other communities for subsequent performances or exhibitions.
• Facilities: 65% own or lease their own venue. 46% plan to acquire or
expand facilities in the next 5 years.
• Community Partnerships: 26% reported working with visitor and
tourism entities; 26% reported partnering with health and human
service organizations; 5 -7% reported partnerships with economic
development, redevelopment or planning agencies.
ENGAGING CHILDREN, ADULTS & DIVERSE POPULATIONS
The survey of nonprofit arts organizations showed that 43% report working
with K -ia schools on an ongoing basis. Of the largest organizations, 78%
Programs for Children and Adults:
30% provide hands -on training or
conservatory programs for children
zq% offer arts appreciation programs for children
27% offer after- school arts programs for children
29% offer educational lectures
and symposia for adults
23% offer arts appreciation programs for adults
20% offer hands -on training or
conservatory programs for adults
The nonprofit arts community is becoming more
adept at programming for and engaging the county's
increasingly diverse population.
Engaging Diverse Populations:
39% conduct outreach /publicity with diverse population groups
32% offer onsite exhibitions and productions tailored to diverse
populations
19% offer offsite programs tailored to diverse populations
Only 16% publish bilingual or multi - lingual materials and 13% have
bilingual or multi - lingual staff or docents.
Laguna College of Art & Design
13
CONTRIBUTED INCOME (BY SIZE) —ORANGE COUNTY VS. U.S.
Indivs. Mrs. Corps. Gov.
Large Orgs 67% 11% 17% 4°%
($5 million +)
Medium Orgs 39% 29% 8°% 24%
($500,000 -S5 mill)
Small Orgs
$100,000 - 5400,000 50°% 18°% 17°% 15%
S25,000- 5100,000 6o% 8% 3% o%
under $25,000 82% o% 1°% 7%
Total Orange County 62°% 13% 25% 10%
Total U.S. 61°% 14°% 12°% 13%
PRIMARY CHALLENGES OF ORANGE COUNTY'S
NONPROFIT ARTS SECTOR
The primary challenges identified by survey respondents revolved around
the ability to: 1) attract public and private financial support; z) build and
maintain audiences; 3) maintain or expand facilities; 4) pay staff; and
5) attract Board and volunteer leadership to further their organizations'
growth.
Financial Challenges
When compared to national data, Orange County arts organizations show
lower government and foundation support and slightly higher individual
and corporate support.
Government support: While federal arts funds have remained relatively
steady in recent years, and a few Orange County cities provide financial
support to local arts organizations, the landscape for public arts dollars
has changed dramatically In recent years. The California Arts Council
suspended its grants program in FY2004 —a loss of approximately $30
million annually for arts and culture organizations throughout the state.
The County of Orange, which since zoos had been investing $250,000
annually in helping county arts organizations expand and diversify their
audiences, discontinued its support of the arts in 2004. Together, these
two entities had been investing over 3/4 of a million dollars annually in
Orange County arts organizations.
Private support: While it differs by artistic discipline, all but the largest
organizations (of $5 million or more) rely on contributions for 50% or
more of their operating income. However, access to private support from
individuals, foundations and corporations varies widely by budget size.
Large budget organizations were more likely to report increased giving
from all sources, indicating that small and mid -sized organizations are
more challenged in accessing private resources to help them grow.
Endowments: Contributions to endowments signal a commitment to
the long -term health of an organization and tend to be garnered by
more mature organizations that have well - developed relationships with
donors. Reflecting the youth of our county's cultural sector, only 2o% of
Orange County arts organizations have endowments. Almost all of these
organizations have budgets of $500,000 or more.
14 Festival Ballet Theatre
Building and Maintaining Audiences
While over half of Orange County arts organizations reported increasing
attendance, the problems lie underneath this relatively positive indicator,
which is why it appears on the "primary challenges" list. The key to
longterm financial health depends upon an organization's ability to
turn occasional attendees into regular attendees who have a deeper
commitment to the organization's mission and are willing to provide
financial support beyond the price of a ticket, subscription or membership.
Today's audiences do not show the same level of long -term commitment
to subscriptions or memberships as previous generations, providing less
predictability of earned income for today's arts organizations. There are a
number of factors at work, including: i) twenty-five years of declining arts
education in the schools; z) the lack of centralized county -based media
outlets, which presents significant challenges to arts organizations trying
to reach a population base of 3 million people cost - effectively; and 3)
Orange County's increasingly culturally and ethnically diverse population,
which presents both challenges and opportunities for audience - building.
Maintaining, Expanding or Acquiring Facilities
While 65% of the county's arts organizations currently own or lease their
own venue, 46% plan to acquire or expand facilities in the next 5 years.
Given the challenge of raising contributed and earned income to support
annual programs (discussed above), the primary issue is one of capital
availability to make facility acquisition or expansion possible.
Professional Staff Leadership
Only 37% of Orange County arts organizations indicated that their most
senior administrator was paid at a full -time rate; 8% reported a part -
time administrator. 55% indicated their most senior administrator was a
volunteer. Most organizations with budgets under $100,00o have volunteer
leaders, with only 8-12% showing any paid leadership. Organizations with
budgets between $300,00o and $500,00o are in the most transitional
phase, with 60% showing paid full -time leadership, 10% showing part -
time paid leadership and 30% still showing volunteer senior executives.
Organizations over $500,00o generally have full -time paid leadership.
Cad SLEW, leads young conductors
Board and Volunteer Leadership
As most of the county's arts organizations run comparatively lean with few
paid professional staff, volunteers play important roles in the lives and
advancement of these agencies. The face of voluntarism has changed in
Orange County in recent years, as dual career couples are more challenged
to balance professional demands with time for family and community
activities.
The community leaders who serve as volunteer directors on nonprofit arts
organizations boards are particularly key to an organization's ability to
grow. W hile sharing a passion for the organization's mission, effective board
members provide professional skill sets, business acumen and access
to community resources. The size of Orange County arts organizations'
boards range from q to 58 members. The average arts board size is 15.
Orange County arts organizations' activities are supported generously
by volunteers. These individuals serve as docents, ushers, guild and
fundraising committee members and provide a myriad of other services to
further the work of the county's arts organizations. Respondents reported
volunteer corps ranging from 1 to 2,25o. The average number of volunteers
at Orange County arts agencies is 133.
15
WHAT WE LEARNED
About the Cultural Life of OC Cities
CULTURAL ASSETS AND POLICIES CAN HELP
CREATE A UNIQUE SENSE OF PLACE
Orange County's 34 cities each have a unique set of assets that, together,
tell the story of the county's cultural history and create the cultural face
we present to the world. Cultural assets can include historic downtowns,
buildings or districts, unique parks, plazas or public art, or a concentration
of artists, galleries or arts organizations.
6 cities
below 25,000
16
�4 CITIES
BY POPULATION
i
Irvine Global Village Festival
Cities have the capability to leverage these assets —or build new ones —to
create a unique and authentic sense of place for both residents and visitors.
Through smart leadership, policies, zoning and investments, cities can
create vibrant gathering places and attractive places for county residents
to live, work and recreate. Cities can also make themselves attractive
magnets for creative people from many walks of life, creating synergy for a
vibrant spirit of innovation that fuels the local economy.
The following section examines how Orange County cities are currently
fostering creativity and cultural participation in their communities.
WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?
Cities provide highly accessible avenues for broad cultural participation
and view their support of the arts as effective community- building.
Cultural programming offered by Orange County Cities:
83% offer productions or performances
72% offer exhibitions
56% offer festivals with a cultural component
Sixty -nine percent of city cultural programs are offered free of charge,
including festivals and celebrations, summer concerts, public art, art
walks, galleries and exhibitions.
�1.
45%
Engaging Children, Adults and Diverse Populations
Orange County cities have particularly strong programs for engaging
people from across the age and ethnic spectrum in cultural activities. For
example:
67% offer after- school training programs in the arts
56% offer youth arts appreciation classes
50% offer hands-on arts training or
conservatories for children
50% offer arts appreciation and hands -
on training programs for adults
56% offer programs for diverse
populations, with nearly one quarter
offering bilingual materials and bilingual
or multi - lingual staff or docents
A number of cities cited their diverse
populations as a tremendous strength,
because individual and shared artistic
expression is particularly valued by Latino,
Asian and other cultures that have a large
presence in Orange County.
Orange County cities are striving to make
their cultural programs quite accessible.
Of those responding to the survey, city -
sponsored cultural activities reach an
average of 18% of their cities' populations.
EFFORTS VARY WIDELY
FROM CITY TO CITY
As is true in many aspects of Orange County
life, efforts vary widely from city to city.
Here is a quick overview of how Orange
County municipalities currently support
arts and culture:
Cultural Plans: 33% of respondents have
cultural plans. Of these, 2/3 report that
cultural plans are part of their city's
general plan.
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17
Partnerships between City Cultural Entities with Other Community
Agencies: 39% report strong partnerships with tourism; 22% with health
and human services; zz% with economic development and 6% with
libraries and schools.
Governance: 44% of respondents have an arts or cultural commission or
council.
Staffing: 22% of respondents report no paid positions supporting cultural
activities in their cities.
Funding for City Cultural Programs: 78% comes from general fund; 50%
earned income; 33% other; 28% grants; 6% state or federal funds.
Looking at the short-term trend for cultural funding: 56% percent report
a level funding climate; 39% more positive; 6% more difficult. (This is,
generally, a more stable and positive funding picture than that perceived
by the county's nonprofit arts organizations.)
Dedicated Cultural Funding: Two Orange County cities have business or
hotel improvement districts that generate between $1.3 and $1.5 million
for cultural activities.
Support for Nonprofit Cultural Organizations:
67% of cities provide use of facilities.
50% of cities provide administrative support.
45% of cities provide collaborative marketing.
33% of cities provide direct grants to nonprofit arts organizations in
their cities.
Support for Artists: Through exhibitions, art walks and festivals, cities
support and feature the work of individual artists. In addition:
28% have public art programs, with another u% planning the addition
of one within the next five years.
ii% currently have live /work housing for artists. An additional 6%
plan addition or expansion of live /work facilities within the next five
years.
IM
WHAT WE LEARNED
About Arts Education in Orange County
"While schools often emphasize practices that focus upon single correct answers, life
is not a multiple choice test. Children need to learn that for almost any problem there
are often multiple solutions possible... To grasp multiple alternatives requires an act of
imagination." Eliot Eisner. Professor of Education and Art. Stanford University
WHY DOES IT MATTER?
Fundamental to the future creative potential of our community is the arts
education that students receive in school. This section examines the state
of arts instruction our children receive during the school day.
Quality, Equity and Access: A Status Report on Arts Education in California
Public Schools, a briefing paper prepared by the California Alliance for
Arts Education, cites studies indicating the value of arts education to
increase cultural understanding, encourage creative thinking, improve
student achievement and prepare students for the workforce and life -long
learning. It observes:
"The visual and performing arts provide crucial skills, abilities, and
training not provided by any other core curricular subject. The priorities
of any educational policy and budget allocation process must include
the arts if we are dedicated to providing all children with the theoretical
and experiential foundation they need for their future intellectual, social,
emotional, creative and vocational success. Employers most value critical
thinking skills, creativity, and the ability to work well with others on a
project team —all benefits of an education in the arts."
WHAT DID WE LEARN ABOUT ARTS
EDUCATION IN ORANGE COUNTY?
The study conducted this past year with Orange County residents
indicated that there is a demand for arts education. 98% of survey
respondents believe that the arts are important for a child's development
and education.
DISTRICT REQUIRED WEEKLY INSTRUCTION IN THE ARTS
FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
no weekly
requirement
more than
i hour weekly
F,,
i hour weekly
19
300%
90%
8O%
70%
6o%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
a
a
8
a
`e
a
a
M
DISTRICT ELEMENTARY ARTS INSTRUCTION
B6%
55% 55
k
1 °/a
36%
t
CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION AFTER - SCHOOL PROGRAMS
Visual Arts Theater
ARTISTS -IN- RESIDENCE
Music 0 Dance
In the survey of school districts conducted by the Orange County
Department of Education, S00% of the districts surveyed indicated that
arts education is of educational value to all students. However, only 38% of
Orange County districts have policies on the provision of arts education and
33 %have written plans to implement arts education.
The reason most often given for this disparity is lack
of adequate funding. The average percentage of
Orange County school districts' budgets allocated to
arts education is less than 2 %.
Of the county's 27 school districts, only five districts
have a full -time arts administrator to plan, coordinate
and oversee arts programs; while another seven have
part -time administrators. Music instruction is the
most widely implemented of the four arts disciplines
at the elementary level, with visual arts second. The
availability of well-rounded arts experiences is limited
in many cases and uneven across the 27 districts.
RATIO OF ART SPECIALISTS TO STUDENTS
The number of trained arts specialist teachers also differs dramatically
from district to district as does the numbers of students they serve.
Districts are responsible for planning and providing professional
development for teachers to meet instructional goals. Professional
development in the arts is provided in only 32% of districts. Many
elementary classroom and arts specialist teachers that received
professional development found professional development on their own.
This outside professional development, however powerful or poor, was
not part of a comprehensive district's professional development plan for
teachers.
Our survey tells us of the need for elementary teachers to utilize strategies
for integrating the arts to support other subjects. Few districts provide
teachers knowledge and skills to do this. The Orange County Department
of Education regularly offers professional development for teachers in
collaboration with The California Arts Project (TCAP) and University of
California, Irvine, but relatively few teachers take advantage because of
funding and time restrictions.
Schools have more and more frequently turned to visual and performing
artists and arts organizations to assist with arts education. 57% ofdistricts
in the survey currently incorporate professional artists or agencies to
augment or deliver arts education, most commonly at the elementary and
high school levels. The use of these artists -in- residence ranges from a one
time visit of one artist in one classroom to ongoing artist involvement over
the course of a year with a whole school. In some cases, these outside
WHY Is ARTS EDUCATION IMPORTANT?
Young people who participate in the arts for at
least 3 hours three days each week for a full
year or more are:
• 4 times more likely to be recognized for
academic achievement
• 3 times more likely to be elected to class office
• 4 times more likely to participate in a math and
science fair
• 3 times more likely to win an award for school
attendance
• 4 times more likely to win an award for writing
an essay or poem
In addition, young artists, compared with their
peers, are likely to:
• read for pleasure nearly twice as often
• participate in youth groups four times as
frequently
• perform community service nearly twice as often
(Source: Dr. Shirley Brice Heath, Stanford University for
the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.
Reprinted from Americans for the Arts)
artists at agencies provide the only arts
education the children receive. The federal rt
No Child Left Behind Act requires that
districts look closely at qualifications of gg� i ag
teachers offering instruction for courses. n 9' '7 • ft
This mandate has distinct implications for ;
the use of artists working at the secondary
level. {
Community arts providers have responded
to the increased need for services and
sought to bridge gaps in arts education
in schools providing unique programming��,. L
utilizing visual and performing artists from F cv`Zt�
their organizations. 86 %ofdistricts report +
having an ongoing partnership with an 0
arts organization. These partnerships may
include the artist residencies mentioned
above but might also include school site i
assemblies or field trips to museums or U L
performing arts venues.
WHAT DOES IT ALL MEAN?
The picture that emerges is that many schools are missing the opportunity
to provide all children the creative skills necessary for their future. While
programming will look differently from district to district, it is imperative
that all students receive the opportunity to participate in arts. The
challenge is that, without a coordinated plan at the district level, many of
these arts experiences are mere entertainment or unconnected episodes
that do not build a cohesive, deep understanding of arts elements. If
students learned mathematics from a different text each year with different
assessments and a variety of instructors, could one say that a student has
had a comprehensive set of learning experiences? The time has come to
ensure that all students receive quality arts education as part of the K -12
school experience.
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9
7
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21
Orange County has made strong progress in developing its cultural sector in a relatively
short period of time. We hope the ideas, findings and recommendations in this report
provide a springboard for taking the next creative step in our community's cultural
development. The next step will take strong leadership and collaboration among many
community partners who value creativity in their own lives and want to make it central to
Orange County's future. The Orange County Community Foundation and Arts Orange County
invite you to become a partner in helping Orange County reach its creative potential.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Orange County Residents: A telephone survey was conducted by the Orange
County Business Council during the summer of 2005. Surveys were conducted in
English and Spanish. There were 492 respondents, including an oversample of too
high income households.
In addition, three focus groups of community members were convened In the
summer and fall of 2oo5. Facilitated by the Orange County Business Council and
organized by the Orange County Community Foundation, the purpose of the focus
groups was to better understand the nuances of how the arts are currently perceived
in our community and how that affects arts attendance and philanthropy patterns
in different sectors of the community.
Nonprofit Arts Sector: The size and shape of the Orange County nonprofit arts
sector and the regional comparative data was extracted from research compiled
for Southern California's Nonprofit Sector, a study of nonprofit organizations in the
10 Southern California counties. Published by the Gianneschi Center for Nonprofit
Research at CSU Fullerton, the report studied 2000 data and was released in early
2005.
The survey of Orange County arts organizations was designed and administrated by
CSU Fullerton Center for Entertainment and Tourism Studies during the summer of
2005. Of the 436 surveys administered, there were 74 respondents, representing a
17% response rate. While modest, all budget sizes and all geographical areas of the
county were represented in the respondent pool.
Orange County Cities: Arts Orange County administered survey, summer of 2005.
Surveys were sent to the person in charge of cultural programs within each city.
Eighteen of 34 cities responded (a 54% response rate.) While not comprehensive,
respondents represented all sizes and geographical areas of the county.
22
Arts Education: Personal Interviews were conducted with Assistant Superintendents
or Directors of Curriculum and Instruction in 25 of the county's 27 public K -12 school
districts during the 2oo5 -o6 school year.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
California Alliance for Arts Education, Quality, Equity and Access: AStatus Report on
Arts Education in California Public Schools Grades Pre-K through 12, 2005. (http: //
www.artsed4li.org/artsed/docs/briefingpaperO5.pdf)
Cultural Initiatives Silicon Valley, Creative Community Index, Measuring Progress
Toward AVibrant Silicon Valley. (Report and its successor can be downloaded from
h"p://www.ti-sv.org)
Hall, Sir Peter, Cities in Civilization, Pantheon Books, 1998•
Florida, Richard, The Rise of the Creative Class: And Haw It's Transforming War*,
Leisure, Community and Everyday Life, Basic Books, 2002.
Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly, Creativity: Flow and The Psychology of Discovery and
Invention, Harper Collins, 1996.
Pink, Daniel H., A Whole New Mind: Moving from the Information Age to the
Conceptual Age, Riverhead Books, 2005.
Putnam, Robert D., Bowling Alone: The CallapseAnd Revival ofAmerican Community,
Simon & Schuster, 2000.
The Rand Corporation, Gifts of the Muse: Refroming the Debate about the Benefits
of the Arts, 2005.